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Chapter 5 The Integumentary System Essential Question: What are the functions of the Integumentary System? Integumentary System= most vulnerable organ system; constantly exposed to extreme , bacteria, , chemicals Parts of the Integumentary System: o o o o Functions of the Integumentary System: 1) ______________________ – first line of defense A) ____________________ _________________ – protection against UV light Kills __________________ because of a _____________________ substance in sebum (acidic & antiseptic) Skin secretes ____________________ (human defensin) B) _________________________________ Hardness of __________________________ cells creates a Skin is _______________________ – slows water loss C) ________________________________ Rapid mitotic rate and cell shedding minimizes pathogen entry _____________________________ in the epidermis and dermis 2) ______________________________________________: A) High Body Temp-> Blood vessel (allows for cooling) Increasing secretions to cool the body B) Low Body Temp Blood vessel (allows for warning b/c blood bypasses the skin so that its temp can drop to that of 3) ___________________________________ – skin contains basic skin sensations o Meissner’s corpuscles: ________________________________ (ex. Your clothing on your skin) o Pacinian corpuscles: __________________________________ (ex. Someone bumping into you) ) for o Thermoreceptors: _____________________________ (warm & cold) o o Other sensations (itching, tickling, softness, hardness, wetness) caused by the stimulation of 2 or more receptors described above and a blending of their sensations 4) _______________________________ – synthesis of _____________________ in dermal blood vessels when exposed to ____________________ 5) _______________________________ – skin blood vessels store up to 5% of the body’s blood volume 6) __________________________ – limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes are eliminated from the body in sweat Essential Question: What are the tissue types composing the epidermis and dermis? What is the function of each layer? Skin ( )= covering Consists of three major regions _______________________ – outermost superficial region _______________________ – middle region _______________________ (superficial fascia) – deepest region Epidermis= outermost layer of Structure: o Contains no ______________________ o Not __________________________ – gets nutrients by through the dermal blood vessels o o Composed of 30-50 rows of ______________________ epithelium As these cells grow & divide, the ____________________ are pushed up and out to the surface ____________________________ becomes poorer and in time they ______________ Contains: _________________________ produce which protects cells from damaging effects of UV ( natural ) produce which waterproofs the skin Dermis= the “true” skin b/c it makes up the bulk of the organ Structure o Made of strong, fibrous ______________________________ ___________________________ connective tissue o = peg-like projections on upper edge of dermis that indent the overlying epidermis o Very _______________________________ o Accounts for blushing and pink cheeks Also contains: ___________________ (nerve fibers), _____________________________, _______________________ o Responsible for the ___________________________________ that produce whorled ridges on the dermal papillae, or the epidermal surface of fingertips (________________________) Fingerprints are No 2 people have the same fingerprints though identical twins are similar determined Hypodermis _____________ technically considered part of the skin but shares some of its function Definition: _______________________________ layer Structure: Composed of primarily ___________________________________________________________ Functions: to the skin o Anchors skin to _____________________________, ______________________ o ___________________ and insulator b/c it is made of Essential Question: What factors normally contribute to skin color? How can changes to skin color be used as clinical signs of certain disease states? Skin Color 3 pigments contribute o Melanin: produced by in the Skin color is determined by the ___________________________________________________________ Function: skin cells from / natural sunscreen Fair skin people have less melanin and are more likely to get skin cancer o : yellow-orange pigment that accumulates in hypodermis; found in carrots o : pigment in ; gives pinkish hue of fair skin Changes in Skin Color Albinism – ________________________________ Freckles or pigmented moles – _______________________________________ Cyanosis – ______________________ to skin resulting from __________________________________________ o Occurs during heart failure & severe respiratory disorders Jaundice – abnormal __________________________ due to a liver disorder (bile pigments accumulate in blood) Black-and-blue marks (bruises) – blood escaped from circulation and ___________________________________ o ___________________________ – clotted blood mass Essential Questions: What are the structures and locations of sweat and oil glands? Skin Appendages Include the following: Nails Sweat ( Oil ( Hair follicles Hair ) glands ) glands Sweat ( ) Glands Up to _________________________ per person Location: abundant on _________________________________________________________________________ Function: ___________________________________________________________________________________ o Body’s response to ____________________________ Appearance: Some modified sweat glands secrete _____________________________________ Composition of Sweat: water, salts, ammonia, vitamin C, other wastes, possibly pheromones glands (Oil) Glands Definition: specialized ____________________________ usually associated with/ attached to _________________________ Location: all over the body except _______________________________________________________________ Function: secrete an oily secretion called _________________ that lubricates the _________________________ The good? o _____________________________________________________________________________________ o _________________________________ The bad? o _____________________________________________________________________________________ Acne: active ____________________________ of sebaceous glands that causes pimples on the skin o Usually caused by __________________________________ Essential Question: What is the structure of hair? What is the structure of nails? Hair Definition: flexible stands that are produced by _________________________________________ Structure: made of hard _____________________________ (dead cells) that projects from the skin Function: _________________________ (from trauma & sun) & __________________________ o Also helps to sense insects on the skin Location: all surfaces of the skin except ______________________________, ___________________________, lips, nipples, and parts of the reproductive anatomy Visible hair is all living cells found only in of skin Parts of the Hair Hair shaft: part that extends from the ________________________________________ Hair root: part embedded in the _________________________________________ Hair follicle: the is embedded/anchored here Arrector Pili muscle: attached to the so their contraction pull hair into position, dimple skin, and make u Hair Texture & Color Texture: Determined by the shape of the _____________________________ determined by _____________________ o Curly hair: __________________, ribbon-like hair shaft o Wavy hair: _____________ hair shaft o Straight hair: _____________________________ hair shaft Color: Genetic trait that is determined by the _________________________________________________________ that is produced Abundance melanin _________________________ No melanin ___________________________ Intermediate amounts of melanin _________________________________ Individual hairs stop producing melanin as we age; mixture of hairs with and without _____________________________ Iron containing pigment _______________________________ Nails Definition: Scale-like modification of the __________________________ that forms a clear, protective covering on the dorsal surface of the distal part of a finger or toe Structure: Made of keratinized __________________________________ epithelial cells o Reproduction: Cells division takes place in the __________________________ (whitish half-moon shape) called the __________________________ o (embedded in the skin) (visible) Essential Question: What are the characteristics of the three major types of skin cancer? Skin Cancer: UV radiation damages and disables gene The three major types of skin cancer are: o __________________________________: least malignant; most common (30% of white people with get this; full cure by excision in 99% of cases) o __________________________________: grows rapidly & metastasizes o More dangerous __________________________________: cancer of melanocytes Most dangerous because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy Recognizing Melanoma: ABCD Melanomas have the following characteristics (ABCD rule) o A: __________________________; the two sides of the pigmented area do not match o B: __________________________ is irregular and exhibits indentations o C: _________________ (pigmented area) is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue o D: ________________________is larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser) o Some experts add E: of spots above the skin surface Essential Question: What is the difference between first-, second-, and third-degree burns? Why are serious burns life threatening? Burns Tissue damage inflicted by ____________________________, ____________________________, ______________________, or __________________________ that can cause a denaturing of the cell’s proteins and cell death o o First-degree – only the ________________________ is damaged Symptoms include ______________________________________________________________ __________________________ is usually 1st degree Second-degree – _________________ and upper regions of __________________are damaged Symptoms mimic first degree burns (_______________________________________), but ________________________ also appear Skin regeneration can occur in ______________________ if infection is prevented o Third-degree – ________________________________________________ is damaged o Also called “_______________________________________” Burned area appears ____________________________________________________________ There is no initial edema (swelling) or pain (since nerve endings are destroyed) Needs _______________________ Problems with Burn Victims First & Most Immediate Threat: ________________________________ o o Electrolyte imbalance: can lead to renal shutdown and circulatory shock ___________________________: causes majority of deaths First thing a treating physician must do is ___________________________________ The amount of fluid lost can be determined by using the “_________________________________” o Estimates the _____________________ of burns (percentage of body surface that is burned) o Divides the body into 11 areas, each accounting for 9% of the total body area + 1% for the genitals o Burns considered critical if: Over 25% of the body has _________________________________ Over 10% of the body has _________________________________ There are third-degree burns on __________________________________________________ Must consider both the body and sides of the