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AGU Index Terms
0300 ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE
0305 Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801, 4906)
0310 Airglow and aurora
0312 Air/sea constituent fluxes (3339, 4504)
0315 Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0426, 1610)
0317 Chemical kinetic and photochemical properties
0319 Cloud optics
0320 Cloud physics and chemistry
0321 Cloud/radiation interaction
0322 Constituent sources and sinks
0325 Evolution of the atmosphere (1610, 8125)
0328 Exosphere
0330 Geochemical cycles (1030)
0335 Ion chemistry of the atmosphere (2419, 2427)
0340 Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry
0341 Middle atmosphere: constituent transport and chemistry (3334)
0342 Middle atmosphere: energy deposition (3334)
0343 Planetary atmospheres (5210, 5405, 5704)
0345 Pollution: urban and regional (0305, 0478, 4251, 4325)
0350 Pressure, density, and temperature
0355 Thermosphere: composition and chemistry
0358 Thermosphere: energy deposition (3369)
0360 Radiation: transmission and scattering
0365 Troposphere: composition and chemistry
0368 Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry
0370 Volcanic effects (4301, 8409)
0394 Instruments and techniques
0399 General or miscellaneous
0400 BIOGEOSCIENCES
0402 Agricultural systems
0404 Anoxic and hypoxic environments (4802, 4834)
0406 Astrobiology and extraterrestrial materials
0408 Benthic processes (4804)
0409 Bioavailability: chemical speciation and complexation
0410 Biodiversity
0412 Biogeochemical kinetics and reaction modeling (0414, 0793, 1615,
4805, 4912)
0414 Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615,
4805, 4912)
0416 Biogeophysics
0418 Bioremediation
0419 Biomineralization
0420 Biomolecular and chemical tracers
0422 Bio-optics
0424 Biosignatures and proxies
0426 Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0315)
0428 Carbon cycling (4806)
0429 Climate dynamics (1620)
0430 Computational methods and data processing
0432 Contaminant and organic biogeochemistry (0792)
0434 Data sets
0438 Diel, seasonal, and annual cycles (4227)
0439 Ecosystems, structure and dynamics (4815)
0442 Estuarine and nearshore processes (4235)
0444 Evolutionary geobiology
0448 Geomicrobiology
0450 Hydrothermal systems (1034, 3017, 3616, 4832, 8135, 8424)
0452 Instruments and techniques
0454 Isotopic composition and chemistry (1041, 4870)
0456 Life in extreme environments
0458 Limnology (1845, 4239, 4942)
0459 Macro- and micropaleontology (3030, 4944)
0460 Marine systems (4800)
0461 Metals
0463 Microbe/mineral interactions
0465 Microbiology: ecology, physiology and genomics (4840)
0466 Modeling (1952, 4316)
0468 Natural hazards (4308)
0469 Nitrogen cycling
0470 Nutrients and nutrient cycling (4845, 4850)
0471 Oxidation/reduction reactions (4851)
0473 Paleoclimatology and paleoceanography (3344, 4900)
0475 Permafrost, cryosphere, and high-latitude processes (0702, 0716)
0476 Plant ecology (1851)
0478 Pollution: urban, regional and global (0345, 4251, 4325)
0480 Remote sensing
0481 Restoration
0483 Riparian systems (0744, 1856)
0485 Science policy (6620)
0486 Soils/pedology (1865)
0488 Sulfur cycling
0489 Trace element cycling (4875)
0490 Trace gases
0491 Food webs and trophodynamics (4817)
0493 Urban systems (4325)
0495 Water/energy interactions (1878)
0496 Water quality
0497 Wetlands (1890)
0498 General or miscellaneous
0499 New fields (not classifiable under other headings)
0500 COMPUTATIONAL GEOPHYSICS (1980, 3200, 3252, 4307, 4314, 7833)
0510 Agent-based models
0515 Cellular automata
0520 Data analysis: algorithms and implementation
0525 Data management
0530 Data presentation and visualization (1994)
0535 Hardware solutions
0540 Image processing
0545 Modeling (1952, 4255, 4316)
0550 Model verification and validation
0555 Neural networks, fuzzy logic, machine learning (1942)
0560 Numerical solutions (4255)
0594 Instruments and techniques
0599 General or miscellaneous
0700 CRYOSPHERE (4540)
0702 Permafrost (0475, 4308)
0704 Seasonally frozen ground
0706 Active layer
0708 Thermokarst
0710 Periglacial processes
0712 Cryosol
0714 Clathrate
0716 Cryobiology (0475)
0718 Tundra (9315)
0720 Glaciers
0722 Rock glaciers
0724 Ice cores (4932)
0726 Ice sheets
0728 Ice shelves
0730 Ice streams
0732 Icebergs
0734 Icing (aufeis, naled)
0736 Snow (1827, 1863)
0738 Ice (1863)
0740 Snowmelt
0742 Avalanches (4302)
0744 Rivers (0483, 1856)
0746 Lakes (9345)
0748 Ponds
0750 Sea ice (4540)
0752 Polynas (4540)
0754 Leads (4540)
0758 Remote sensing
0760 Engineering
0762 Mass balance (1218, 1223)
0764 Energy balance
0766 Thermodynamics (1011, 3611, 8411)
0768 Thermal regime
0770 Properties
0772 Distribution
0774 Dynamics
0776 Glaciology (1621, 1827, 1863)
0790 Weathering (1625, 1886)
0792 Contaminants (0432)
0793 Biogeochemistry (0412, 0414, 1615, 4805, 4912)
0794 Instruments and techniques
0798 Modeling (1952, 4316)
0799 General or miscellaneous
0800 EDUCATION
0805 Elementary and secondary education
0810 Post-secondary education
0815 Informal education
0820 Curriculum and laboratory design
0825 Teaching methods
0830 Teacher training
0840 Evaluation and assessment
0845 Instructional tools
0850 Geoscience education research
0855 Diversity
0600 ELECTROMAGNETICS
0604 Antenna arrays
0609 Antennas
0614 Biological effects
0619 Electromagnetic theory
0624 Guided waves
0629 Inverse scattering
0634 Measurement and standards
0639 Nonlinear electromagnetics
0644 Numerical methods
0649 Optics (4264)
0654 Plasmas
0659 Random media and rough surfaces
0664 Reflectors and feeds
0669 Scattering and diffraction
0674 Signal processing and adaptive antennas (6974)
0679 Singularity expansion method
0684 Transient and time domain
0689 Wave propagation (2487, 3285, 4275, 4455, 6934)
0694 Instruments and techniques
0699 General or miscellaneous
0900 EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS
0902 Computational methods: seismic
0903 Computational methods: potential fields (1214)
0905 Continental structures (8109, 8110)
0910 Data processing
0915 Downhole methods
0920 Gravity methods (1219)
0925 Magnetic and electrical methods (5109)
0930 Oceanic structures
0932 Radioactivity methods
0933 Remote sensing
0935 Seismic methods (3025, 7294)
0994 Instruments and techniques
0999 General or miscellaneous
1000 GEOCHEMISTRY
1009 Geochemical modeling (3610, 8410)
1011 Thermodynamics (0766, 3611, 8411)
1012 Reactions and phase equilibria (3612, 8412)
1031 Subduction zone processes (3060, 3613, 8170, 8413)
1032 Mid-oceanic ridge processes (3614, 8416)
1033 Intra-plate processes (3615, 8415)
1034 Hydrothermal systems (0450, 3017, 3616, 4832, 8135, 8424)
1039 Alteration and weathering processes (3617)
1036 Magma chamber processes (3618)
1037 Magma genesis and partial melting (3619)
1038 Mantle processes (3621)
1015 Composition of the core
1020 Composition of the continental crust
1021 Composition of the oceanic crust
1022 Composition of the hydrosphere
1023 Composition of the biosphere
1025 Composition of the mantle
1026 Composition of the moon
1027 Composition of the planets
1028 Composition of meteorites (3662, 6240)
1029 Composition of aerosols and dust particles
1030 Geochemical cycles (0330)
1065 Major and trace element geochemistry
1040 Radiogenic isotope geochemistry
1041 Stable isotope geochemistry (0454, 4870)
1042 Mineral and crystal chemistry (3620)
1043 Fluid and melt inclusion geochemistry
1050 Marine geochemistry (4835, 4845, 4850)
1051 Sedimentary geochemistry
1055 Organic and biogenic geochemistry
1060 Planetary geochemistry (5405, 5410, 5704, 5709, 6005, 6008)
1090 Field relationships (3690, 8486)
1094 Instruments and techniques
1099 General or miscellaneous
1100 GEOCHRONOLOGY
1105 Quaternary geochronology
1110 Sidereal geochronology
1115 Radioisotope geochronology
1120 Isotopic disequilibrium dating
1125 Chemical and biological geochronology
1130 Geomorphological geochronology
1135 Correlative geochronology
1140 Thermochronology
1145 Tephrochronology (8455)
1150 Cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating (4918)
1155 Extinct radionuclide geochronology
1160 Planetary and lunar geochronology
1165 Sedimentary geochronology
1194 Instruments and techniques
1199 General or miscellaneous
1200 GEODESY AND GRAVITY
1244 Standards and absolute measurements
1294 Instruments and techniques
1295 Integrations of techniques
1240 Satellite geodesy: results (6929, 7215, 7230, 7240)
1241 Satellite geodesy: technical issues (6994, 7969)
1243 Space geodetic surveys(4337)
1204 Control surveys
1242 Seismic cycle related deformations (6924, 7209, 7223, 7230)
1207 Transient deformation (6924, 7230, 7240)
1209 Tectonic deformation (6924)
1211 Non-tectonic deformation
1212 Earth's interior: composition and state (7207, 7208, 8105, 8124)
1213 Earth's interior: dynamics (1507, 7207, 7208, 8115, 8120)
1236 Rheology of the lithosphere and mantle (7218, 8160)
1219 Gravity anomalies and Earth structure (0920, 7205, 7240)
1214 Geopotential theory and determination (0903)
1217 Time variable gravity (7223, 7230)
1229 Reference systems
1239 Earth rotation variations
1223 Ocean/Earth/atmosphere/hydrosphere/cryosphere interactions (0762,
1218, 3319, 4550)
1218 Mass balance (0762, 1223, 1631, 1836, 1843, 3010, 3322, 4532)
1220 Atmosphere monitoring with geodetic techniques (6952)
1222 Ocean monitoring with geodetic techniques (1225, 1641, 3010, 4532,
4556, 4560, 6959)
1225 Global change from geodesy (1222, 1622, 1630, 1641, 1645, 4556)
1221 Lunar and planetary geodesy and gravity (5417, 5450, 5714, 5744,
6019, 6250)
1299 General or miscellaneous (1709)
1500 GEOMAGNETISM AND PALEOMAGNETISM
1503 Archeomagnetism
1505 Biogenic magnetic minerals
1507 Core processes (1213, 8115)
1510 Dynamo: theories and simulations
1512 Environmental magnetism
1513 Geomagnetic excursions
1515 Geomagnetic induction
1517 Magnetic anomalies: modeling and interpretation
1518 Magnetic fabrics and anisotropy
1519 Magnetic mineralogy and petrology
1520 Magnetostratigraphy
1521 Paleointensity
1522 Paleomagnetic secular variation
1525 Paleomagnetism applied to tectonics: regional, global
1527 Paleomagnetism applied to geologic processes
1530 Rapid time variations
1532 Reference fields: regional, global
1533 Remagnetization
1535 Reversals: process, timescale, magnetostratigraphy
1540 Rock and mineral magnetism
1541 Satellite magnetics: main field, crustal field, external field
1545 Spatial variations: all harmonics and anomalies
1550 Spatial variations attributed to seafloor spreading (3005)
1555 Time variations: diurnal to decadal
1560 Time variations: secular and longer
1594 Instruments and techniques
1595 Planetary magnetism: all frequencies and wavelengths
1599 General or miscellaneous
1600 GLOBAL CHANGE
1605 Abrupt/rapid climate change (4901, 8408)
1610 Atmosphere (0315, 0325)
1615 Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0414, 0793,
4805, 4912)
1616 Climate variability (1635, 3305, 3309, 4215, 4513)
1620 Climate dynamics (0429, 3309)
1621 Cryospheric change (0776)
1622 Earth system modeling (1225, 4316)
1625 Geomorphology and weathering (0790, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1886)
1626 Global climate models (3337, 4928)
1627 Coupled models of the climate system
1630 Impacts of global change (1225, 4321)
1631 Land/atmosphere interactions (1218, 1843, 3322)
1632 Land cover change
1635 Oceans (1616, 3305, 4215, 4513)
1637 Regional climate change (4321)
1640 Remote sensing (1855, 4337)
1641 Sea level change (1222, 1225, 4304, 4556)
1645 Solid Earth (1225)
1650 Solar variability (7537)
1655 Water cycles (1836)
1694 Instruments and techniques
1699 General or miscellaneous
1700 HISTORY OF GEOPHYSICS
1704 Atmospheric sciences
1705 Biogeosciences
1706 Computational geophysics
1707 Cryosphere
1708 Geochronology
1709 Geodesy (1299)
1714 Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism
1719 Hydrology
1721 Nonlinear geophysics
1724 Ocean sciences
1729 Planetology
1734 Seismology
1739 Solar/planetary relationships
1744 Tectonophysics
1749 Volcanology, geochemistry, and petrology
1794 Instruments and techniques
1799 General or miscellaneous
1800 HYDROLOGY
1803 Anthropogenic effects (4802, 4902)
1804 Catchment
1806 Chemistry of fresh water
1807 Climate impacts (4321)
1805 Computational hydrology
1808 Dams
1810 Debris flow and landslides (4303)
1809 Desertification
1812 Drought (4303)
1813 Eco-hydrology
1814 Energy budgets
1815 Erosion
1816 Estimation and forecasting (4315)
1818 Evapotranspiration
1817 Extreme events (4313)
1821 Floods (4303)
1820 Floodplain dynamics
1823 Frozen ground
1819 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
1822 Geomechanics
1824 Geomorphology: general (1625)
1825 Geomorphology: fluvial (1625)
1826 Geomorphology: hillslope (1625)
1827 Glaciology (0736, 0776, 1863)
1828 Groundwater hydraulics
1829 Groundwater hydrology
1831 Groundwater quality
1830 Groundwater/surface water interaction
1832 Groundwater transport
1834 Human impacts (4323)
1833 Hydroclimatology
1835 Hydrogeophysics
1836 Hydrological cycles and budgets (1218, 1655)
1840 Hydrometeorology
1839 Hydrologic scaling
1838 Infiltration
1842 Irrigation
1843 Land/atmosphere interactions (1218, 1631, 3322)
1845 Limnology (0458, 4239, 4942)
1846 Model calibration (3333)
1847 Modeling (1952, 4316)
1848 Monitoring networks
1849 Numerical approximations and analysis (3336)
1850 Overland flow
1851 Plant ecology (0476)
1852 Plant uptake
1854 Precipitation (3354)
1853 Precipitation-radar
1855 Remote sensing (1640, 4337)
1857 Reservoirs (surface)
1856 River channels (0483, 0744)
1858 Rocks: chemical properties
1859 Rocks: physical properties
1860 Streamflow
1861 Sedimentation (4863)
1862 Sediment transport (4558)
1863 Snow and ice (0736, 0738, 0776, 1827)
1865 Soils (0486)
1866 Soil moisture
1869 Stochastic hydrology
1871 Surface water quality
1872 Time series analysis (1988, 3270, 4277, 4475)
1873 Uncertainty assessment (1990, 3275)
1874 Ungaged basins
1875 Vadose zone
1876 Water budgets
1878 Water/energy interactions (0495)
1879 Watershed
1880 Water management (6334)
1884 Water supply
1886 Weathering (0790, 1625)
1890 Wetlands (0497)
1894 Instruments and techniques: modeling
1895 Instruments and techniques: monitoring
1899 General or miscellaneous
1900 INFORMATICS
1902 Community modeling frameworks
1904 Community standards
1906 Computational models, algorithms
1908 Cyberinfrastructure
1910 Data assimilation, integration and fusion
1912 Data management, preservation, rescue
1914 Data mining
1916 Data and information discovery
1918 Decision analysis (4324, 6309)
1920 Emerging informatics technologies
1922 Forecasting (2722, 4315, 7924)
1924 Formal logics and grammars
1926 Geospatial
1928 GIS science
1930 Data and information governance
1932 High-performance computing
1934 International collaboration
1936 Interoperability
1938 Knowledge representation and knowledge bases
1940 Machine-to-machine communication
1942 Machine learning (0555)
1944 Markup languages
1946 Metadata
1948 Metadata: Provenance
1950 Metadata: Quality
1952 Modeling (0466, 0545, 0798, 1847, 4255, 4316)
1954 Natural language processing
1956 Numerical algorithms
1958 Ontologies
1960 Portals and user interfaces
1962 Query languages for science, markup languages, ontologies
1964 Real-time and responsive information delivery (4346)
1966 Rules and logic
1968 Scientific reasoning/inference
1970 Semantic web and semantic integration
1972 Sensor web
1974 Social networks
1976 Software tools and services
1978 Software re-use
1980 Spatial analysis and representation (0500, 3252)
1982 Standards
1984 Statistical methods: Descriptive (4318)
1986 Statistical methods: Inferential (4318)
1988 Temporal analysis and representation (1872, 3270, 4277, 4475)
1990 Uncertainty (1873, 3275)
1992 Virtual globes
1994 Visualization and portrayal (0530)
1996 Web Services
1998 Workflow
1999 General or miscellaneous
2100 INTERPLANETARY PHYSICS
2101 Coronal mass ejections (4305, 7513)
2102 Corotating streams
2104 Cosmic rays
2109 Discontinuities (7811)
2111 Ejecta, driver gases, and magnetic clouds
2114 Energetic particles (7514)
2124 Heliopause and solar wind termination
2126 Heliosphere/interstellar medium interactions
2129 Interplanetary dust
2134 Interplanetary magnetic fields
2139 Interplanetary shocks
2144 Interstellar gas
2149 MHD waves and turbulence (2752, 6050, 7836)
2151 Neutral particles (7837)
2152 Pickup ions
2154 Planetary bow shocks
2159 Plasma waves and turbulence
2162 Solar cycle variations (7536)
2164 Solar wind plasma
2169 Solar wind sources
2194 Instruments and techniques
2199 General or miscellaneous
2400 IONOSPHERE (6929)
2403 Active experiments
2407 Auroral ionosphere (2704)
2409 Current systems (2721)
2411 Electric fields (2712)
2415 Equatorial ionosphere
2419 Ion chemistry and composition (0335)
2423 Ionization processes (7823)
2427 Ionosphere/atmosphere interactions (0335)
2431 Ionosphere/magnetosphere interactions (2736)
2435 Ionospheric disturbances
2437 Ionospheric dynamics
2439 Ionospheric irregularities
2441 Ionospheric storms (7949)
2442 Meteor-trail physics
2443 Midlatitude ionosphere
2447 Modeling and forecasting
2451 Particle acceleration
2455 Particle precipitation
2459 Planetary ionospheres (5435, 5729, 6026)
2461 Plasma interactions with dust and aerosols (7849)
2463 Plasma convection (2760)
2467 Plasma temperature and density
2471 Plasma waves and instabilities (2772)
2475 Polar cap ionosphere
2479 Solar radiation and cosmic ray effects
2481 Topside ionosphere
2483 Wave/particle interactions (7867)
2487 Wave propagation (0689, 3285, 4275, 4455, 6934)
2494 Instruments and techniques
2499 General or miscellaneous
2700 MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS (6939)
2704 Auroral phenomena (2407)
2706 Cusp
2712 Electric fields (2411)
2716 Energetic particles: precipitating
2720 Energetic particles: trapped
2721 Field-aligned currents and current systems (2409)
2722 Forecasting (1922, 4315, 7924, 7964)
2723 Magnetic reconnection (7526, 7835)
2724 Magnetopause and boundary layers
2728 Magnetosheath
2730 Magnetosphere: inner
2731 Magnetosphere: outer
2732 Magnetosphere interactions with satellites and rings
2736 Magnetosphere/ionosphere interactions (2431)
2740 Magnetospheric configuration and dynamics
2744 Magnetotail
2748 Magnetotail boundary layers
2752 MHD waves and instabilities (2149, 6050, 7836)
2753 Numerical modeling
2756 Planetary magnetospheres (5443, 5737, 6033)
2760 Plasma convection (2463)
2764 Plasma sheet
2768 Plasmasphere
2772 Plasma waves and instabilities (2471)
2776 Polar cap phenomena
2774 Radiation belts
2778 Ring current
2780 Solar wind interactions with unmagnetized bodies
2784 Solar wind/magnetosphere interactions
2788 Magnetic storms and substorms (4305, 7954)
2790 Substorms
2794 Instruments and techniques
2799 General or miscellaneous
3000 MARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS
3001 Back-arc basin processes
3002 Continental shelf and slope processes (4219)
3004 Gas and hydrate systems
3005 Marine magnetics and paleomagnetics (1550)
3006 Marine electromagnetics
3010 Gravity and isostasy (1218, 1222)
3015 Heat flow (benthic)
3017 Hydrothermal systems (0450, 1034, 3616, 4832, 8135, 8424)
3020 Littoral processes
3021 Marine hydrogeology
3022 Marine sediments: processes and transport
3025 Marine seismics (0935, 7294)
3030 Micropaleontology (0459, 4944)
3035 Midocean ridge processes
3036 Ocean drilling
3037 Oceanic hotspots and intraplate volcanism
3038 Oceanic plateaus and microcontinents
3039 Oceanic transform and fracture zone processes
3040 Plate tectonics (8150, 8155, 8157, 8158)
3042 Ophiolites (8140)
3045 Seafloor morphology, geology, and geophysics
3050 Ocean observatories and experiments
3060 Subduction zone processes (1031, 3613, 8170, 8413)
3070 Submarine landslides
3075 Submarine tectonics and volcanism
3080 Submergence instruments: ROV, AUV, submersibles
3094 Instruments and techniques
3099 General or miscellaneous
3200 MATHEMATICAL GEOPHYSICS (0500, 4307, 4314, 4400, 7833)
3205 Fourier analysis (3255)
3215 Instability analysis (4312)
3260 Inverse theory
3225 Numerical approximations and analysis (4260)
3235 Persistence, memory, correlations, clustering (3265, 4313, 7857)
3238 Prediction (3245, 4263, 4315)
3245 Probabilistic forecasting (3238, 4315)
3252 Spatial analysis (0500, 1980, 4319)
3255 Spectral analysis (3205, 3280, 4319)
3265 Stochastic processes (3235, 4468, 4475, 7857)
3270 Time series analysis (1872, 1988, 4277, 4475)
3275 Uncertainty quantification (1873, 1990)
3280 Wavelet transform (3255, 4455)
3285 Wave propagation (0689, 2487, 4275, 4455, 6934)
3294 Instruments and techniques
3299 General or miscellaneous
3300 ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES
3304 Atmospheric electricity
3303 Balanced dynamical models
3305 Climate change and variability (1616, 1635, 3309, 4215, 4513)
3307 Boundary layer processes
3309 Climatology (1616, 1620, 3305, 4215, 8408)
3311 Clouds and aerosols
3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks
3314 Convective processes
3315 Data assimilation
3319 General circulation (1223)
3320 Idealized model
3322 Land/atmosphere interactions (1218, 1631, 1843, 4301)
3323 Large eddy simulation
3324 Lightning
3325 Monte Carlo technique
3329 Mesoscale meteorology
3332 Mesospheric dynamics
3333 Model calibration (1846)
3334 Middle atmosphere dynamics (0341, 0342)
3335 North American Monsoon
3336 Numerical approximations and analyses (1849)
3337 Global climate models (1626, 4928)
3339 Ocean/atmosphere interactions (0312, 4301, 4504)
3344 Paleoclimatology (0473, 4900)
3346 Planetary meteorology (5445, 5739)
3349 Polar meteorology
3354 Precipitation (1854)
3359 Radiative processes
3355 Regional modeling (4316)
3360 Remote sensing (4337)
3362 Stratosphere/troposphere interactions
3363 Stratospheric dynamics
3364 Synoptic-scale meteorology
3365 Subgrid-scale (SGS) parameterization
3367 Theoretical modeling (4316)
3369 Thermospheric dynamics (0358)
3371 Tropical convection
3372 Tropical cyclones
3373 Tropical dynamics
3374 Tropical meteorology
3375 Tropopause dynamics
3379 Turbulence (4490)
3384 Acoustic-gravity waves
3389 Tides and planetary waves
3390 Wildland fire model
3394 Instruments and techniques
3399 General or miscellaneous
3600 MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY
3610 Geochemical modeling (1009, 8410)
3611 Thermodynamics (0766, 1011, 8411)
3612 Reactions and phase equilibria (1012, 8412)
3613 Subduction zone processes (1031, 3060, 8170, 8413)
3614 Mid-oceanic ridge processes (1032, 8416)
3615 Intra-plate processes (1033, 8415)
3616 Hydrothermal systems (0450, 1034, 3017, 4832, 8135, 8424)
3617 Alteration and weathering processes (1039)
3618 Magma chamber processes (1036)
3619 Magma genesis and partial melting (1037)
3621 Mantle processes (1038)
3620 Mineral and crystal chemistry (1042)
3625 Petrography, microstructures, and textures
3630 Experimental mineralogy and petrology
3640 Igneous petrology
3641 Extrusive structures and rocks
3642 Intrusive structures and rocks
3643 Layered magma chambers
3660 Metamorphic petrology
3651 Thermobarometry
3652 Pressure-temperature-time paths
3653 Fluid flow
3654 Ultra-high pressure metamorphism
3656 Ultra-high temperature metamorphism
3662 Meteorite mineralogy and petrology (1028, 6240)
3665 Mineral occurrences and deposits
3672 Planetary mineralogy and petrology (5410)
3675 Sedimentary petrology
3690 Field relationships (1090, 8486)
3694 Instruments and techniques
3699 General or miscellaneous
3900 MINERAL PHYSICS
3902 Creep and deformation
3904 Defects
3909 Elasticity and anelasticity
3914 Electrical properties
3919 Equations of state
3924 High-pressure behavior
3929 NMR, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and other magnetic techniques
3934 Optical, infrared, and Raman spectroscopy
3939 Physical thermodynamics
3944 Shock wave experiments
3947 Surfaces and interfaces
3949 Thermal expansivity
3954 X-ray, neutron, and electron spectroscopy and diffraction
3994 Instruments and techniques
3999 General or miscellaneous
4300 NATURAL HAZARDS
4301 Atmospheric (0370 3322, 3339)
4302 Geological (0742, 4564, 7212, 7280, 8419, 8425, 8426, 8428, 8488)
4303 Hydrological (1810, 1812, 1821)
4304 Oceanic (1641, 4564)
4305 Space weather (2101, 2788, 7900)
4306 Multihazards
4307 Methods (0500, 3200, 4400)
4308 Other (0468, 0702, 6205, 6210)
4311 Analogue modeling
4312 Catastrophe and catastrophe theory (3215)
4313 Extreme events (1817, 3235)
4314 Mathematical and computer modeling (0500, 3200)
4315 Monitoring, forecasting, prediction (1816, 1922, 2722, 3238, 3245,
4263, 7223, 7924)
4316 Physical modeling (0466, 0545, 0798, 1622, 1847, 1952, 3355, 3367)
4317 Precursors
4318 Statistical analysis (1984, 1986)
4319 Spatial modeling (3252, 3255)
4321 Climate impact (1630, 1637, 1807, 8408)
4322 Health impact
4323 Human impact (1834, 7938)
4324 Spatial decision support systems (1918, 6309)
4325 Megacities and urban environment (0345, 0478, 0493)
4326 Exposure
4327 Resilience
4328 Risk (8488)
4329 Sustainable development
4330 Vulnerability
4331 Disaster relief
4332 Disaster resilience
4333 Disaster risk analysis and assessment (6304, 8488)
4334 Disaster risk communication
4335 Disaster management
4336 Economic impacts of disasters
4337 Remote sensing and disasters (1243, 1640, 1855, 3360, 8485)
4338 Disaster policy (6300, 6620)
4339 Disaster mitigation (6309, 7914)
4341 Early warning systems
4342 Emergency management (6344)
4343 Preparedness and planning (6334)
4344 Microzonation and macrozonation
4345 Community management
4346 Emergency response and evacuations (1964)
4347 Recovery and reconstruction after disaster
4348 Contingency planning
4351 International organizations and natural disasters
4352 Interaction between science and disaster management authorities
4353 Sociology of disasters (1974)
4354 Psychology of disasters
4355 Miscellaneous
4400 NONLINEAR GEOPHYSICS (3200, 4307, 6944, 7839)
4410 Bifurcations and attractors
4415 Cascades
4420 Chaos (7805)
4425 Critical phenomena
4430 Complex systems
4435 Emergent phenomena
4440 Fractals and multifractals
4445 Nonlinear differential equations
4450 Nonlinear maps
4455 Nonlinear waves, shock waves, solitons (0689, 2487, 3280, 3285,
4275, 6934, 7851, 7852)
4460 Pattern formation
4465 Phase transitions
4468 Probability distributions, heavy and fat-tailed (3265)
4470 Renormalization group methods
4475 Scaling: spatial and temporal (1872, 1988, 3265, 3270, 4277, 7857)
4480 Self-organized criticality
4485 Self-organization
4490 Turbulence (3379, 4568, 7863)
4494 Instruments and techniques
4499 General or miscellaneous
4200 OCEANOGRAPHY: GENERAL
4203 Analytical modeling and laboratory experiments
4207 Arctic and Antarctic oceanography (9310, 9315)
4211 Benthic boundary layers
4215 Climate and interannual variability (1616, 1635, 3305, 3309, 4513)
4217 Coastal processes
4219 Continental shelf and slope processes (3002)
4220 Coral reef systems (4916)
4223 Descriptive and regional oceanography
4227 Diurnal, seasonal, and annual cycles (0438)
4231 Equatorial oceanography
4235 Estuarine processes (0442)
4239 Limnology (0458, 1845, 4942)
4243 Marginal and semi-enclosed seas
4247 Marine meteorology
4251 Marine pollution (0345, 0478)
4255 Numerical modeling (0545, 0560, 1952)
4259 Ocean acoustics
4260 Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis (3225)
4262 Ocean observing systems
4263 Ocean predictability and prediction (3238, 4315)
4264 Ocean optics (0649)
4271 Physical and chemical properties of seawater
4273 Physical and biogeochemical interactions
4275 Remote sensing and electromagnetic processes (0689, 2487, 3285,
4455, 6934)
4277 Time series experiments (1872, 1988, 3270, 4475)
4279 Upwelling and convergences (4964)
4283 Water masses
4294 Instruments and techniques
4299 General or miscellaneous
4500 OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL
4504 Air/sea interactions (0312, 3339)
4506 Capillary waves
4508 Coriolis effects
4512 Currents
4513 Decadal ocean variability (1616, 1635, 3305, 4215)
4515 Deep recirculations
4516 Eastern boundary currents
4520 Eddies and mesoscale processes
4522 ENSO (4922)
4524 Fine structure and microstructure
4528 Fronts and jets
4532 General circulation (1218, 1222)
4534 Hydrodynamic modeling
4536 Hydrography and tracers
4540 Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes (0700, 0750, 0752,
0754)
4544 Internal and inertial waves
4546 Nearshore processes
4548 Ocean fog
4550 Ocean influence of Earth rotation (1223)
4553 Overflows
4554 Planetary waves
4556 Sea level: variations and mean (1222, 1225, 1641)
4558 Sediment transport (1862)
4560 Surface waves and tides (1222)
4562 Topographic/bathymetric interactions
4564 Tsunamis and storm surges (4302, 4304)
4568 Turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes (4490)
4572 Upper ocean and mixed layer processes
4576 Western boundary currents
4594 Instruments and techniques
4599 General or miscellaneous
4800 OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL (0460)
4801 Aerosols (0305, 4906)
4803 Analytical chemistry
4802 Anoxic environments (0404, 1803, 4834, 4902)
4804 Benthic processes, benthos (0408)
4805 Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0414, 0793,
1615, 4912)
4806 Carbon cycling (0428)
4807 Chemical speciation and complexation
4808 Chemical tracers
4811 Chemosynthesis
4809 Colloids
4813 Ecological prediction
4815 Ecosystems, structure, dynamics, and modeling (0439)
4817 Food webs, structure, and dynamics (0491)
4820 Gases
4825 Geochemistry
4830 Higher trophic levels
4832 Hydrothermal systems (0450, 1034, 3017, 3616, 8135, 8424)
4834 Hypoxic environments (0404, 4802)
4835 Marine inorganic chemistry (1050)
4840 Microbiology and microbial ecology (0465)
4843 Natural products chemistry
4845 Nutrients and nutrient cycling (0470, 1050)
4850 Marine organic chemistry (0470, 1050)
4851 Oxidation/reduction reactions (0471)
4852 Photochemistry
4853 Photosynthesis
4854 Physical chemistry
4855 Phytoplankton
4858 Population dynamics and ecology
4860 Radioactivity and radioisotopes
4863 Sedimentation (1861)
4866 Sorptive scavenging
4870 Stable isotopes (0454, 1041)
4872 Symbiosis
4875 Trace elements (0489)
4890 Zooplankton
4894 Instruments, sensors, and techniques
4899 General or miscellaneous
4900 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY (0473, 3344)
4901 Abrupt/rapid climate change (1605)
4902 Anthropogenic effects (1803, 4802)
4904 Atmospheric transport and circulation
4906 Aerosols (0305, 4801)
4908 Albedo
4910 Astronomical forcing
4912 Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0414, 0793,
1615, 4805)
4914 Continental climate records
4916 Corals (4220)
4918 Cosmogenic isotopes (1150)
4920 Dendrochronology
4922 El Nino (4522)
4924 Geochemical tracers
4926 Glacial
4928 Global climate models (1626, 3337)
4930 Greenhouse gases
4932 Ice cores (0724)
4934 Insolation forcing
4936 Interglacial
4938 Interhemispheric phasing
4940 Isotopic stage
4942 Limnology (0458, 1845, 4239)
4944 Micropaleontology (0459, 3030)
4946 Milankovitch theory
4948 Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum
4950 Paleoecology
4952 Palynology
4954 Sea surface temperature
4958 Speleothems
4960 Stadial
4962 Thermohaline
4964 Upwelling (4279)
4994 Instruments and techniques
4999 General or miscellaneous
5100 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
5102 Acoustic properties
5104 Fracture and flow
5109 Magnetic and electrical properties (0925)
5112 Microstructure
5114 Permeability and porosity
5120 Plasticity, diffusion, and creep
5134 Thermal properties
5139 Transport properties
5144 Wave attenuation
5194 Instruments and techniques
5199 General or miscellaneous
5200 PLANETARY SCIENCES: ASTROBIOLOGY
5205 Formation of stars and planets
5210 Planetary atmospheres, clouds, and hazes (0343)
5215 Origin of life
5220 Hydrothermal systems and weathering on other planets
5225 Early environment of Earth
5400 PLANETARY SCIENCES: SOLID SURFACE PLANETS
5405 Atmospheres (0343, 1060)
5408 Aurorae and airglow
5410 Composition (1060, 3672)
5415 Erosion and weathering
5416 Glaciation
5417 Gravitational fields (1221)
5418 Heat flow
5419 Hydrology and fluvial processes
5422 Ices
5420 Impact phenomena, cratering (6022, 8136)
5421 Interactions with particles and fields
5430 Interiors (8147)
5435 Ionospheres (2459)
5440 Magnetic fields and magnetism
5443 Magnetospheres (2756)
5445 Meteorology (3346)
5450 Orbital and rotational dynamics (1221)
5455 Origin and evolution
5460 Physical properties of materials
5462 Polar regions
5464 Remote sensing
5465 Rings and dust
5470 Surface materials and properties
5475 Tectonics (8149)
5480 Volcanism (6063, 8148, 8450)
5494 Instruments and techniques
5499 General or miscellaneous
5700 PLANETARY SCIENCES: FLUID PLANETS
5704 Atmospheres (0343, 1060)
5706 Aurorae
5709 Composition (1060)
5714 Gravitational fields (1221)
5719 Interactions with particles and fields
5724 Interiors (8147)
5729 Ionospheres (2459)
5734 Magnetic fields and magnetism
5737 Magnetospheres (2756)
5739 Meteorology (3346)
5744 Orbital and rotational dynamics (1221)
5749 Origin and evolution
5754 Polar regions
5759 Rings and dust
5770 Tidal forces
5780 Tori and exospheres
5794 Instruments and techniques
5799 General or miscellaneous
6000 PLANETARY SCIENCES: COMETS AND SMALL BODIES
6005 Atmospheres (1060)
6009 Aurorae, airglow, and X-ray emission
6008 Composition (1060)
6015 Dust
6017 Erosion and weathering
6019 Gravitational fields (1221)
6020 Ices
6022 Impact phenomena (5420, 8136)
6025 Interactions with solar wind plasma and fields
6023 Comets: dust tails and trails (6210)
6024 Interiors (8147)
6026 Ionospheres (2459)
6030 Magnetic fields and magnetism
6033 Magnetospheres (2756)
6035 Orbital and rotational dynamics
6040 Origin and evolution
6045 Physics and chemistry of materials
6050 Plasma and MHD instabilities (2149, 2752, 7836)
6055 Surfaces
6060 Radiation and chemistry
6063 Volcanism (5480, 8450)
6094 Instruments and techniques
6099 General or miscellaneous
6200 PLANETARY SCIENCES: SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS
6205 Asteroids (4308)
6206 Asteroids: satellites
6207 Comparative planetology
6210 Comets (4308, 6023)
6211 Centaurs
6213 Dust
6218 Jovian satellites
6219 Io
6221 Europa
6222 Ganymede
6223 Callisto
6220 Jupiter
6224 Kuiper belt objects
6225 Mars
6230 Martian satellites
6235 Mercury
6240 Meteorites and tektites (1028, 3662)
6245 Meteors
6250 Moon (1221)
6255 Neptune
6260 Neptunian satellites
6261 Triton
6265 Planetary rings
6270 Pluto and satellites
6275 Saturn
6280 Saturnian satellites
6281 Titan
6282 Enceladus
6285 Trans-Neptunian objects
6290 Uranian satellites
6293 Uranus
6295 Venus
6296 Extra-solar planets
6297 Instruments and techniques
6299 General or miscellaneous
6300 POLICY SCIENCES (4338, 7964)
6304 Benefit-cost analysis (4333)
6309 Decision making under uncertainty (1918, 4324, 4339)
6314 Demand estimation
6319 Institutions
6324 Legislation and regulations (6615)
6329 Project evaluation
6334 Regional planning (1880, 4343)
6339 System design
6344 System operation and management (4342)
6349 General or miscellaneous
6600 PUBLIC ISSUES
6610 Funding
6615 Legislation and regulations (6324)
6620 Science policy (0485, 4338)
6630 Workforce
6699 General or miscellaneous
6900 RADIO SCIENCE
6914 Electromagnetic noise and interference
6924 Interferometry (1207, 1209, 1242)
6929 Ionospheric physics (1240, 2400)
6934 Ionospheric propagation (0689, 2487, 3285, 4275, 4455)
6939 Magnetospheric physics (2700)
6944 Nonlinear phenomena (4400, 7839)
6949 Radar astronomy
6952 Radar atmospheric physics (1220)
6954 Radio astronomy
6959 Radio oceanography (1222)
6964 Radio wave propagation
6969 Remote sensing
6974 Signal processing (0674)
6979 Space and satellite communication
6982 Tomography and imaging (7270, 8180)
6984 Waves in plasma (7867)
6994 Instruments and techniques (1241)
6999 General or miscellaneous
7200 SEISMOLOGY
7203 Body waves
7205 Continental crust (1219)
7207 Core (1212, 1213, 8124)
7208 Mantle (1212, 1213, 8124)
7209 Earthquake dynamics (1242)
7212 Earthquake ground motions and engineering seismology (4302)
7215 Earthquake source observations (1240)
7218 Lithosphere (1236)
7219 Seismic monitoring and test-ban treaty verification
7220 Oceanic crust
7221 Paleoseismology (8036)
7223 Earthquake interaction, forecasting, and prediction (1217, 1242,
4315)
7230 Seismicity and tectonics (1207, 1217, 1240, 1242)
7240 Subduction zones (1207, 1219, 1240)
7245 Mid-ocean ridges
7250 Transform faults
7255 Surface waves and free oscillations
7260 Theory
7270 Tomography (6982, 8180)
7280 Volcano seismology (4302, 8419)
7290 Computational seismology
7294 Seismic instruments and networks (0935, 3025)
7299 General or miscellaneous
7500 SOLAR PHYSICS, ASTROPHYSICS, AND ASTRONOMY
7504 Celestial mechanics
7507 Chromosphere
7509 Corona
7511 Coronal holes
7513 Coronal mass ejections (2101)
7514 Energetic particles (2114)
7519 Flares
7522 Helioseismology
7524 Magnetic fields
7526 Magnetic reconnection (2723, 7835)
7529 Photosphere
7531 Prominence eruptions
7534 Radio emissions
7536 Solar activity cycle (2162)
7537 Solar and stellar variability (1650)
7538 Solar irradiance
7539 Stellar astronomy
7544 Stellar interiors and dynamo theory
7546 Transition region
7549 Ultraviolet emissions
7554 X-rays, gamma rays, and neutrinos
7594 Instruments and techniques
7599 General or miscellaneous
7800 SPACE PLASMA PHYSICS
7803 Active perturbation experiments
7805 Chaos (4420)
7807 Charged particle motion and acceleration
7811 Discontinuities (2109)
7815 Electrostatic structures
7823 Ionization processes (2423)
7827 Kinetic and MHD theory
7829 Kinetic waves and instabilities
7831 Laboratory studies and experimental techniques
7835 Magnetic reconnection (2723, 7526)
7833 Mathematical and numerical techniques (0500, 3200)
7836 MHD waves and instabilities (2149, 2752, 6050)
7837 Neutral particles (2151)
7839 Nonlinear phenomena (4400, 6944)
7844 Parametric processes
7845 Particle acceleration
7846 Plasma energization
7849 Plasma interactions with dust and aerosols (2461)
7847 Radiation processes
7851 Shock waves (4455)
7852 Solitons and solitary waves (4455)
7853 Spacecraft/atmosphere interactions
7855 Spacecraft sheaths, wakes, charging
7857 Stochastic phenomena (3235, 3265, 4475)
7859 Transport processes
7863 Turbulence (4490)
7867 Wave/particle interactions (2483, 6984)
7868 Wave/wave interactions
7894 Instruments and techniques
7899 General or miscellaneous
7900 SPACE WEATHER (4305)
7904 Geomagnetically induced currents
7914 Engineering for hazard mitigation (4339)
7924 Forecasting (1922, 2722, 4315)
7934 Impacts on technological systems
7938 Impacts on humans (4323)
7944 Ionospheric effects on radio waves
7949 Ionospheric storms (2441)
7954 Magnetic storms (2788)
7959 Models
7964 Policy (2722, 6300)
7969 Satellite drag (1241)
7974 Solar effects
7984 Space radiation environment
7999 General or miscellaneous
8000 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
8002 Continental neotectonics (8107)
8003 Diapir and diapirism
8004 Dynamics and mechanics of faulting (8118)
8005 Folds and folding
8010 Fractures and faults
8011 Kinematics of crustal and mantle deformation
8012 High strain deformation zones
8015 Local crustal structure
8020 Mechanics, theory, and modeling
8021 Melanges
8025 Mesoscopic fabrics
8030 Microstructures
8031 Rheology: crust and lithosphere (8159)
8032 Rheology: general (8160)
8033 Rheology: mantle (8162)
8034 Rheology and friction of fault zones (8163)
8035 Pluton emplacement
8036 Paleoseismology (7221)
8038 Regional crustal structure
8040 Remote sensing
8045 Role of fluids
8094 Instruments and techniques
8099 General or miscellaneous
8100 TECTONOPHYSICS
8102 Continental contractional orogenic belts and inversion tectonics
8103 Continental cratons
8104 Continental margins: convergent
8105 Continental margins: divergent (1212, 8124)
8106 Continental margins: transform
8107 Continental neotectonics (8002)
8108 Continental tectonics: compressional
8109 Continental tectonics: extensional (0905)
8110 Continental tectonics: general (0905)
8111 Continental tectonics: strike-slip and transform
8115 Core processes (1213, 1507)
8118 Dynamics and mechanics of faulting (8004)
8120 Dynamics of lithosphere and mantle: general (1213)
8121 Dynamics: convection currents, and mantle plumes
8122 Dynamics: gravity and tectonics
8123 Dynamics: seismotectonics
8124 Earth's interior: composition and state (1212, 7207, 7208, 8105)
8125 Evolution of the Earth (0325)
8130 Heat generation and transport
8135 Hydrothermal systems (0450, 1034, 3017, 3616, 4832, 8424)
8136 Impact phenomena (5420, 6022)
8137 Hotspots, large igneous provinces, and flood basalt volcanism
8138 Lithospheric flexure
8139 Obduction tectonics
8140 Ophiolites (3042)
8145 Physics of magma and magma bodies
8147 Planetary interiors (5430, 5724, 6024)
8148 Planetary volcanism (5480, 8450)
8149 Planetary tectonics (5475)
8150 Plate boundary: general (3040)
8155 Plate motions: general (3040)
8157 Plate motions: past (3040)
8158 Plate motions: present and recent (3040)
8159 Rheology: crust and lithosphere (8031)
8160 Rheology: general (1236, 8032)
8162 Rheology: mantle (8033)
8163 Rheology and friction of fault zones (8034)
8164 Stresses: crust and lithosphere
8166 Stresses: deep-seated
8168 Stresses: general
8169 Sedimentary basin processes
8170 Subduction zone processes (1031, 3060, 3613, 8413)
8175 Tectonics and landscape evolution
8177 Tectonics and climatic interactions
8178 Tectonics and magmatism
8180 Tomography (6982, 7270)
8185 Volcanic arcs
8194 Instruments and techniques
8199 General or miscellaneous
8400 VOLCANOLOGY
8410 Geochemical modeling (1009, 3610)
8411 Thermodynamics (0766, 1011, 3611)
8412 Reactions and phase equilibria (1012, 3612)
8413 Subduction zone processes (1031, 3060, 3613, 8170)
8416 Mid-oceanic ridge processes (1032, 3614)
8415 Intra-plate processes (1033, 3615)
8424 Hydrothermal systems (0450, 1034, 3017, 3616, 4832, 8135)
8425 Effusive volcanism (4302)
8426 Mud volcanism (4302)
8427 Subaqueous volcanism
8428 Explosive volcanism (4302)
8450 Planetary volcanism (5480, 6063, 8148)
8404 Volcanoclastic deposits
8408 Volcano/climate interactions (1605, 3309, 4321)
8409 Atmospheric effects (0370)
8430 Volcanic gases
8429 Lava rheology and morphology
8434 Magma migration and fragmentation
8414 Eruption mechanisms and flow emplacement
8439 Physics and chemistry of magma bodies
8440 Calderas
8445 Experimental volcanism
8455 Tephrochronology (1145)
8485 Remote sensing of volcanoes (4337)
8486 Field relationships (1090, 3690)
8419 Volcano monitoring (4302, 7280)
8488 Volcanic hazards and risks (4302, 4328, 4333)
8494 Instruments and techniques
8499 General or miscellaneous
9300 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
9305 Africa
9310 Antarctica (4207)
9315 Arctic region (0718, 4207)
9320 Asia
9325 Atlantic Ocean
9330 Australia
9335 Europe
9340 Indian Ocean
9345 Large bodies of water (e.g., lakes and inland seas) (0746)
9350 North America
9355 Pacific Ocean
9360 South America
9399 General or miscellaneous
9600 INFORMATION RELATED TO GEOLOGIC TIME
9604 Cenozoic
9605 Neogene
9606 Paleogene
9609 Mesozoic
9610 Cretaceous
9611 Jurassic
9612 Triassic
9614 Paleozoic
9615 Permian
9616 Carboniferous
9617 Devonian
9618 Silurian
9620 Ordovician
9621 Cambrian
9619 Precambrian
9622 Proterozoic
9623 Archean
9699 General or miscellaneous
9800 GENERAL OR MISCELLANEOUS
9805 Instruments useful in three or more fields
9810 New fields (not classifiable under other headings)
9815 Notices and announcements
9820 Techniques applicable in three or more fields
9900 CORRECTIONS