Download Ch 7 Study Guide Cellular Respiration

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Chapter 7 Study Guide
Cellular Respiration Honors Biology
1. ____________________ are organisms that use energy from sunlight or from
chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds. AKA
____________________
2. _____________________ are animals and other organisms that must get energy
from food instead of directly from sunlight. ________% of organisms on Earth
are these.
3. Cellular respiration is divided into 2 steps:
1.
2.
4. _______________ is when organic compounds are converted into 3-Carbon
molecules of Pyruvic acid producing small amounts of ATP & NADH
5. ____________________ is an anaerobic process because it does not require the
presence of oxygen.
6. ___________ __________ is if oxygen is present in the cell’s environment,
pyruvic acid is broken down & NADH is used to make a large amount of ATP
7. If there is no oxygen present in the cells environment, combined with glycolysis
this is formed ____________________
8. ___________ is the 3-carbon compound that is produced during glycolysis and
needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that
follow glycolysis.
9. Redox reactions in cellular respiration require oxygen, so glucose is oxidized and
oxygen is reduced resulting in ________ ATP molecules.
10. What is the equation that summarizes cellular respiration?
Stage I: Glycolysis:
11. Cellular respiration begins with a process called __________________.
12. It takes place in the _________________ of a cell.
13. ____________ is a biochemical pathway where one 6-Carbon molecule of
glucose is oxidized to produce two 3-C molecules of pyruvic acid
14. All reactions of glycolysis take place in the ________
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Glycolysis step 1
15. _____ phosphate groups are attached to one molecule of glucose forming a 6
_____________ that has 2 phosphate groups on each end
16. . The phosphate groups are supplied by _____ molecules of ATP which are
converted into _____ molecules of ADP
17. 3 reactions prime glucose by changing it into a compound that can be
__________ into
Glycolysis Step 2
18. The 6-C compound formed in step 1 is split into 2 ________ called:
___________. G3P is also produced by the Calvin cycle in _________________
19. What is meant by cleavage?
Glycolysis Step 3
20. The 2 ________ molecules are oxidized and each receive a _____________
group. The product = 2 molecules of a new 3-C compound
21. The oxidation G3P is accompanied by the reduction of 2 molecules of _______ to
__________
Glycolysis Step 4
22. The phosphate groups added in step 1 & 3 are removed from the 3-C compounds.
This reaction produces 2 molecules of ___________________
23. Each phosphate group is combined with _________ to make _________
24. If glucose required 2 ATP to generate this reaction, how many total ATP were
made? _______. How many were used? ______. How many total exited the
cycle? _______
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Aerobic Conditions
25. When oxygen is present, cellular respiration continues as pyruvic acid enters the
pathways of ____________________
Anaerobic Conditions
26. During heavy exercise when your cells are without oxygen for a short period of
time, an anaerobic process called ____________ follows glycolysis and provides
a means to continue producing ATP until oxygen is available again
26. Anaerobic conditions occur in the _________
27. Two common types of fermentation are
1.
2.
Aerobic Respiration
28. The 2 major stages of aerobic respiration are
1.
2.
29. In prokaryotes, the Krebs cycle and ETC takes placee in the
______________________; while in eukaryotes, the Krebs cycle
30. The __________________ is the space inside the inner membrane of the
mitochondria. It contains the enzymes needed to catalyze the reaction of the
Krebs cycle.
Pyruvic Acid
31. The pyruvic acid that is made in ___________ diffuses across the double
membrane of the ______________ and enters the __________.
32. When pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria matrix, it reacts with a molecule
called coenzyme A to form _______________________
33. Acetyl CoA = 2 ___________. The C-atom is lost in the conversion from pyruvic
to acetyl CoA & is released as CO2. Reaction reduces NAD+ to NADH
34. Draw Glycolysis yielding 2 molecules of pyruvic acid below:
3
The Krebs cycle
35. The Krebs cycle is a biochemical pathway that breaks down ________________
producing CO2, H+ & __________
36. The Krebs cycle occurs in the _______________, and is also called the
___________________________
The Krebs Cycle: Step 1
37. A 2-carbon molecule of ____________ combines with a 4-carbon compound
called oxaloacetic acid to produce a 6-carbon compound called _________
_________ which regenerates coenzyme A
The Krebs Cycle: Step 2
38. Citric acid releases a __________ molecule & a ________ atom to form a 5carbon compound. By losing the H+ atom with its electrons, the citric acid is
oxidized. The electrons in the H+ atom is transferred to __________ reducing it to
____________
The Krebs Cycle: Step 3
39. The 5-carbon compound formed in step 2 also releases a ______ & a ________
making a 4-carbon compound; AGAIN NAD+ is reduced to ______. A molecule
of ______ is also synthesized from ________
The Krebs Cycle: Step 4
40. The 4-carbon compound made in step 3 release a ______ to make another 4carbon compound. This time the H-atom is used to reduce ______ to ________
41. Flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD is similar to ____________ accepting electrons
during __________________
The Krebs Cycle: Step 5
42. The 4-carbon compound formed in step 4 releases a _____ to regenerate
oxaloacetic acid which keeps the
__________________________________________. The electrons in the H+
reduces ________ to ___________.
43. One glucose molecule is broken down into __________ turns of the Krebs cycle.
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Electron Transport Chain
44. ETC is linked with _______________________, which starts the 2nd stage of
aerobic respiration. The electrons in the H+ atoms from NADH & FADH2 are at
high energy levels. I
45. In eukaryotes, ETC and ATP synthesis are found in the inner membrane of the
_____________ in the folds of the _______________; where as in prokaryotes
ETC is found in the ____________________________.
ETC Step 1
46. __________ & _________ give up electrons to the ETC.
47. _________ donates electrons at the beginning and _________ donates farther
down the chain. These also give up protons.
ETC Step 2
48. The electrons are passed down the chain. As they move from molecule to
molecule, they ______________________________
ETC Step 3
49. The energy lost from the electrons is used to pump protons from the ________
making high concentration of protons between the inner & outer membranes.
ETC Step 4
50. The concentration of electrical gradients of protons drive the synthesis of ATP by
___________________
51. ______________________ are embedded in the inner membrane near the ETC
52. As protons move through the ATP synthase and down their gradients, ATP is
made from _________________ & ______
ETC: Step 5
53. __________ is the final acceptor of electrons that have passed down the chain.
54. Oxygen also accepts protons that were part of the H+ supplied by ________ &
_________
55. The protons, electrons & oxygen all combine to form __________
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