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Bio 135 Chapter one
The Human Body:
Directional Terminology
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 2
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The Language of Anatomy
 Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
 Exact terms are used for
 Position
 Direction
 Regions
 Structures
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3
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Anatomical Position
 The standard position used when
describing directional terms.
 I am always referring to this position.
 standing upright
 facing the observer, head level
 eyes facing forward
 feet flat on the floor
 arms at the sides
 palms turned forward
 Other positions you will encounter
 Prone position = lying face down
 Supine position = lying face up
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 4
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Major Directional Terms
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Dorsal
Ventral
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Slide 5
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Superior or Inferior
 Superior
 towards the head
 The eyes are superior to the mouth.
 Inferior
 away from the head
 The stomach is inferior to the heart.
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Slide 6
Medial or Lateral
 Medial
 nearer to the midline of the body
 The heart lies medial to the lungs.
 Lateral
 farther from the midline of the body
 The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7
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Proximal or Distal
 Proximal
 nearer to the attachment of the
limb to the trunk
 The knee is proximal to the
ankle.
 Distal
 farther from the attachment of
the limb to the trunk
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 The wrist is distal to the elbow.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 8
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Dorsal or Ventral
 Dorsal or Posterior
 at the back of the body
 The brain is posterior to the
forehead.
 Ventral or Anterior
 at the front of the body
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 The sternum is anterior to the
heart.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 9
Regional Terms
 Anterior body landmarks
You should learn all the
terms shown in the graphics
on this and the following
page. These are located in
your textbook on page 16.
The virtual website also has
this content at:
http://district.bluegrass.kctc
s.edu/billd.snyder/sharedfile
s/135Lab/terminology/Lab1.
html
It is more in depth than this
the materials here. You
only need to know the
materials in this
presentation.
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10
Regional Terms
 Posterior body landmarks
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 11
Body Planes and Sections
 A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left
and right parts
 A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body
(or organ) into equal left and right parts
 A frontal or coronal section divides the body (or
organ) into anterior and posterior parts
 A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or
organ) into superior and inferior parts
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12
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Body Planes and Sections
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Slide 13
Planes and Sections of the Brain
(3-D anatomical relationships revealed)
 Transverse Plane
 Frontal Plane
 Midsagittal Plane
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 14
Frontal section:
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 15
Transverse Cut
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Sagittal cut
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Slide 17
Body Cavities
Dorsal Cavity contains:
Cranial Cavity
Spinal Cavity
Ventral cavity contains
Thoracic cavity
Mediastenum
Plueral cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity
Below the diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic Cavity
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 18
Body Cavities
 Dorsal body cavity
 Cranial cavity houses the brain
 Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
 Ventral body cavity
 Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others
 Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system
and most urinary system organs
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 19
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
 Inferior portion of ventral body cavity below diaphragm
 Encircled by abdominal wall, bones & muscles of pelvis
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 20
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Thoracic Cavity
 Encircled by ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscle
 Divided into 2 pleural cavities (hold lungs) by mediastinum
 Mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except lungs.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 21
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Mediastinum
 Midline wall of tissue that contains heart and
great vessels, esophagus, trachea and thymus.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 22
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
This is a very simple
format and one I will not
use.
I have it here only because
it is in your text and so
that you know there are
other systems.
The system we will use is
shown on the next slide
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 23
Abdominopelvic Regions
I expect you to know the
names of the regions and
their relationship to one
another.
I do not expect you to
identify the organs in
each region.
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 24
A closer look at Medical Imaging
 Allows visualization of structures without surgery
 Useful for confirmation of diagnosis
 Examples of imaging techniques
 X-rays
 C.T. scan
 Ultrasound
 MRI
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 Pet Scan
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 25
Conventional Radiography
 A single burst of xrays
 Produces 2-D image on film
 Known as radiography or xray
 Poor resolution of soft
tissues
 Major use is osteology
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 26
Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
 Moving x-ray beam
 Image produced on a video
monitor of a cross-section
through body
 Computer generated image
reveals more soft tissue detail
 kidney & gallstones
 Multiple scans used to build
3D views
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 27
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Ultrasound (US)
 High-frequency sound waves
emitted by hand-held device
 Safe, noninvasive & painless
 Image or sonogram is displayed on
video monitor
 Used for fetal ultrasound and
examination of pelvic & abdominal
organs, heart and blood flow
through blood vessels
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 28
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
 Body exposed to high-energy magnetic field
 Protons align themselves relative to magnetic field
 Pulse of radio-waves used to generate an image on video monitor
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 Can not be used on patients with metal in their body
 Reveals fine detail within soft tissues
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 29
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Positron Emission Tomography(PET)
 Substance that emits positively charged particles is injected into
body
 Collision with negatively charged electrons in tissues releases
gamma rays
 Camera detects gamma rays & computer generates image
displayed on monitor
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 30
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Did you get it?
 Some sample questions:
 Describe the anatomical position
 What are the major body cavities and what do they contain.
 What plane would separate the left from the right? The front
from the back? The top from the bottom?
 How would you describe something that is toward the head
on the torso? Toward the torso on a limb?
 What technique uses sound-waves to help visualize a body
part
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 31
The End.
These presentations and the related notes pages are intended
to serve as your study guides.
They contain a condensed version of what is in your text.
They are not intended to replace your text.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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