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Unit # 3
Exploration and Discovery
Reconquista
 Retaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian soldiers after
732 AD (Battle of Tours)
 Completed by Portugal – early 1400s
 Completed by Spain – 1492
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Reconquista
 Iberian Muslims – called “Moors”
 Christian Soldiers: Conquistadores
 Used by Spain and Portugal to explore Africa and the New
World for the “Glory of God”
 Kings also needed to get them off the Iberian peninsula –
they could cause trouble with no one left to fight
Reconquista Image
Spices
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 Key to wealth in the Renaissance world
 Highly desired by Europeans in an age before
refrigeration
 Grown in what is today Indonesia
Spices
 Spice Trade was controlled by Muslims
(remember – Mecca had been a trading center
before Islam came to Arabia – the trade flowed
through Arabia and Egypt and into the
Northern Italian City States)
 Pepper – worth its weight in gold by 1492
 Cloves and Cinnamon
 both very expensive – used for “medicine”
Modern Spice Market in Turkey
Map of pre 15th Century Spice Routes from Asia
Factors that lead to Exploration
 Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources in
Europe.
 Support for the diffusion of Christianity
 Political and economic competition between
European empires
 Innovations in navigational arts (European and
Islamic origins)
 Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator
Map showing Spanish and Portuguese Explorations of Africa
and the New World
Let’s start with the
rivalry between
Spain and Portugal
Portugal is first out of the gate
-They didn’t have the Spanish
Inquisition
-They take anyone who thinks they
can make sailing better
-They are the 1st to sail to Africa
then to get to India and Indonesia
Prince Henry the Navigator
 Portuguese prince – Son of King
John I (first king of Portugal)
 Started a school of navigation
in Portugal
 Wanted to bring the
Renaissance to Portugal –
needed money to do so
 spices = money
 Dreamed of sailing around
Africa and reaching the Spice
Islands of the Indies
Prince Henry the Navigator and
the Portugal Empire
The Portuguese yearned to
find a sea route to India to
thwart Arab middlemen
who controlled overland
routes, keeping prices of
pepper and other spices
high by keeping supplies
low.
NAVIGATIONAL ARTS
 CARAVEL-A multi-sail ship that can sail in different
directions regardless of which way the wind blows.
Larger, sturdier than previous ships.
 ASTROLABE-(invented by the Muslims). Shows latitude
by position of the stars.
 COMPASS-(Chinese) Shows direction by always pointing
due North.
 Better maps-maps began to include the western
continents!
Portuguese Explorations
 Series of
explorations sent
down the coast
of Africa –
looking for the
route around it
to India
Portuguese Explorations
 Ran into islands
off the coast of
Africa (Madeira
and Azores)
 Found the bight
of Africa in the
1450s (before
Henry’s death)
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Kingdom of Ghana
 Powerful and wealthy African coastal kingdom
found in the Bight of Africa
 Three major trading items
 Salt (used for preserving meat and milk)
 Gold (will fund Portuguese exploration)
 Slaves (minor trading item in the 1450s – not
really important until the discovery of the
New World and the establishment of sugar
plantations)
Slavery out of Africa
 12 million slaves taken: 1450-1880
 Portuguese ran the trade
 Middle Passage – from Africa to
Havana, Cuba
 Where did they all go?
 1 million never reached land
 3 million to Brazil
 2.5 million to Caribbean
 3 million to New Spain
 2 million to Europe (various
places – many as domestic
servants , coachmen and other
house laborers)
 500,000 to what is today the
US South
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The Middle Passage
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The Middle Passage is the slave trade route from
Africa to the New World
Africa
 Europeans, especially
Portuguese established
trading posts along the
coasts
 Traded in slaves, gold, and
other products
 Trading posts became
center of slave trade
Slavery and the Middle Passage
http://www.kislakfoundation.org/millennium-exhibit/pics/burnside/0261.jpg
Slavery and the Middle Passage
Slavery and the Middle Passage
Meanwhile…
The Portuguese just keep going and going
and going….
Map showing Spanish and Portuguese Explorations of Africa
and the New World
Portugal and the Search for Spices
After finding Ghana the
Portuguese continued down
the coast of Africa
1498 – Vasco Da Gama
rounds the Cape of Good
Hope and establishes trade
with India and Indonesia
Portugal quickly became
Europe’s spice traders
Huge money to be made by
Portugal in trade (salt,
slaves and spices)
Africa’s Indian Ocean Coast
 Arabs had already established
trading posts
 Swahili was the common
language of trade
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Africa’s Indian Ocean Coast
 Intrusion of the
Portuguese-established trading
posts
 Impact on Spain and
international trade
 Spain wanted the
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gold, spices, wealth
of the Portuguese.
 Sent out expeditions
to compete with
Portuguese
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Asia
 India, the East Indies,
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and China were
colonized first by
small groups of
merchants
 More merchants and
army followed
 Portuguese, Dutch
and British
established trading
companies
 Dutch East India,
British East India
Companies
 Indian textiles
http://www.wordtravels.com/images/map/India_map.jpg
influenced the British
textile industrycotton, design
The British will eventually
discover a route to India and
they will defeat all others to
take over the country.
They will change the world with
the East India Tea Company
So how did the East India Tea
Company end up changing the
world?
East India Tea Company
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What comes to mind when you hear the word
"corporation?" Maybe a giant, faceless
conglomerate? Ruthless captains of
industry? Perhaps you think of corporate
scandals like Enron and WorldCom.
In fact, the unscrupulous plundering done by
some modern-day corporations pales in
comparison to the activities carried out by
one of the world's first corporations: the
British East India Company
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East India Tea Company
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The concept of corporations was first
established under ancient Roman law
[source: University of Virginia].
But it wasn't until England emerged from the
Middle Ages that it created what we
recognize as the modern corporate
structure.
It all began on Dec. 31, 1600, when Queen
Elizabeth I granted a charter to the British
East India Corporation, naming the
corporation "The Governor and Company
of Merchants of London, trading with the
East Indies."
The corporation conducted business in the
East Indies (land that we now consider
India and the Middle East) at the behest of
the queen
http://www.wordtravels.com/images/map/India_map.jpg
East India Tea Company
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The East India Company established a few
major precedents for modern corporations.
But it also shaped the world in countless
other ways.
With both the financial and military support
of the Crown, the EIC served as an
instrument of imperialism for England.
The company had its own private army and
raised soldiers in the areas it subjugated. Its
expansionism spurred several wars that
produced at least two sovereign nations.
Among its many claims to fame (and
notoriety), the EIC indirectly built Yale
University, helped create two nations and
was the world's largest drug-dealing
operation in the 18th century.
http://www.wordtravels.com/images/map/India_map.jpg
China
 Chinese created enclaves
(certain areas) to restrict
foreign influence and
control trade
 Portuguese, Dutch, British
competed for trade in China
 Official imperial policy
established to control foreign
influences and trade
 China didn’t need anything
from the western world so
they had no strong desire to
trade
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Japan
 Japanese society characterized by powerless
emperors ruled by military leaders (shoguns)
 Adopted policy of isolation to limit foreign
influences
 Foreigners (Dutch) could only trade in Nagasaki
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Let’s go back to the
rivalry between
Spain and Portugal
Spain is behind the game- even
with what will be the #1 navy
(called the Spanish Armada) in the
world.
That armada will later be sunk by fate, bad
weather, and Elizabeth I of England in 1588 never to rise again!
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In 1598 Philip III of Spain offered a
prize and a lifetime pension to anyone
who could discover a way
to find the longitude at sea.
Later the English through Parliament
and the scientific societies did the
same.
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el escorial
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Meanwhile on the other
side of the world…the
unknown world
Christopho Columbo
 From a common family in Genoa, Italy (a sea trading city with
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connections to the Spice trade)
went to Portugal early in the 1470s
Worked for the Portuguese sailing from Lisbon to Iceland – hears tale of
the Vikings and western settlements
Believed that the Vikings had actually settled north of Japan on the east
coast of Asia
Heavily influenced by the Journal of Marco Polo, an Italian who traveled
overland to China in the 13th century
Developed a plan to sail west to reach the Indies
Pitched his plan to the Portuguese crown – turned him down (Portugal
is already going around Africa and dealing with Ghana)
1486 – Arrives in Spain – Reconquista is not finished – has to wait –
Queen Isabella liked the idea, but would not fund it until the end of the
Reconquista
1492 – Two Worlds Collide
 Jan 1492 – Granada surrenders – Reconquista is over
and the Spanish crown agrees to fund Columbus’
venture
 Columbus was given three ships: Nina, Pinta and
Santa Maria
 October 12, 1492 – land sighted
 Columbus named the island “Hispaniola” and
claimed it for Spain (most experts believe he’s
somewhere in the modern Bahamas)
 He’s convinced that he’s somewhere off the east
coast of China
 Called the natives “Indians” – named after the
Indies (where he believes he is)
Christopher Columbus:
a critical assessment
 Crazy? He saw Asians in
the Caribbean
 Visionary? He opened the
way to the West
 Heartbroken? He sailed 4
times to the New World,
yet always believed that he
was just off the coast of
Asia
 Died Penniless in Spain
 Did he really “discover”
anything?
 Why is he so important?
Nueva Espaňa
 Three reasons to come to the new world
 God: Christianize the American Indians
 Gold: gold found in Central Mexico (Aztecs)
and silver found in Peru (Incas)
 Glory: glory for the Conquistadores
Nueva Espaňa
 Super colony –
stretched from today’s
Utah to the end of
South America
 Capital: Mexico City
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 Spanish really focused
on the gold and silver
mines of central and
south America
http://www.maps-charts.com/images/120.03%20Nieuwe%20Kaart%20-%20Tirion.jpg
It’s a lot of Gold….
It’s a lot of gold and silver coming
from the new world to Spain
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http://www.flheritage.com/archaeology/underwater/galleontrail/plateFleets.cfm
It’s a lot of Gold….
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http://www.flheritage.com/archaeology/underwater/galleontrail/plateFleets.cfm
How much
gold and
silver?
$2.35 Trillion in today’s money
The vast amounts of natural resources
discovered in the New World inspired envy
among Spain’s European rivals, especially
France and England. Spanish shipments of
silver ( plata ), gold, gems, spices, and other
exotic goods soon became prey for pirates and
corsairs intent on stealing their share. To
counter this threat, Spain developed a formal
convoy system as early as 1537 to protect its
merchant vessels from predators. At least two
armed escorts, a capitana or flagship sailing at
the front of the fleet and an almiranta or viceflagship in the rear, accompanied the heavily
laden ships across the Atlantic. Additional
armed galleons often protected large fleets. To
pay for this protection, merchants whose
cargos were carried in the fleet paid a tax on
their goods to the Spanish Crown
Pirate…
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Remember that
rivalry between
Spain and Portugal?
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
The Treaty of Tordesillas was a
treaty to solve the land dispute
between Castile (present-day Spain)
and Portugal.
1) It clarified the spheres of
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influence and rights of possession in the
New World.2) it reserved Brazil and all
newly discovered lands east of Brazil to
Portugal.3) it granted all lands west of
Brazil to Spain.
The treaty was organized where the land
would be divided by a hypothetical northsouth (longitudinal) line around the world.
Spanish Missions
 The Spanish used a series of missions to link the parts of
New Spain together
 Many of the cities of the American southwest were
originally missions
 San Diego, San Antonio, Santa Fe, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara,
San Francisco
 Missions
 1/3 Church
 1/3 fort
 1/3 school
Alamo (San Antonio)
Nueva Espana
Indigenous - native - people became enslaved on
plantations where they worked until they died. These
mega-farms or mining plantations were called
encomienda - labor system used by the Spanish to
colonize the New World
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Map of New Spain
Meanwhile other
nations are discovering
this new world…
Especially England and
France
North American Colonization
 Six European Countries colonized North
America – 3 were minor settlements
 Russia – Alaska – fishing and whaling
 Sweden – New Sweden (along the
Delaware River) – now southern parts
of New Jersey
 Netherlands (Dutch) – New Amsterdam
– becomes New York in 1664
European Colonization of North America
Major European Settlements in North America
• Spanish
– Nueva Espana – stretched to Utah
– included Florida (has oldest city in the US)
– This territory was not where Spain concentrated its resources
• French
– New France (along the St. Lawrence Seaway)
– Louisiana (along the Mississippi River)
– Mostly settled for trade with the Indians
– French saw the Indians as allies and partners
– Colonies run by Absolutism – governors had complete control
Map of New France
Map of New France
English Settlements
Southern Colonies
(Virginia)
Northern Colonies
(Massachusetts)
 Most were founded for
religious choice
 Puritans – wanted to clear
the Anglican Church of its
Catholicism
 Quakers – went to
Pennsylvania
 Only Rhode Island founded
for religious freedom
 Gives America the idea of
the “city on a hill” – we’re
God’s chosen people
 Generally founded for
economic reasons
 Cash crops
 Tobacco
 Indigo (blue dye)
 Rice
 Cotton (after 1793)
 Heavily dependent on labor
 Will turn to slavery by 1640 –
it makes economic sense
 Home of the “American
Dream”
Map of the
English
Colonies
before 1763
What purpose did the
colonies serve? Why did
they exist?
Mercantilism –
economic system
whereby colonies
exist solely to serve
the mother country
in terms of providing
raw materials and as
a market for finished
goods. The “needs”
of the colony were
secondary to the
needs of the mother
country.
Mercantilism and Triangle Trade
Triangle Trade
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http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/~walters/web%20230/triangle%20trade_routes.gif
The Columbian Exchange
Old World to New World
New World to Old World
 People – colonists /

Agricultural
slaves
products -- corn,
 Horses and other draft
animals
beans, squash,
 Agricultural products –
tomatoes,
wheat
 Religion – Christianity
potatoes
 Diseases – especially
smallpox
 Ideas behind
government and culture
Diseases – syphilis
Columbian Exchange
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