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Identifying the Properties of Respiration
Bell Work: 3/4/14
• Please pick up your binder and a copy of
today’s notes, “Identifying the properties
of Respiration.”
Photosynthesis - Respiration
Comparison
• Photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Occurs only in green plants
• Occurs only in green plant cells
• Proceeds only in light
• Food is made
• Increases dry weight
• CO2, H2O are used
• Produces sugars and O2
• Stores energy in sugar
• ATP & NADPH produced
• ATP & NADPH used for
synthesis of sugar
• Occurs in all plants and animals
• Occurs in all living cells
• Proceeds in light and darkness
• Food is used
• Decreases dry weight
• Sugar and O2 are used
• Produces CO2 and H2O
• Releases energy
• ATP produced
• ATP used for many reactions
Photosynthesis
Light Reaction
Hill Reaction
(Granum)
Dark Reaction
Calvin Cycle
(Stroma)
Respiration
Plant Respiration
Plants breath and
need to make
energy!
Respiration
• Occurs in both light
and darkness
Respiration has Three Processes
• 1. Glycolysis
• 2.
Krebs Cycle
• 3.
Electron Transport Chain
Respiration has Three Processes
Respiration
• Respiration is the process by which cells
of a living organism use energy stored in
food molecules to make ATP.
• The bonds between the phosphate
groups of ATP are unstable and their
hydrolysis (where the bonds are broken)
releases energy that can be used to drive
other cellular processes.
Respiration - Definition
• Chemical process by which sugars and starches
produced by photosynthesis are converted to
energy
Respiration
• Carbohydrates made during Photosynthesis
are of value to the plant when they are
converted to energy.
• This energy is used in the process of
building new tissues, or plant growth.
• The chemical process by which sugars and
starches produced in Photosynthesis are
converted to energy is called RESPIRATION.
Respiration
• In animals, blood carries CO2 and O2 to and
from atmosphere by lungs and gills.
• In plants, these gases diffuse into plants
through the stomata.
Respiration
• Occurs in all life
forms and in the
mitochondria
organelle of all
cells.
Mitochondria
• The Mitochondria contain the Cristae & the Matrix.
• Cristae: Highly folded inner membrane
• Matrix: Space inside the inner membrane.
Dividing
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Cristae
Matrix
A Respiration Flow Chart
Respiration - Equation
Glucose + Water + Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide + Water
+ Energy
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
6CO2 + 12 H2O + e
Respiration General Reaction
• The equation tells us that glucose reacts
with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide
and water with the release of energy.
• Energy can be electrons or ATP.
ATP is
formed in Glycolysis, the Kreb Cycle and
the Electron Transport Chain.
Respiration
• The raw materials used in Respiration
flow into the mitochondria, and from
them useable energy emerges.
Respiration
• Plants use Oxygen
in Respiration
during the day as
well as the night.
Carbon Dioxide is
one of the end
products of
Respiration in
plants, just as in
animals.
Photosynthesis - Equation
General Reaction
Green Plant
Glucose + Oxygen +
Light EnergyWater
Carbon Dioxide + Water
Green Plant
6 CO2 + 12 H2O
Light Energy
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
Respiration
• Consists of three major processes:
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
• 1.
Respiration
Glycolysis
• Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and
requires no oxygen.
Glycolysis
• In Glycolysis, a 6-carbon sugar is broken
down into two, 3-carbon molecules called
pyruvate. In the process, ATP is formed, and
electrons are delivered to the ETC.
• 1.
Glycolysis
Respiration
• Occurs in the cytoplasm
• Glucose is broken down to form Pyruvate into
Pyruvic Acid.
• Two ATP’s are made.
• Electrons are delivered to the ETC.
Glycolysis
• In Glycolysis, glucose is broken down into
two-3carbon molecules called Pyruvate.
In the process, two ATP’s are used up
and four ATP’s are made.
Glycolysis
• This results in a net yield of two ATP’s.
• Four Electrons are delivered to the ETC.
Essence of Glycolysis
• In a series of reactions, the
glucose molecule becomes a
fructose molecule, carrying
two phosphates. (P)
• This fructose molecule is
split into 3-carbon
fragments. NADH2 & ATP is
released.
• Some Hydrogen, energy,
and water are removed from
these 3-carbon fragments
forming Pyruvate, which
degrades to Pyruvic Acid.
Glycolysis - Review
• Occurs in the Cytoplasm of the cell.
• Glucose is broken down to form Pyruvate.
• Two molecules of NADH are made.
• Two ATP’s are made.
• Electrons are delivered to the ETC.
Glycolysis - Produces Energy
Glucose + Water + Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide + Water
+ Energy
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
6CO2 + 12 H2O + e
Respiration
• Consists of three major processes:
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Sir Hans A. Krebs
Sir Hans A. Krebs
• The Krebs Cycle was named after Hans
Krebs, a British biochemist.
• Born in Germany in 1900
• Professor of Biochemistry, Oxford, 1945
• Discovered the citric acid cycle (Krebs
Cycle) of respiration in 1953.
• Won the Nobel Laureate in Medicine, 1953
• Knighted in 1958
• Died 1981
Krebs Cycle
• Before entering the Krebs Cycle,
which takes place in the fluid
Matrix within the compartments
formed by the Cristae of the
Mitochondria, Carbon Dioxide is
released from the Pyruvate
produced by Glycolysis.
Krebs Cycle
• During the Krebs
Cycle, three
molecules of NADH
and one molecule of
FADH2 (electron
carriers) are formed.
• One molecule of ATP
is generated.
Krebs Cycle
• NADH and FADH2
(electron carriers) go on
to deliver their electrons
to the electron transport
chain.
• 2.
Respiration
Krebs cycle
• Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.
• The Cycle releases Carbon Dioxide.
• NADH & FADH2 deliver their electrons to the ETC.
• ATP is generated.
Respiration - Krebs Cycle
Respiration - Krebs Cycle
Krebs Produces CO2 & Energy
Glucose + Water + Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide + Water
+ Energy
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
6CO2 + 12 H2O + e
Respiration - Krebs Cycle Review
• Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria
• The Cycle releases Carbon Dioxide.
• NADH & FADH2 deliver their electrons to the
ETC.
• ATP is generated
Respiration
• Consists of three major processes:
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
• 3.
Respiration
Electron transport chain - ETC
• The ETC is located in the Inner Mitochondrial
Membrane.
• The ETC moves electrons down the chain producing
ATP from ADP.
• Uses Oxygen and Hydrogen to release water.
Electron Transport Chain Produces Water & Energy
Glucose + Water + Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide + Water
+ Energy
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
6CO2 + 12 H2O + e
Respiration - Electron Transport Chain
Electron Transport Chain
• Electrons from the Krebs Cycle electron
carriers NADH & FADH2 are delivered to the
Electron Transport Chain.
Electron Transport Chain - ETC
• The Electron Transport Chain is located in
the inner mitochondrial membrane. The
“chain” uses the energy of the “delivered”
electrons to pump protons (H+) from the
matrix of the mitochondria to the inner
membrane space.
Electron Transport Chain - ETC
• This creates a proton gradient across the
membrane (more protons in the inter-membrane
space than the matrix). These protons move back
across the membrane (down the gradient) through
the protein complex called ATP synthase.
Electron Transport Chain
• This “movement”
of protons
through the ATP
synthase, powers
the synthesis of
ATP from ADP.
Notes on The ETC
• 1. The ETC is located in
the Inner Mitochondrial
Membrane.
• 2. The ETC moves
electrons down the
chain producing ATP
from ADP.
• 3. Releases water
Respiration
Summary of Respiration
• Respiration consists of Three Major Processes:
• GYLCOLYSIS
• KREBS CYCLE
• ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Factors that Influence Respiration
• 1.
Temperature
• 2.
Oxygen Concentration
• 2.
Soil Conditions
• 4.
Light
Factors Influencing Rates of Respiration
• 1.
Temperature
• There is a positive relationship between
temperature and respiration. This is usually
within the boundaries of 32oF and 95oF.
• Increased temperature means increased
respiration.
• Refrigeration of stored plant parts (tomatoes,
apples, bananas, and flowers) reduces
respiration rates
Factors Influencing Rates of Respiration
• 2.
Oxygen concentration
• Concentrations of O2 below 21% result in a
decrease in respiration.
• Increasing O2 concentrations above 21%
does not result in increased respiration rates.
Factors Influencing Rates of
Respiration
• 3.
Soil Conditions
• Compacted or water-logged soils reduces
aeration.
• Results in reduced root respiration and poor
plant growth
• 4.
Factors Influencing Rates of
Respiration
Light
• Light Intensity and duration affect respiration.
• Plants grown in low light exhibit reduced
respiration rates.
• Low light reduces photosynthesis.
• Decreases the amount of carbohydrates produced and
available for respiration.
Factors that Influence Respiration
• 1.
Temperature
• 2.
Oxygen Concentration
• 2.
Soil Conditions
• 4.
Light
Respiration & Plant Growth
• Plant Growth depends on products like
carbohydrates that result from
photosynthesis and also from
mitochondrial respiration for energy and
tissue building compounds.
Respiration & Plant Growth
• Under favorable
conditions the corn plant
synthesizes
(Photosynthesis) about 9
grams of sugar per day.
While the average
amount respired is two
grams per day. The
average net gain is 7
grams.
Respiration & Plant Growth
• Therefore the amount
made is greater than
the amount used and
there is a surplus for
growth and storage.
When the amount made
equals the amount
used, there is no surplus
for growth.
Respiration Review
Photosynthesis - Respiration
• Respiration
• Occurs in all plants and animals
• Occurs in all living cells
• Proceeds in light and darkness
• Food is used
• Decreases dry weight
• Sugar and O2 are used
• Produces CO2 and H2O
• Releases energy
• ATP produced
• ATP is used for many reactions
Respiration
• Occurs in both light
and darkness
Respiration - Definition
• Chemical process by which sugars and starches
produced by photosynthesis are converted to
energy
Respiration
• Occurs in all life
forms and in the
mitochondria
organelle of all cells
Respiration
• Consists of three major processes:
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Respiration - Glycolysis Review
• Occurs in the Cytoplasm of the Cell.
• Glucose is broken down to form Pyruvate.
• Two molecules of NADH are made.
• Two ATP’s are made.
• Electrons are delivered to the ETC.
Respiration - Krebs Cycle Review
• Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria
• The Cycle releases Carbon Dioxide.
• NADH & FADH2 deliver their electrons to the
ETC.
• ATP is generated
Respiration - ETC Review
• The ETC is located in
the Inner Mitochondrial
Membrane.
• The ETC moves
electrons down the
chain producing ATP
from ADP.
• Releases water
Respiration
Factors that Influence Respiration
• 1.
Temperature
• 2.
Oxygen Concentration
• 2.
Soil Conditions
• 4.
Light
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