Download Honors Physiology Finals Review Powerpoint for Friday

Organic Molecules
Cell Membrane and Tonicity
Protein Synthesis

Function for quick
and short term
energy storage.
 “Hydrates of
Carbon” with the
formula Cn(H20)n.


Monosaccharides: Simple sugars that are
formed into one Carbon ring.
Polysaccharides: Complex sugars formed by
chains of Carbon rings.

Cellulose is a
complex
polysaccharide that
we can not digest. It
is also called fiber or
roughage.



Contain more energy than any other biological
molecules.
Fats-solid at room temperature.
Oils-liquid at room temp.


Lipids are nonpolar molecules,
and therefore do
not dissolve in
water.
They are the key to
all membrane
structure.


Saturated fats have as many Hydrogens as
possible and allow for a dense solid structure.
Unsaturated fats have double bonds between
Carbons and do not form as dense a fat.



Made from a long chain of amino acids that are
connected by peptide bonds.
The order of the amino acids in the chain
determine the shape of the protein.
The different shapes of the proteins allow for
different functions.

Functions of proteins:






Support
Enzymes
Transport
Defense
Hormones
Motion

When proteins are subject to extreme heat or
pH, they denature, or lose their shape.


Genetic material found
in the nucleus of all
cells. (DNA and RNA)
Functions to direct the
sequence of amino
acids in protein
formation.

Double-helix shape
stores the code in
sequence of A,C,T,
and G in the
“rungs” of the
ladder.

Each section of the ladder is called a
nucleotide.

Sugar, phosphate, and base

DNA is passed down from parent to offspring
as heredity.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7CJ7xZ
Ojm0
Explain how the cell membrane is like a screen
door.—you may want to expand the analogy to
make it more complete.


1. Diffusion is the
random movement of
molecules from a
higher concentration
to a lower
concentration
2. Osmosis is the
diffusion of water
molecules



Hypertonic solutions have
more solute than the inside
of the cell and lead to
crenation (crenation)
Hypotonic solutions have
less solute than the inside of
the cell and lead to lysis
(bursting)
Isotonic solutions have equal
amounts of solute inside and
outside the cell and thus
does not affect the cell
Mr. Smuts
By the end of class today, I will
be able to describe how the cell
uses DNA and RNA through
transcription and translation to
assemble proteins.
Me
This teacher asked me to write
a research paper on DNA.
Getting the information
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I needed to write a report.
The necessary information for the report is in the
library.
The librarian won’t let the encyclopedia out of the
library!
A xerox machine makes a copy of the information.
The copy of the information goes home to the
computer.
The information is used to write the report on the
computer at home.

Protein Synthesis is the
process by which cells use
the code stored in their
nucleus as the directions to
build proteins at the
ribosome by connecting
amino acids in certain
sequences.
Amino
Acids
Proteins
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The cell needs to make a protein
The necessary information(DNA) for the protein is
in the nucleus.
The nuclear membrane won’t let the
information(DNA) out of the nucleus!
RNA Polymerase makes a copy(mRNA) of the
DNA.
The copy(mRNA) of the DNA leaves the nucleus
and goes to the (ribosome).
The mRNA is used to make the protein at the
ribosome in the cytoplasm.
1.
Transcription – DNA
is read to make a
mRNA in the nucleus
of our cells
2.
Translation – Reading
the mRNA to make a
protein in the
cytoplasm

http://www.dnai.org/a/index.html

Describe the process of Transcription.

Be sure to include the following:
 Where it takes place
 What molecules are involved
 Why the process happens
Bio

http://www.dnai.org/a/index.html

Describe the process of Translation.

Be sure to include the following:
 Where it takes place
 What molecules are involved
 Why the process happens



Made of 4 bases
Bases act as a code for
amino acids in
translation
Every 3 bases on the
mRNA is called a
codon that codes for a
particular amino acid in
translation


http://www.wvschools.net/wvsd/High%20Sc
hool/HIGH%20SCHOOL%20NEWS/Mrs.%20
Aungst%20Keystone%20Information/Transcri
ption%20and%20Translation.pdf
Use the provided mRNA codon/Amino Acid
Charts to complete the first 2 parts to your
worksheet.

The process that cells use to break down
glucose to release energy in the presence of
Oxygen (O2)

Energy in the cell is available in the form of
certain compounds, such as
ATP - (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Glycolysis
O2 present
Aerobic Respiration
i) Krebs Cycle
ii) Electron transport
chain
O2 absent
Anaerobic pathway
(Lactic acid fermentation or
Alcohol fermentation)
1.
Glycolysis

Glucose (a six carbon sugar) is broken down into
two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules

Requires 2 ATP molecules

Creates 4 ATP molecules and 2 NADPH
molecules for the electron transport chain



i) Kreb’s Cycle
pyruvic acid from glycolysis is used to make
CO2, NADH, ATP, and FADH2
Occurs in the mitochondria
The end energy tally from 1 Glucose (2
pyruvic acids) is:



6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP

ii) Electron Transport
The high energy electrons from the Kreb’s
Cycle are passed along a series of proteins in
the mitochondrial membrane.



As electrons pass along the electron transport chain,
protons are pumped into the space between the
inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.
This creates a concentration and charge gradient.
As protons move back down the concentration
gradient, ATP is produced
Glycolysis =
6 ATP
Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
30 ATP
Grand Total of 36 ATP
from 1 Glucose!
molecules
=


Fermentation occurs (anaerobic respiration
meaning that oxygen is not required)
Two types of fermentation:
Alcoholic Fermentation
 Lactic Acid Fermentation



Used by yeast and a few other
microorganisms.
Produces Ethyl Alcohol and CO2 as wastes.
Pyruvic Acid + NADH
Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

Produced in many cells including your
muscles.
Pyruvic Acid + NADH
Lactic Acid + NAD+
Lactic Acid is produced during rapid exercise, causing
a painful, burning sensation. This effect is reduced
with potassium.

Compact bone is made of multiple osteons

Osteons are made of concentric rings of matrix called
lamellae.

Osteocytes(bone cells) live in spaces within the
lamellae. These spaces are called lacunae.


Blood enters to the bone by arterioles through
the nutrient foramina.
Blood also enters the bone through periosteal
blood vessels.



Blood then travels through the Haversian canals.
These run through the center of the osteon.
Haversian canals are connected laterally through
Volkman’s canals.
The smallest canals connecting all osteocytes are
called canaliculi.
1.
What is the functional unit of compact bone
called?
1.
What is the functional unit of compact bone
called?
The Osteon
2. “Bone cells” live within the “spaces” found
between the “rings” of the osteon
What are these three structures called?
2. “Bone cells” live within the “spaces” found
between the “rings” of the osteon
What are these three structures called?
Bone Cells=Osteocytes
Spaces =lacunae
Rings= lamellae
3.
Place the following blood vessels or canals in
order from largest to smallest
Volkman’s canals
Canaliculi
Haversian Canals
3.
Place the following blood vessels or canals in
order from largest to smallest
Haversian Canals
Volkman’s Canals
Canaliculi