Download AP Europe - Lower Moreland Township School District

AP Europe
Midterm Review
1347-1851
Monday
January 28, 2013
Rm 218
10:00-12:00
Directions
• Look at the following paintings, political
cartoons, quotes, etc.
• Write which time period they reflect
– High Medieval, Italian Renaissance, Northern
Renaissance, Reformation, Counterreformation,
War of Religion, Exploration, Commercial
Revolution, Absolutism (Western or Eastern),
Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment,
Revolution (English, French 1789, 1830, 1848),
Concert of Europe (Metternich Age), Industrial
Revolution, Revolutions of 1848, etc.
• Write which characteristic or issue of that
time period they reflect.
Michelangelo
Buonarotti’s David
• Renaissance
• Reflects Renaissance ideals
• Man as the paragon of
animals, glorifies man
• Confident
• Religious theme but emphasis
is on human form
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Contrasting views of
Sans Culottes
• French Revolution
• Top painting likely
neoclassic style
(masculine, stoic,
patriotic)
• Bottom- British
political cartoon
following September
Massacre
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Liberty
Leading the
People
• Revolution of
1830
• Reflects the
union of the
Bourgeoisie
and Proletariat
during 1830
Revolution
which ousted
Charles X and
installed Louis
Philippe.
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Florence during
the Renaissance
• Reflects the
wealth and
power of the city
considered to be
the Athens of
Italy
• Produced
Brunelleschi,
Leonardo,
Micheangelo,
and others
• Castiglione’s The
OF THE CHIEF CONDITIONS AND QUALITYES
Book of the
IN A WAYTYNG GENTYLWOMANTO be well
Courtier (1528)
born and of a good house.
To flee affectation or curiositie.
To have a good grace in all her doinges.
To have the vertues of the minde, as wisdome,
justice, noblenesse of courage, temperance,
strength of the mide, continency, sobermoode,
etc.
to be good and discreete.
To have the understandinge beinge maried,
how to ordre her husbandes substance, her
house and children, and to play the good
huswyef.
To have a sweetenesse in language and a
good uttrance to entertein all kinde of men
with communication woorth the hearing,
honest, applyed to time and place and to the
degree and dispostion of the person which is
her principall profession.
• Renaissance
• Reflects the new
emphasis on
etiquette for
nobles. Also
reflects new status
of women to that of
a trophy wife.
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliab
ility?
Whose
Region,
his
religion
• Provision of the Peace
of Augsburg in 1555
• Signed by Charles V
• Legalized Lutheranism
and Catholicism in Holy
Roman Empire
• Whatever your ruler’s
religion was, so were
you
• Did not recognize
Calvinism as legal
religion
• Peterloo Massacre
• Manchester, 1819
– Mass demonstration
of 80 thousand at St.
Peter’s Fields in
which Reformers
demanded
• Repeal of Corn
Laws
• universal male
suffrage
• annual elections
of HOC
• 11 killed, 400
wounded
• Illustrated
repressive
conservative gov.
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Giovanni Lorenzo
Bernini 1647-1652
• Ecstasy of St.
Teresa
• CounterReformation
• Reflects Council of
Trent’s
encouragement of
Baroque art to awe
people back to
Catholicism
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Coronation of
Charlemagne by
Pope (800 AD)
• Medieval
• Reflects both
beginning of the
Holy Roman
Empire as well
as medieval
power of the
Church over
secular rulers.
Europe’s
gradual
modernity saw
this power
gradually erode.
• Coronation of Charles
X of France (1824)
• Metternich Age
• Reflects reactionary
nature of his reign as
well as the
conservative nature of
that period
• Ex. Carlsbad Decree,
Corn Laws, July
Ordinances
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
The Defender
of the Faith
• Title awarded Henry VIII of
England for his defense of
Catholicism against Luther
• The Reformation
• Henry was devoted
Catholic
• Without male heir he
divorced Catherine of
Aragon for Anne Boleyn
• Act of Supremacy “legally”
placed monarch in charge
of church in England
• Albrecht Durer
self portrait
• Northern
Renaissance
• Reflects
emphasis on
individualism and
virtu of
Renaissance
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Michelangelo’s
The Creation of
Adam (Early
1500s)
• Renaissance
• Reflects classical
influence on
Renaissance
humanism as
well as new view
that man was the
paragon of
animals, innately
beautiful and
good. Has a
religious theme
yet the emphasis
is on man, not
God.
• Frederick William IV
Sweeping the
Liberals Out
• Revolution of 1848
• Reflects the failure of
the liberal Frankfurt
Assembly to unify
Germany
• Buzz Words:
Grossdeutche v
Kleindeutche,
Declaration of the
Rights of the German
People, Constitution
of 1850
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
And next these come those that
commonly call themselves the
religious and monks, most false in
both titles, when both a great part of
them are farthest from religion, and
no men swarm thicker in all places
than themselves... … so illiterate
that they can't so much as read. …
And yet, like pleasant fellows, with
all this vileness, ignorance,
rudeness, and impudence, they
represent to us, …
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Desiderius
Erasmus: The
Praise of Folly,
1509
• Northern
Renaissance
• Reflects the
importance of
religion on the
Northern
Renaissance as
well as the
influence of the
Reformation
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Luther Before the
Diet of Worms
(1521)
• Reformation
• Reflects Luther’s
defense of his
break with the
Catholic Church
over the sale of
indulgences & his
dismissal of Papal
supremacy.
Lutheran theology
of the faith alone,
the priesthood of all
believers &
importance of the
individual are 1st
voiced here
• Cottonopolis
• The Industrial
Revolution
• Shows the mills
(factories) of
Manchester,
England
• Buzzwords:
Urbanization,
Classic
Liberalism,
Bourgeoisie,
Luddites, Reform
Bill of 1832,
Rotten Boroughs
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
“National Song”
On your feet, Magyar, the
homeland calls!
The time is here, now or
never!
Shall we be slaves or free?
This is the question,
choose your answer!
By the God of the
Hungarians
We vow,
We vow, that we will be
slaves
No longer!
• The National Song
• Revolutions of 1848
• Reflects the
romanticism,
republicanism,
liberalism, and
nationalism that
sparked the
Revolutions of 1848
(the Springtime of the
Peoples)
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/
reliability?
• Jacques Louis
David’s Coronation
of Napoleon
• 1st Empire Period
• Reflects the end of
Consulate period and
the completion of
Crane Brinton’s cycle
of Revolutionary
sickness
• Neoclassic Style
– Conjures up Roman
imagery
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Influence of
Enlightenment
(meritocracy, end of
divine right, civil
equality via
Napoleonic Code)
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Sandro
Botticelli’s La
Primavera
(1482)
• Italian
Renaissance
• Reflects the
classical
influence with
Greco-Roman
gods instead
of Christian
Saints, angels,
etc.
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• The Third Estate
Awakens, 1789
• French Revolution
• Reflects the anger
of Third Estate
members of the
unfair and
antiquated Estates
system & its
inherently unjust tax
and privileged
structure. Note the
fear of the 1st and
2nd Estates.
• Women’s version
with the same
theme.
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/
reliability?
•
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
Pieter Brueghel
the Elder’s
Peasant Wedding
(c. 1568).
• Pre-Industrial
Europe (Open
Field System)
• Reflects the diet
and culture of
common people
in Europe with
simple furniture
and a diet
consisting largely
of rye bread, ale,
cabbage
• Buzz Words
– Nuclear family,
high infant
mortality rate,
“spare the
rod…”,
married late,
community
controls over
morality
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Rembrandt - The
Masters of the
Clothmakers' Guild
(1661)
• Dutch Golden Age
• Reflects the
Calvinism and
wealth of the Dutch
merchants after
breaking from the
Spanish Hapsburgs
(Philip II) in 1581
and formerly being
recognized in 1648
• Buzz Words: Gold
Florin, Bank of
Amsterdam,
stadhouder
First Rule. The first: All judgment laid aside, • St. Ignatius
Loyola’s
we ought to have our mind ready and
Spiritual
prompt to obey, in all, the true Spouse of
Exercises
Christ our Lord, which is our holy Mother the • Counterreform
ation
Church Hierarchical.
Second Rule. The second: To praise
confession to a Priest, and the reception of
the most Holy Sacrament of the Altar …
Fourth Rule. The fourth: To praise much
Religious Orders, virginity and continence,
and not so much marriage as any of these.
Thirteenth Rule. To be right in everything,
we ought always to hold that the white which
I see, is black, if the Hierarchical Church so
decides it, …
• Reflects the
extreme
obedience of
the Jesuits to
the Pope and
the rejection of
Protestant
doctrines by
the Council of
Trent.
POV? For or
Against?
Tone/Bias/
Motive/
reliability?
• Caspar David
Friedrich (1774 –
1840)
• Wanderer over a Sea
of Fog
• Romanticism
• 1815-1848
• Reflects romantic
movements stress on
nature, individual,
spontaneity, emotion
over reason, Sturm and
Drang (Storm and
Stress)
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/
reliability?
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• St.
Bartholomew's
Day Massacre,
1572
• Wars of
Religion
• Reflects
Catherine
d’Medici’s
attempt to
eliminate
Huguenots
from France.
Led to War of 3
Henrys.
• Map of Italy
during the
Renaissance
• Created a
balance of
power among
the city states
POV? For or
Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/
reliability?
• Portrait of The Sun King
(circa 1700)
• Absolutism
• Reflects the essence of an
absolute monarch in which
the king rules as the
sovereign (monopoly on
law, army, economy, etc.)
by divine right.
• Buzz Words: Fronde,
Colbert, Five Farms,
Marionette, War of Span.
Succ., Intendants
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Map of the
Continental
System
(1806-1812)
• Napoleonic
Europe
• Reflects
Napoleon’s
attempt to
bankrupt
England by
blocking her
trade on the
Continent
• Copernicus’
Heliocentric
model of
the solar
system
from On the
Revolutions
of Heavenly
Orbs (1543)
• Scientific
Revolution
• Reflects the
1st crack in
Ptolemaic
paradigm
POV? For or
Against?
Tone/Bias/
Motive/
reliability?
• The Mask of Pius IX
• Revolutions of 1848
• Reflects the
perceived duplicity of
Pope Pius IX
• He seemed to
sympathize with
liberal nationalistic
aspirations but turned
reactionary
• Syllabus of Errors
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
Life in the
state of nature
was “solitary,
nasty, brutish,
and short”
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Thomas Hobbes’
Leviathan (1651)
• Age of
Reason/Absolutis
m/English
Revolution
• Reflects Hobbes
argument for the
need for an
absolute monarch.
May also be seen
as the 1st secular
argument for an
Enlightened
Despot and a
reactionary
treatise to the
English
Revolution
• The Crystal
Palace (1851)
• Exposition in
London showing
various
machines of the
Industrial
Revolution
• Showcased
England as the
premier
Industrial Power
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
For they are not all
created with a similar
destiny; but eternal life is
fore-ordained for some,
and eternal damnation
for others. Every man,
therefore, being created
for one or the other of
these ends, we say, he
is predestinated either to
life or to death.
• John Calvin
speaking about
predestination
• Reformation
• Believed that the fate
(destiny) of everyone
was determined
before they were
born
• Only the “elect” few
were chosen by God
for salvation
• Wealth, prosperity
were signs of being
elect
• Map of
Revolutions
of 1848
• Springtime
of the
Peoples
• Shows
widespread
areas
affected by
Revolution
• Buzz Words
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
– February
Revolution,
March
Days,
March
Laws,
Frankfurt
Assembly
Rafael’s School of Athens (1509?)
Reflects the Renaissance love of the ancients
(Greeks and Romans).
POV? For
or
Against?
Tone/Bias/
Motive/
reliability?
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• The Storming of
the Bastille (July
14, 1789
• French Revolution
• Reflects the onset
of the moderate
state of the
Revolution and the
destruction of the
Ancien Regime.
Also reflects the
violence that will
overwhelm France
after 1793
• Vermeer, The
Geographer, c.
1668-1669
• Dutch Golden
Age
• Reflects the
wealth and
boldness of
the Dutch
during the
seventeenth
century.
POV? For or
Against? Tone/Bias/
Motive/reliability?
• Twelve Articles of
Seventh, we will not hereafter
the Swabian
allow ourselves to be farther
Rebellion
oppressed by our lords, but will
• Reformation
let them demand only what is
just and proper according to
• Inspired by
the word of the agreement
Luther’s theology,
between the lord and the
German peasants
peasant. The lord should no
demanded
longer try to force more
freedom from
services or other dues from the
Feudal dues
peasant without payment, but
permit the peasant to enjoy his • Luther turned
holding in peace and quiet.
against them and
rebellion crushed
• Map of Europe during
Black Death
• The Renaissance
• Reflects the gradual
movement of the
Plague from South to
North from 13471351
• Also shows peasant
revolts
• Resulted in lower
population but higher
wages and decline of
serfdom in West, rise
of serfdom in East
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Jan Van Eyck,
Madonna del
cancelliere Rolin,
1439
• Reflects the
Northern
Renaissance
emphasis on
religion over
secularism as
well as innovative
techniques using
oil-based paint.
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Etching of Peter the
Great cutting beard off
noble
• Eastern Absolutism
(1683-1725)
• Reflects Peter’s
cultural revolution in
an attempt to
westernize backward
Russia in order to
make it a strong state.
• Buzz Words: Old
Believers, St.
Petersburg, Great
Northern War,
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/
reliability?
• Organization that
wanted corn laws of
1819 repealed
• Tariff made it
impossible to buy
cheaper imported
grain
• Major financial burden
on England’s urban
workers
• Robert Peel repealed
Corn laws in 1846
• Embraced Free Trade
• Birth of Mass Politics
in GB
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Cottage Industry
illustration
• Commercial
Revolution
• Reflects the
growth of the
putting-out
(Domestic
System) system
within the Atlantic
Economy. Also
illustrates the
family operating
as an economic
unit. Weaver
(Male), Spinner
(female), children
deseeding)
Men are born, and always
continue, free and equal in
respect of their rights. Civil
distinctions, therefore, can
be founded only on public
utility. The nation is
essentially the sources of
all sovereignty; nor can any
individual, or any body of
men, be entitled to any
authority which is not
expressly derived form it
• The Declaration of
the Rights of Man
and the Citizen,
(1789)
• French Revolution
• Reflects the
moderate yet
universal goals of the
moderate stage. Also
reflects
Enlightenment
influence
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/
reliability?
Map of Europe
after 1713 but
before 1740
-After War of
Spanish
Succession,
Before War of
Austrian
Succession
GB got
Gibraltar and
Minorca,
trading rights
in Spanish
America
1111
GB and
Scotland
unify
GB also gets
Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, and Hudson Bay
area
France took
Franche
Comte,
Alsace and
Lorraine
1111
Spain loses
territory,
influence
and the
Habsburgs
But Silesia still
under
Hapsburg
control
HRE still exists
(so it can’t be
after 1806)
“I do not agree
with a word you
are saying, but I
will defend to the
death your right
to say it.”
• Voltaire
• Enlightenment
• Reflects the
Enlightenment’s
emphasis on
liberty (in
speech, thought,
religion).
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Goya’s The Third of May
• Napoleonic Era
• Reflects brutality of guerilla warfare during the
Peninsular War meant to enforce the Continental
System
• 1533 account of the
execution of a witch
charged with
burning the town of
Schiltach in 1531.
• Wars of Religion
• Reflects the hysteria
and uncertainty in
Europe from 14501700 in which many
people (mostly
women) were burned
for practicing
witchcraft. Note that
it faded with the
onset of the Age of
Reason/Absolutism.
• Execution of Louis
XVI, 1793
• French Revolution
• Reflects the onset of
the radical stage of the
revolution with
Robespierre, the
Mountain, and the
Committee of Public
Safety trying to
remake France into a
Republic of Virtue.
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/
reliability?
The Six Points
– Chartist Movement (1838)
– The Industrial Revolution
– Reflects the onset of Isms
in Great Britain
– Six Points
• universal male
suffrage for all men
aged 21 and over.
• A secret ballot.
• No property
qualification for
elected members of
Parliament (
• Payment of MPs (
• Equal constituencies
i.e. the same number
of voters in each
constituency.
• Annual Parliaments so
that MPs could be held
to account by their
constituents.
Map showing industrial growth on continent. Did not
really begin until after 1815. Continental government
typically aided industry (RR, canals, banks)
• Massacre at Chios
(1824) by Eugène
Delacroix
• Age of Metternich
• Shows the
influence of
Nationalism &
Romanticism
• Greek war (18211830) of
Independence was
early cause of
nationalists,
liberals, romantics
POV? For or Against?
Tone/Bias/Motive/reliability?
• Johann Gutenberg’s
Printing Press (1450s)
• Renaissance and
Reformation
• Allowed for the quick
and cheap
dissemination of
information
• Helped spread the
ideas of Reformation
(95 Theses)
• Priesthood of All
Believers
(Individualism),
• Decembrist
Revolt, St.
Petersburg
Russia
• Age of
Metternich,
Concert of
Europe
• Crushed
Russia’s
early liberal
movement
• Led to
autocracy of
Nicholas I
• The Congress of Vienna
(1815)
– post Napoleon
– Dominated by
Metternich
– Holy Alliance of
Russia, Austria, and
Prussia
– Met as Concert of
Europe periodically &
intervened if legitimate
monarchies were
threatened
– became symbol of
repressive
conservativism until
1848
"I would
rather lose
the Low
Countries
than reign
over them if
they ceased
to be
Catholic."
• Philip II speaking about wars
of religion in the Low
Countries
• Wars of Religion
• Spain and Philip were sword
of Counter Reformation and
tried to stop spread of
Calvinism in Low Countries
via the Council of Blood
• United Provinces of North
won their independence
(1581)
• Lower Provinces (Belgium)
rejoined with Spanish Empire
DBQ
• The DBQ deals with the growth of Manchester
during the Industrial Revolution, the issues
raised and the reaction.
• Hint: Be able to define & discuss the Industrial
Revolution & the issues it raised
– Impact of Industrialism, Reactions to it
• Double Hint:
– Know your Isms well
•
•
•
•
Romanticism
Liberalism
Socialism
Marxism
Remember POV!!!
– Doc 1
• I have visited many factories, both in Manchester and the
surrounding districts, during a period of several months
and I never saw a single instance of corporal punishment
inflicted on a child. The children seemed to be always
cheerful and alert, taking pleasure in using their muscles.
The work of these lively elves seemed to resemble a sport.
Conscious of their skill, they were delighted to show it off
to any stranger. At the end of the day's work they showed
no sign of being exhausted---– Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of Manufactures (1835)
• What is his POV (Ism)? Define it.
– Doc 2
• As the Liberty lads over the sea
Brought their freedom, and cheaply with blood,
So we, boys, we
Will die fighting, or live free,
And down with all kings by King Ludd!
– Lord Byron, Song of the Luddites (1816)
– What is his POV (Ism)? Define it.
• What is his POV (Ism)?
• What does this engraving show