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Name: ________________________________________ Chapter 7 Study Guide Cellular Respiration Honors Biology 1. ____________________ are organisms that use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds. AKA ____________________ 2. _____________________ are animals and other organisms that must get energy from food instead of directly from sunlight. ________% of organisms on Earth are these. 3. Cellular respiration is divided into 2 steps: 1. 2. 4. _______________ is when organic compounds are converted into 3-Carbon molecules of Pyruvic acid producing small amounts of ATP & NADH 5. ____________________ is an anaerobic process because it does not require the presence of oxygen. 6. ___________ __________ is if oxygen is present in the cell’s environment, pyruvic acid is broken down & NADH is used to make a large amount of ATP 7. If there is no oxygen present in the cells environment, combined with glycolysis this is formed ____________________ 8. ___________ is the 3-carbon compound that is produced during glycolysis and needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis. 9. Redox reactions in cellular respiration require oxygen, so glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced resulting in ________ ATP molecules. 10. What is the equation that summarizes cellular respiration? Stage I: Glycolysis: 11. Cellular respiration begins with a process called __________________. 12. It takes place in the _________________ of a cell. 13. ____________ is a biochemical pathway where one 6-Carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce two 3-C molecules of pyruvic acid 14. All reactions of glycolysis take place in the ________ 1 Glycolysis step 1 15. _____ phosphate groups are attached to one molecule of glucose forming a 6 _____________ that has 2 phosphate groups on each end 16. . The phosphate groups are supplied by _____ molecules of ATP which are converted into _____ molecules of ADP 17. 3 reactions prime glucose by changing it into a compound that can be __________ into Glycolysis Step 2 18. The 6-C compound formed in step 1 is split into 2 ________ called: ___________. G3P is also produced by the Calvin cycle in _________________ 19. What is meant by cleavage? Glycolysis Step 3 20. The 2 ________ molecules are oxidized and each receive a _____________ group. The product = 2 molecules of a new 3-C compound 21. The oxidation G3P is accompanied by the reduction of 2 molecules of _______ to __________ Glycolysis Step 4 22. The phosphate groups added in step 1 & 3 are removed from the 3-C compounds. This reaction produces 2 molecules of ___________________ 23. Each phosphate group is combined with _________ to make _________ 24. If glucose required 2 ATP to generate this reaction, how many total ATP were made? _______. How many were used? ______. How many total exited the cycle? _______ 2 Aerobic Conditions 25. When oxygen is present, cellular respiration continues as pyruvic acid enters the pathways of ____________________ Anaerobic Conditions 26. During heavy exercise when your cells are without oxygen for a short period of time, an anaerobic process called ____________ follows glycolysis and provides a means to continue producing ATP until oxygen is available again 26. Anaerobic conditions occur in the _________ 27. Two common types of fermentation are 1. 2. Aerobic Respiration 28. The 2 major stages of aerobic respiration are 1. 2. 29. In prokaryotes, the Krebs cycle and ETC takes placee in the ______________________; while in eukaryotes, the Krebs cycle 30. The __________________ is the space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria. It contains the enzymes needed to catalyze the reaction of the Krebs cycle. Pyruvic Acid 31. The pyruvic acid that is made in ___________ diffuses across the double membrane of the ______________ and enters the __________. 32. When pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria matrix, it reacts with a molecule called coenzyme A to form _______________________ 33. Acetyl CoA = 2 ___________. The C-atom is lost in the conversion from pyruvic to acetyl CoA & is released as CO2. Reaction reduces NAD+ to NADH 34. Draw Glycolysis yielding 2 molecules of pyruvic acid below: 3 The Krebs cycle 35. The Krebs cycle is a biochemical pathway that breaks down ________________ producing CO2, H+ & __________ 36. The Krebs cycle occurs in the _______________, and is also called the ___________________________ The Krebs Cycle: Step 1 37. A 2-carbon molecule of ____________ combines with a 4-carbon compound called oxaloacetic acid to produce a 6-carbon compound called _________ _________ which regenerates coenzyme A The Krebs Cycle: Step 2 38. Citric acid releases a __________ molecule & a ________ atom to form a 5carbon compound. By losing the H+ atom with its electrons, the citric acid is oxidized. The electrons in the H+ atom is transferred to __________ reducing it to ____________ The Krebs Cycle: Step 3 39. The 5-carbon compound formed in step 2 also releases a ______ & a ________ making a 4-carbon compound; AGAIN NAD+ is reduced to ______. A molecule of ______ is also synthesized from ________ The Krebs Cycle: Step 4 40. The 4-carbon compound made in step 3 release a ______ to make another 4carbon compound. This time the H-atom is used to reduce ______ to ________ 41. Flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD is similar to ____________ accepting electrons during __________________ The Krebs Cycle: Step 5 42. The 4-carbon compound formed in step 4 releases a _____ to regenerate oxaloacetic acid which keeps the __________________________________________. The electrons in the H+ reduces ________ to ___________. 43. One glucose molecule is broken down into __________ turns of the Krebs cycle. 4 Electron Transport Chain 44. ETC is linked with _______________________, which starts the 2nd stage of aerobic respiration. The electrons in the H+ atoms from NADH & FADH2 are at high energy levels. I 45. In eukaryotes, ETC and ATP synthesis are found in the inner membrane of the _____________ in the folds of the _______________; where as in prokaryotes ETC is found in the ____________________________. ETC Step 1 46. __________ & _________ give up electrons to the ETC. 47. _________ donates electrons at the beginning and _________ donates farther down the chain. These also give up protons. ETC Step 2 48. The electrons are passed down the chain. As they move from molecule to molecule, they ______________________________ ETC Step 3 49. The energy lost from the electrons is used to pump protons from the ________ making high concentration of protons between the inner & outer membranes. ETC Step 4 50. The concentration of electrical gradients of protons drive the synthesis of ATP by ___________________ 51. ______________________ are embedded in the inner membrane near the ETC 52. As protons move through the ATP synthase and down their gradients, ATP is made from _________________ & ______ ETC: Step 5 53. __________ is the final acceptor of electrons that have passed down the chain. 54. Oxygen also accepts protons that were part of the H+ supplied by ________ & _________ 55. The protons, electrons & oxygen all combine to form __________ 5