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Rethinking Lithium Energy Storage and Battery Architecture Roland Pitts Founding Scientist Planar Energy Devices Orlando, FL 32805 Compare specific and power Ragone Chart 10000 1000 Hour Discharge 100 Hour Discharge 0.01C Rate 1 Hour Discharge 10 Hour Discharge 0.1C Rate Specific Energy (Wh/kg) 1000 Planar solid state projection 0.1 Hour Discharge 10C Rate Standard Lithium ion 100 Ni-Cd 10 0.01 Hour Discharge 100C Rate Lead Acid 0.001 Hour Discharge 1000C Rate 1 1 10 100 Specific Power (W/kg) 1000 10000 Solid-state batteries change the game in energy storage Eliminate liquid electrolytes, fillers, and binders Allows safe use of high energy electrodes Achieves 2X energy density and specific energy Reduce cost by new process technology New batteries in market near term (2-3 y) Revolutionary concepts in the future (10-20 y) Process innovation yields cost reduction Why are battery improvements important? Increase human mobility and connectivity Safety, emergency and back-up power Provide strategic energy sources Improve energy efficiency (transportation) Provide increased stability for the electric grid Shift delivery time for renewable energy What is the state of the art? During use (discharge) ions move from anode to cathode Figure courtesy C. Daniel JOM Vol. 60, No.9 pp. 43-48, 2008 Progress in Li-ion has been slow Progress has historically followed an evolutionary route, single component improvement Chemistries limited Cycle life and shelf life limited Safety of current batteries must be managed by external devices (Battery Management System) Cost too high for many applications How can we break this paradigm? Revise the battery architecture Eliminate inactive materials Eliminate the polymer separator Eliminate reactive materials and replace with stable, high performance materials Engineer material interfaces to minimize resistance and promote ion transfer Change fabrication process technology Do it all at the same time What are short and long term implications of this strategy? Expect 2X improvement in energy density, specific energy, and cycle life in 2-3 years Side benefits of much improved safety and 50% reduction in cost to manufacture per kWh Leads to a 4X reduction in cost of energy storage In the 10-20 year horizon, look for 4 − 5 X improvement in energy density, specific energy, and cycle life How can this be done? (2-3 y) Change in architecture to solid-state batteries greatly improves battery performance First step is a hybrid, solid-state anode and separator with minimal liquid electrolyte (prototypes in test) Second step is migration to full solid-state architecture Change in process technology reduces cost. Modified chemical bath deposition efficiently produces active layers of the battery in single steps, enabling rollto-roll processing What is the process innovation? Use a modified chemical bath deposition technique to grow all active layers from primary chemicals Grow semiconductor quality films, layer by layer, rapidly, and with great control of the chemistry Films are conformal and pinhole free Some rapid thermal processing required Process designed for roll-to-roll fabrication. What is the process now? In Line Scalable Batch Pilot Batch Pilot Process Development VP SP Gen 3 – Q4 2010 VP SP Gen 2 – Q3 2010 VP SP Gen 1 – Q1 2010 VP SP Gen 0 - 2009 What do the films look like? Composite Cathodes Thick Film Self Assembled 50-200 Micron LiCo2, LiMnxAlxOx, CuS … ++ thio-Lisicon Separator Self Assembled Film Grown Directly on Cathode 5-7 Micron – 10-4 S/cm What will it look like in the future? Where are we in 2-3 years? Li batteries with 2X specific energy, energy density, and cycle life Much improved safety, 50% reduction in cost, moving toward longer cycle life (10X) What else in 10-20 years? Li-air, Li-S, Zn-air, Mg-ion Another leap of 2X in specific energy, energy density Comparisons Theoretical Max Courtesy: Dave Danielson DOE (ARPA –E) Specific Energy (Wh/kg) Comparisons at vehicle systems level Factor engine and gas weight and Carnot efficiency Courtesy: Dave Danielson DOE (ARPA –E) Specific Energy (Wh/kg) Batteries have the to rival the the energy density FACT: Batteries havepotential the potential to rival energy density of gasoline gasolinepowered powered vehicles a system vehicles onon a system levellevel Courtesy: Dave Danielson DOE (ARPA –E) Specific Energy (Wh/kg) Thank You! Contact: Roland Pitts Planar Energy, Inc. 653 W Michigan St Orlando, FL 32805 407-459-1442 (direct) [email protected]