Download Direct object

PAST
SIMPLE
FUTURE
Will
PRESENT
In 1965, smoking caused cancer for the first
time.
It’s a truth and a fact that Smoking causes
cancer.
In 1985, cancer was caused by smoking for the
first time.
20 years ago, smoking was causing cancer in
22% of the male population.
It’s a truth and a fact that cancer is caused
by smoking.
As of today, smoking is causing cancer in
27% of the population.
20 years ago, cancer was being caused by
smoking in 20% of the male population.
As of today, Cancer is being caused by
smoking in 27% of the population.
PERFECT
By the time the world understood the impact
of cigarettes, smoking had already caused
cancer in children.
Historically, smoking has caused cancer in
men more than in women.
By the year 2020 smoking will have caused cancer
to another 2 million people in Costa Rica.
Passive voice
Cancer had been caused by smoking
Cancer has been caused by smoking
Cancer will have been caused by smoking
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
When the first strategies to stop cigarette
habit were first proposed, smoking had
already been causing cancer around the world.
Smoking has been causing cancer since
massive production in the 70’s.
In 2025, smoking will have been causing cancer for
60 years now.
Passive voice
Cancer had been being caused by smoking
Passive voice
CONTINUOUS
Passive voice
Be Going to
Passive voice
When the cigar market was opened by the
National Chamber of Commerce, experts
predicted that Smoking was going to cause
cancer in a vast population.
Cancer was going to be caused by smoking
Legend: S= subject
V= verb
DO= Direct Object
Formulas:
Active Voice: [ S + V + DO ]
Passive Voice [ DO + Be + Participle + by Doer ]
If we take preventive actions smoking will cause
cancer only in a reduced amount of people.
Cancer will be caused by smoking
If the present figures persist, smoking will be
causing cancer to half the Costa Rican population in
10 years.
Cancer will be being caused by smoking
Cancer has been being caused by smoking
If the cigarettes industry is not stopped,
Smoking is going to cause cancer, but also
negative consequences in our social
security services.
…are going to be caused by smoking.
Doer= he who does the action. Executor.
Cancer will have been being caused by smoking
(redundant)
Passive Voice without By
Message is what really matters, not the subject.
The Congress passed a law to regulate the sale of cigarettes in 1992.
 A law was passed by the Congress in 1992 to regulate the sale of cigarettes.
The hotel staff set up the place for the party yesterday.
 The place for the party was set up by hotel staff yesterday.
The administration does not allow pets in the hotel.
 Pets are not allowed by the administration in the hotel.
 Pets are not allowed.
 No pets are allowed.
 No pets allowed.
 No Pets. / No parking / No Smoking / No Cell Phones.
Passive Voice with a Direct Object

The manager gave a speech.
S
V
DO

A speech
DO
[ S +V +DO ]  [ DO +Be +V + by Doer]
was
given
by the manager.
Be Participle
by Doer
Passive Voice with a Direct Object and an Indirect Object
The manager gave a speech to the employees.

A speech
was
[ S +V +DO + IO ]  [ DO +Be +V + IO+ by Doer]
given
to the employees
S
V
DO
IO

DO
Be Participle Indirect Object
Subject: it’s the protagonist in the sentence.
Verb: it’s the action performed by the subject.
DO: It’s “the thing given”. The object that receives the action. It’s what the subject verbs.
IO: It’s who receives the DO.
“Jordan passed Pippen the ball.” Also “Jordan passed the ball to Pippen.”
“She told me the truth.”
by the manager.
by Doer
Direct and Indirect Objects
What is an Object?
An object in grammar is a part of a sentence, and often part of the predicate. It refers to someone or something involved in
the subject's "performance" of the verb. It is what the verb is being done to. Example:



Subject
Verb
Object
Leila
wrote
a poem.
"Leila" is the subject, the doer or performer,
"wrote" is a verb that refers to the action,
"a poem" is the object involved in the action.
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
A verb can be classified as transitive or intransitive according to whether it takes or doesn't take an object:

If a verb takes objects, then it is a transitive verb.
Example:
They played soccer. → (The verb play takes ONE object 'soccer')
They sent him a postcard. → (The verb send takes TWO objects 'him' and 'a postcard')

If a verb doesn't take an object, then it is an intransitive verb.
Example:
She lies. → (The verb 'lie' doesn't take any object)
The building collapsed. → (The verb 'collapse' doesn't take any object)
Types of objects
There are two types of objects: direct and indirect objects:
Direct object
A direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?"
Examples:


David repaired his car → his car is the direct object of the verb repaired. (What did David repair?)
He invited Mary to the party → Mary is the direct object of the verb invited. (Whom did he invite?)
Indirect Object
An indirect object answers the question "to whom?", "for whom?", "for what?"...
An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object, or an otherwise affected participant in the event. There must be a direct
object for an indirect object to be placed in a sentence. In other words, an indirect object cannot exist without a direct object.
Examples:


They sent him a postcard - him is the indirect object of the verb sent. (To whom did they send a postcard?)
He bought his son a bike - his son is the indirect object of the verb bought. (For whom did he buy a bike?)