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Name ____________________________________________ Date: ___________ Block: ___ Each and every cell in our body requires important and life-sustaining nutrients. One of these nutrients is oxygen- O2. In addition, our cells produce many waste products, including carbon dioxide- CO2. As a result, our body needs a method to acquire oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. The lungs, and/or the pulmonary system, perform these tasks. The lungs are actually a network of enclosed air spaces and blood vessels, which culminate in the alveoli (tiny air sacs) and pulmonary capillaries (tiny blood vessels). It is between these two structures that the two gases are exchanged; oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries and the carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli. In this lab we will measure some data that can be used to help determine the efficacy of the lungs. Pre-lab Question: 1. Draw arrows and indicate the direction of gas diffusion by labeling the arrows O2 and CO2. Spirometer Procedure: A spirometer is a medical devise that measures different pulmonary volumes and values. Follow the procedure below and measure vital capacity, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volumes at rest. 1. 2. 3. 4. Stand while using the spirometer. Attach the plastic mouthpiece to the nozzle of the spirometer Rotate dial to “0” reading. Hold spirometer at base horizontal and still. DO NOT cover small holes. 5. Pinch nostrils. 6. Blow into mouthpiece. 7. DO NOT INHALE from the spirometer. 1 PART A: SPIROMETER MEASUREMENTS Vital Capacity (VC) - the maximum amount of air a person can exhale. 1. Breathe in as deeply as possible, and then exhale into the mouthpiece as fully as possible. Record this volume as Vital Capacity in Table 1. Average young adult male - 4600ml Average young adult female - 3565ml Tidal Volume (TV) - the amount of air inspired or expired during a single normal breath 2. Breathe normally a few times. Inspire normally and blow a normal exhalation into the tube. Record this volume as Tidal Volume in Table 1. Average young adult male - 500ml Average young adult female - 387ml Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) - the maximum amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs by exhaling forcefully after taking a normal breath and exhaling. 3. After a normal exhalation, exhale as forcefully and fully as possible into the mouthpiece. Record this volume as expiratory reserve volume in Table 1. Average young adult male - 1100ml Average young adult female - 852ml PART B: CALCULATIONS Residual Volume (RV) – the amount of air remaining in the lungs after expelling the maximum amount of air. You cannot measure this with a spirometer so use the average below. Record this average in Table 1. Average young adult male - 1200ml Average young adult female - 930ml Calculate Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) – the amount of air that can be inhaled in excess of normal inspiration. Record this value in Table 1. IRV = VC – (TV + ERV) Average young adult male - 3000ml Average young adult female - 2325ml 2 Calculate Inspiratory Capacity (IC) – the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of the tidal volume (a normal breath). Record this value in Table 1. IC = TV + IRV Average - 3500ml Calculate Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Maximal amount of air contained the lungs can hold. This is the sum of the four volumes listed above. Record this value in Table 1. TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV Average - 5800ml Calculate Functional Residual Capacity (FRV): The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration. Record this value in Table 1. FRV = RV + ERV Average – 2500ml Table 1: Lung Volumes Vital Capacity (ml) Tidal Volume (ml) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ml) Residual Volume (ml) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (ml) Inspiratory Capacity (ml) Total Lung Capacity (ml) Functional Residual Capacity (ml) At rest 3 Record the vital capacity of each member of your lab group. Calculate the lab group's average vital capacity Name Vital Capacity LAB GROUP AVERAGE Graph the data for each individual, the group’s average, and the given averages for males and females. TITLE: 4 PART C: BREATH-HOLD MEASUREMENTS 1. Pre- Hyperventilation - Measure duration of breath hold while resting and seated comfortably. (If you feel lightheaded or dizzy during this part of the lab, STOP immediately and record the data you have up to that point.) 2. While SEATED - inhale and exhale deeply according to a set pace for 30 seconds. At 30 seconds, inhale deeply and hold breath. Measure breath-hold duration. Rest for 5 minutes. 3. While SEATED - inhale and exhale deeply according to a set pace for 60 seconds. At 60 seconds, inhale deeply and hold breath. Measure breath-hold duration. Rest for 5 minutes. 4. After 5 minutes of vigorous exercise, measure breath-hold duration, while SEATED. Inhale deeply and begin breath hold. Table 2: Breath-hold Condition Breath-hold time (sec) Pre-hyperventilation 30 second hyperventilation 60 second hyperventilation After exercise PART D: DETERMINE YOUR MINUTE RESPIRATORY VOLUME 1. Sit quietly for a while, and then to establish your breathing rate, count the number of times you breathe in 1 minute. This works best if you just relax and have your partner count your breaths. 2. Calculate your “respiratory minute volume” by multiply your breathing rate by your tidal volume. Record this data in Table 3. Minute respiratory volume = tidal volume x breathing rate 3. This value indicates the total volume of air that moves into your respiratory passages during each minute of ordinary breathing. 4. Use this value to calculate the total volume of air that moves into your respiratory passages during a 24 hour day of normal breathing. Table 3: Respiratory Volumes Minute Respiratory Volume 24-hour Respiratory Volume 5 PART E: MODEL LUNG 1. Build a model lung like the diagram below. 2. Use tape to seal area around the hole where the straw enters the cup. 3. If needed, also use tape to seal the small balloon onto the straw. QUESTIONS 1. What happens to the lung balloon when the bottom balloon is pulled downward and why? 2. In your body, what muscles control this action? 3. What happens to the lung balloon when the bottom balloon is pushed upward and why? 4. In your body, what muscles control this action? 6 5. Draw a diagram of your model lung. Label the parts of your model that represent the lung, trachea/bronchus, and diaphragm. 6. How does your lab group average vital capacity compare to the give averages? 7. Why might different individuals have different tidal volumes? 8. How might an individual increase their vital capacity? 9. How would an increased vital capacity impact an individual? 10. Explain your breath-hold data. What happened to the time you could hold your breath after hyperventilating and after exercise and why? 7 11. What happens to one’s minute respiratory volume when they are older (senior citizen) and why? 12. Match the description with the correct term by writing the letter in the far left column. Letter Term Description Expiratory A. Volume in addition to tidal volume that leaves the lungs reserve volume during forced expiration Functional B. Vital capacity plus residual volume residual volume Inspiratory C. Volume that remains in lungs after the most forceful capacity expiration Inspiratory D. Volume that enters or leaves the lungs during a respiratory reserve volume cycle (normal breathing) Residual volume E. Volume in addition to tidal volume that enters the lungs during forced inspiration Tidal volume F. Maximum volume a person can exhale after taking the deepest possible breath Total lung G. Maximum volume a person can inhale following exhalation capacity of the tidal volume Vital capacity H. Volume of air remaining in the lungs following exhalation of the tidal volume 8 Uncontrolled hyperventilation is caused by overexertion, panic, and/or fright. A person breathes in and out rapidly but the breaths are shallow. Little oxygen gets into the lungs. The person feels they are out of air. The remedy is to relax and "catch your breath." Underwater the key words are: "Stay calm!" If the diver starts hyperventilating they must stop what is being done, take deeper breaths, and relax! Controlled hyperventilation is done to increase the time one may hold their breath underwater. If it is done to excess it can be very dangerous. In the case of controlled hyperventilation, every bit of air that can be exhaled is released from the lungs. This lowers the carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood stream. Then a deep breath is taken. This raises the oxygen in the blood. If this is done enough a person will be able to hold their breath for a much longer time. There is a sensor in the carotid artery going into the brain. This monitors the level of CO2 in the blood. If it rises too high the sensor sends a signal to a part of the brain that sets in motion all those things a person goes through when they are not getting fresh air into the lungs. So, CO2 controls the breathing rate. There is also an oxygen level sensor in the body, but it is not nearly as effective in stimulating one to breathe when the oxygen level gets low. Every time a person consciously hyperventilates they lower the CO2, but only raise the oxygen a small amount because there is only 21% in the air. If one hyperventilates 4 or more times there is the chance the CO2 level gets so low that a person can hold their breath to the point of blacking out. What happens is, the CO2 level never climbs back to the point to tell the breath-holder they must breathe before the oxygen level drops to a point the brain causes a blackout. Swimmers trying to go long distances underwater while holding their breath after excessive hyperventilation have blacked out and continued to swim, only to crash into the end of the pool. The part of the brain causing the blackout is in the cerebrum. The swimming coordination is controlled by the cerebellum which continues to function after the blackout. 9