Download 24 AMSCO - Global Links and Imperialism

Chapter 24
Global Links and Imperialism
1750-1900
By the end of the 1800s, Europe controlled more than 80% of the
world’s surface!
Economic Motives
• Primary motives: natural resources, new markets and cheap labor
• Natural resources: (cash crops) cotton, copper, rubber, tea, sugar, palm oil
and coffee
• New Markets: sale of manufactured goods
• Labor: used cheap labor for large scale projects – railroads or telegraph lines
Economic Motives
Agriculture
• Colonies were turned into export economies – goods were created to be exported
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to colonial powers
Colonized nation was forced to produce only cash crop and not other agricultural
products
Monocultures: (specially in Africa) land fertility declined
India: British mass production put cotton textile artisans out of work and they were
left only the production of only raw cotton (factory finished products sold back to
Indian markets at inflated prices
China: Opium Wars
Economic Motives
Railways & Labor
• Transportation systems: outward focused, not for internal transportation
• India and Africa: all start at the center and lead to the coast (transport of raw
materials)
• Indentured laborers: from India, China and Japan (China Towns)
• Australia: Penal colony by Great Britain in late 1700s (convicts from England,
Scotland, Ireland, India and other British colonies)
• Australia: 50,000 Chinese during gold rush in 1851
• White Australia: 1901-1973 restricted immigration from non whites
Political
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Europe: revolutions, nationalism and nation-states characterized the 1800s
Nation states asserted power through increasing number of colonies
Great Britain, Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Portugal and the Netherlands
Japan: incursions into Korea (lead to Sino Japanese War 1894-1895) where
Japan won and took control over Korea and Taiwan
Ideological
• Phrenologists: people who studies skull sizes and shapes claimed that
Africans, Indigenous Americans and Asians has smaller skulls and this
indicated their sub-development
• Social Darwinism: survival of the fittest – who was on top is because they
were “fitter”
• Christian Missionaries: some accused of being supporters of imperialism
India
• By the end of 1700s, England controlled most of India
• Mughal empire was weak and England recruited Indians to join the British colonial
army (sepoys)
• Sepoy Mutiny (1857 in Northern India) erupted among soldiers who believed their
rifle cartridges had been greased with the fat of cows and pigs
• British fought and stopped the rebellion and the result was more control of the
Indian government
• From 1858 to 1947 Britain had control of India and the Raj was the puppet of the
empire
Africa
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Europe imported manufactured goods: guns, alcohol and others
Exported natural resources: palm oil, gold and ivory
France started by seizing Algeria in 1830
Belgium (under King Leopold II) took control of the Congo, he owned the colonies
personally – terrible working conditions for workers harvesting ivory and rubber
• Suez Canal: built by French company with Egyptian workers: corvee laborers
(unpaid workers)
Africa
• Berlin Conference 1884-1885: European powers met to “set rules” for European
expansion in Africa
• Europeans set up artificial boundaries that created ethnic conflicts
• South Africa: Dutch citizens had lived there since 1600s, British came over in early
1800s and Afrikaans moved East of the Cape Cod colony they had established
• Xhosa’s Cattle Killing Movement – famine
• British force Afrikaners and other Africans from their lands into concentration
camps divided by race
China
• Opium Wars 1839-1842
• Spheres of Influence: multiple nation-states had exclusive trading rights and
access to natural resources in their particular regions
South Asia
• Dutch East India Company (VOC) took control of “Spice Islands,” present day
Indonesia
• When the VOC went bankrupt, they still controlled the area as a colony, forcing
them to produce cash crops and eliminating subsistence agriculture of rice
• By 1890s, France controlled Cambodia, Laos and all of Vietnam, also forced to
produce cash crops
• Only area that escaped imperialism was Siam (Thailand) by fortifying their
government structure and investing in infrastructure