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READING: THE GIFT OF THE NILE 1 – Read and highlight answers to the following questions 2- In short paragraph form, explain your answer to the question and support it with evidence from the reading 1. What evidence supports the fact that Egyptians had a form of religion? 2. Explain why the Nile River is considered a “gift” to Egypt. River Valley Civilizations: Geography and Technology River Valley Civilizations Learning Goal 2: Analyze how geography affected the development of the River Valley Civilizations and describe the political and technological advances made in the River Valley Civilizations. (TEKS/SE’s 15B,16A,B, 19A,27A) Essential questions How did geography affect the development of the River Valley Civilizations? What political and technological advances were made in the River Valley Civilizations? Indus River Valley Nile River Valley Tigris and Euphrates River Valley Yellow (Huang He) River Valley Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent Mohenjo-Daro Harappa Effects of Physical Geography Location near rivers allowed for access to fresh water for irrigation of crops Seasonal flooding provided fertile soil Rivers used for transportation Mountains isolated civilization in China for some time Lack of physical barriers allowed for constant invasion in Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent provided a prime area for the development of agriculture Development of Agriculture: With the development of a surplus of crops, humans settled into small societies and new professions developed because not everyone needed to hunt or gather any longer. Effects of Human Geography The building of irrigation systems led to the surplus of agriculture Large urbanized areas were created (example: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley) which led to a unified and centralized identity Forms of Government in Early Civilizations Monarchies – A form of government controlled by a single family that passed power from one generation to the next creating dynasties. Ex. Many Sumerian citystates came under the rule of dynasties as well as civilizations in China Theocracies – A government in which religious law is linked with secular law and the leader is often seen as a divine figure. Ex. In Mesopotamia, kings were considered to be representatives of the gods. To Egyptians, kings were gods, almost as great as the gods in the heavens Mathematical, Scientific and Technological Ideas Originated and Spread during the Neolithic Period Wagon wheel Potter wheel Sundial Number system based on 60 minutes to an hour Cuneiform--Writing Ziggurats Plumbing cuneiform sundial ziggurats Tigris-Euphrates/Mesopotamia Tigris-Euphrates River ValleyWriting tablet from Mesopotamia Cuneiform from west Asia and Mesopotamia Nile River Valley Civilization First crane Geometry used for building hieroglyphics Calendar—365 days Embalming techniques Mummification Indus Valley wheel plumbing Yellow River Civilization (Shang Dynasty) Terracotta Warriors Silk Manufacturing Yellow River Civilization Writing/Pictograms