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1. 2. 3. 4. One of the major concerns in environmental science is how to successfully integrate the natural world and the socio-cultural-technological world of our own creation. Human actions now impact natural systems in ways that threaten earth’s life-support systems on which we depend. Earth has the capacity to support about ten billion people on a sustainable basis. The world population is increasing at a rate comparable to adding four new Californias of people every year. 5. The vast majority of global villagers dwell in urban centers as opposed to the countryside. 6. About one in four residents in the global village is a child under 15 7. Illiteracy among adults in the global village is about 20%. The study of environmental science involves three fundamental goals: 1. Learn how life on Earth has survived and thrived. 2. Understand how humans interact with the environment 3. Find ways to deal with environmental problems and live more sustainably What is Environmentalism? Environmentalism is not a scientific field of study, but rather a social movement dedicated to protecting Earth and its resources. It is practiced more in the realms of politics and ethics than science. The connection between the two… The findings of environmental scientists can provide evidence to back or refute environmentalist’s claims and activities. Solar Capital vs. Earth’s Capital Energy from the Sun Interdependent and Interconnected Click on the Earth above to see a video about Ecological Footprints of different countries. Our planet’s air, water, soil, wildlife, minerals, and natural purification, recycling, and pest control processes Example Living sustainably means living off of income and not depleting the capital that supplies the income. Inherit $1 million dollars Invest this capital at 10% interest You will have a Sustainable income of $100,000 You can spend $100,000 each year without touching your capital BUT…. If you choose to spend $200,000 – your million will be gone in the 7th year! If you choose to spend $110,000 – your million will be gone in the 18th year Deplete your capital and you move from a sustainable to an unsustainable lifestyle. During the last 40 years the U.S. alone has used more resources than the rest of humanity in all previous years. Population Growth 60,000 years to reach 1 billion people 130 years to add the 2nd billion people 30 years for the 3rd billion (1960) 17 years for the 4th billion (1977) 12 years for the 5th billion (1989) 10 years for the 6th billion (1999) Expected Growth 2012 7th billion 2025 8th billion 2050 11th billion We will have grown from 5.9 billion to 8 billion between 1998 and 2025 (Just…16 years) How Big is a Billion??? What is the population of the world? about 7 billion One teaspoon of rice = 200 grains of rice One cup of rice = 9600 grains of rice (48 tsp) How many cups are in a gallon? 16 cups How many grains of rice are there in 16 cups? (9,600 X 16 = 153,600 grains of rice) How Big is a Billion??? How many gallons would it take to equal 1 million grains of rice? 1,000,000/ 153,600 = 6.5 gallons = 1 million grains of rice If 6.5 gallons equals 1 million grains of rice, how many gallons would it take to equal 1 billion grains of rice? 6.5 gallons (1 million) X 1,000 = 6,500 gallons = 1 billion How Big is a Billion??? How many gallons of rice would it take to equal 6 billion? 39,000 gallons of rice = 6 billion Exponential vs. Linear Growth Exponential Population Growth The red line shows linear growth Developed Countries Highly industrialized 20% of the world’s population Command about 85 % of the world’s wealth Uses about 88% of Earth’s natural resources Generate abut 75% of the Earth’s pollution and wastes ( including about 90% of the world’s estimated hazardous waste) Developing Countries Low to moderate industrialization and per capita GNP Africa, Asia, and Latin America 15% of the wealth and income Use only about 12% of the world’s natural resources 1 million people are added every 4 days!!! Characteristics of Developed and Developing Countries Developed Developing Average GNP per person $30,000 $3,000 Annual Growth Rate 0.1% (slow 1.7% (very rapid) Infant deaths per 1000 live births 9 64 Population under age 19% 15 35% Average life expectancy 78 years 63 years Adult literacy 97% 48% Population with safe water 96% 45% Click on the Lorax to see the demographics if there were 100 people! Ecological Footprint What year did we reach 100% Biocapacity? Biocapacity represents the ability of ecosystems to produce useful biological materials and to absorb CO2 generated by humans, using current management and extraction technologies. Useful biological materials are defined as those materials that the human economy actually demanded in a given year. The Ecological Footprint measures demand on this productive capacity. Sustainable Society Manages it’s economy and population size without exceeding all or part of the planet’s ability to absorb environmental insults, replenish its resources, and sustain human and other forms of life over a specified period (usually hundreds to thousands of years) Intergenerational Equity Sustainable Development Green Architecture Components of Sustainability Society Environment •How are people’s live affected? •How are cultures affected? •Do some people benefit at the expense of others? •How are plants and animals affected? •How are air, water, and soil affected? •What is the long-term impact on the environment? Economy •How are local, national, and international economies affected? •Are meaningful job opportunities provided? •Is there a long-term economic gain for people and communities? http://pulitzercenter.org /video/congos-bloodycoltan 3 Types of Resources Renewable Nonrenewable Potentially Renewable Types of Environmental Degradation Wetland Destruction Deforestation Environmental Degradation Air Pollution Ground Water Depletion Environmental Degradation When the available supply of a renewable resources begin to shrink because a resource’s natural replacement rate is exceeded. Tragedy of the Commons If I don’t use this resource someone else will… the little bit I use or pollute is not enough to matter! Human Disturbance of Land 73% of the habitable area of the planet has been altered by human activities. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment • The most comprehensive scientific assessment of the condition of the world’s ecological systems • In 2005, 2000 of the world’s leading scientists from 100 nations reported : – Humans have drastically altered ecosystems – These changes have contributed to human well-being and economic development, but at a cost – Environmental degradation could get much worse – Degradation can be reversed, but it requires work 1992 U.N. Conference on Environment and Development Held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Agenda 21 - a complex plan for sustainable development for the 21st century Particularly in developing countries Goal is to improve living condition for all people while maintaining a healthy environment in which natural resource are not overused and excessive pollution is not generated. 3 factors necessary for achieving sustainable development Environmentally Sound Decisions Socially Equitable Decisions Economically Viable Decisions Agenda 21 Agenda 21 is a 350-page document divided into 40 chapters that have been grouped into 4 sections: Section I: Social and Economic Dimensions: is directed toward combating poverty, especially in developing countries, changing consumption patterns, promoting health, achieving a more sustainable population, and sustainable settlement in decision making. Section II: Conservation and Management of Resources for Development: Includes atmospheric protection, combating deforestation, protecting fragile environments, conservation of biological diversity (biodiversity), control of pollution and the management of biotechnology, and radioactive wastes. Agenda 21 continued Section III: Strengthening the Role of Major Groups: includes the roles of children and youth, women, NGOs, local authorities, business and industry, and workers; and strengthening the role of indigenous peoples, their communities, and farmers. Section IV: Means of Implementation: implementation includes science, technology transfer, education, international institutions and financial mechanisms. The 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development Johannesburg, South Africa Assess the progress and failure of the 1992 summit. Agreement was made to restore the world's depleted fisheries for 2015. It was agreed to by negotiators at the World Summit. The Earth Summit was organized mostly around almost 300 "partnership initiatives. These were to be the key means to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development The absence of the United States rendered the summit partially impotent. George W. Bush boycotted the summit and did not attend. Except for a brief appearance by Colin Powell, who hurriedly addressed the closing stages of the conference while his airplane taxied on the runway of Johannesburg International, the US government did not send a delegation, earning Bush praise in a letter from conservative organizations such as Americans for Tax Reform, American Enterprise Institute, and Competitive Enterprise Institute. 2012 World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio12 or Rio+20) The 10-day mega-conference (June 13-22) was intended to be a high-level international gathering organized to re-direct and renew global political commitment to the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic growth, social improvement and environmental protection; focusing on reducing poverty while promoting jobs growth, clean energy and more fair, sustainable uses of resources; goals first established at Earth Summit in 1992. 2012 World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio12 or Rio+20) The official discussions had two main themes: *How to build a green economy to achieve sustainable development and lift people out of poverty, including support for developing countries that will allow them to find a green path for development. *How to improve international coordination for sustainable development by building an institutional framework. Included participation from 192 UN member states — including 57 Heads of State and 31 Heads of Government, private sector companies, NGOs and other groups. Three Key Factors – P x A x T = I Model developed in the early 1970’s by John Holdren (physicist) Paul Ehrlich (biologist) PxAxT=I P = Population A = Affluence (resource use) T = Technology (environmental degradation and pollution per unit of resource used) Environmental Impact = Number of People X Number of units of resource use per person X Environmental impact unit of resource use What is meant by an Environmental Value System (EVS)? Environmental World Views Commonly shared perspectives based on a collection of our basic values that help us make sense of the world. Anthropocentric - Western Worldview – Frontier Worldview Conservationist– Use Resources Sustainably Biocentric Preservationist - Deep Ecology Worldview (Ecocentric) – Earth Wisdom Western Worldview – Technocentric/Anthropocentric Expansionist worldview Human centered/dominance over nature Utilitarian Frontier attitude: a desire to conquest and exploit nature as quickly as possible Unrestricted use of natural resources Increased economic growth/accumulation of wealth Unlimited consumption of goods and services to provide material comforts Concerns for environment are based on human interests Anthropogenic Preservationish- Deep Ecology Worldview – Ecocentric Stresses harmony with nature Spiritual respect for life Belief that humans and all other specie have an equal worth All forms of life have the right to exist Advocates sharply curbing human population growth Proposes rethinking of how we use technology today Asks individuals and societies to share an inner spirituality connected to the natural world biocentric Environmental Philosophies Ecocentrism (nature centered) Holistic worldview. Minimum disturbance of natural view. processes. Integration of spiritual, social and environmental dimensions. Sustainability for the whole Earth. Self-reliant communities within a framework of global citizenship. Self-imposed restraint on resource use. Anthropocentrism (people centered) People as environmental managers of sustainable global systems. Population control given equal weight to resource use. Strong regulation by independent authorities required. Technocentrism (technology centered) Technology can keep pace with and provide solutions to environmental problems. Resource replacement saves resource depletion. Need to understand natural processes in order to control them. Importance of market and economic growth Sustainable Solutions Abound We must develop solutions that protect both our quality of life and the environment Renewable energy and efficiency Organic agriculture Legislation and technology to reduce pollution Protect species and their habitat Recycling, decreasing waste Decrease greenhouse gas emissions Registering for Online Textbook http://www.pearsonmylabandmastering.com/ Click on Student to register Click OK Enter Course Code APES2nd (Select APES 2 from drop down menu)