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Cell Structure & Function: Notes
Name _____________________ assign.#
________
Unit goals:
Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells.
1.
2.
2.
Explain the role of cell ____________ for both _____________ and ________________ cells.
•
Including the cell membrane, in maintaining ____________________ and cell reproduction.
Explain the impact of water on life processes.
•
___________________ and ______________
What is a cell?
All living things are made of ___________ structures called cells.
3-6. Cell Scientists
Robert Hooke-1665
One of the ___ people to see
cells.
He saw _______ Cells.
7..
Cell Theory
Theodor Schwann
-1839
Concluded that ______
__________ are made up of cells
Matthias Schleiden
-1839
Concluded that _____
_________ are made up of cells
All living things are made up of _________
All cells come from ______________ cells
Cells are the _________ unit of structure & function in ____________ things.
7-8
What are cells made of?
Cells are ______% water. Of the remaining: ______ % protein, _______% carbohydrates,
15% _______________________ , ____________% lipids. 10% miscellaneous
8.
9-11.
2 Basic Types of Cells
_________________Cells
DO HAVE
•
Cell membrane
•
Ribosomes
•
DNA
DO NOT HAVE
•
Organelles
•
Nucleus
-Are all singled celled organisms. Ex: ____________
_________________Cells
• Have ____________________.
• Believed to have ___________ from
prokaryotic cells (Theory of
Endosymbiosis).
• Can be _____________-celled or
___________-cellular organisms.
EX: ____________________________
-Size: ___________________________
-Thought of as more ________________life
-All single forms.
-Size: _________________________
1
Cell Structure & Function: Notes
Name _____________________ assign.#
________
13.
Cell Organization:
Cell Membrane:
• The outside of all cells are surrounded
by a membrane made of
____________________.
• Nickname: “___________________”
• Membranes are _____________
15. Cell Wall:
 _____________ and ____________
cells also have a _________
_________ outside of the cell
membrane.
 Plant cell wall are made of
____________.
 The cell wall provides ______________ and
 Fungi cell walls are made of
________________ for these cells.
______________.
Plant Cell 
19. Inside the cell:
The inside of the cell is called the ________________.
21.
Cell Organelles:
22.
Organelle means
“__________
___________.”
Organelle
Organelle
Golgi
Nucleus
Apparatus
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Vacuoles
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Chloroplasts
Each organelle has a
___________________
function so that the cell can
do its __________.
Function
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The “_________”
Function
Contains the ______________
Nickname: “_____________”
• DNA __________ which proteins get made-and when!
___________________ molecules and _____________ them to their
Where _________________ are made
destination.
Has a _________________________ bilayer
_____________ to make sure the molecules are put together
Nuclear ______________ allow substances to move _____ and out.
_________________, if not correct it sends them back to the ER.
DNA ____________ leaves the nucleus
Nickname “_______________ _________________”
Nickname: “___________ ________________”
Has _______________ ENZYMES that breakdown and recycle
Place where __________________ are made.
molecules:
They help put the __________ ___________ together to make proteins.
• Old cell parts
Made of the nucleic acid-_________.
• Invaders
Membrane system:
Function involves _______________
•• __________
and _______________containers.
______________________
& _______________________.
• Plants usually have ______ _________________
vacuole.
Can be thought
ofhave
as a __________
______________
and a place of protein
•• Animals
generally
_________________
ones.synthesis.
2
types:
• When used for Transport: Sometimes known as ________________.
___________________
•• Involved
in the ___________ of cellular waste products
-No
ribosomes pressure in-plant
Synthesis
• Play a role inattached
______________
cells of Lipids
___________________
•• Site
of _________________ in plants and some
-Attached ribosomes
________________..
More
on ER:________________.
• Requires
 Branches off from the ____________ membrane.
Sketch
Sketch
2
Cell Structure & Function: Notes
Name _____________________ assign.#
________
Mitochondria
•
•
•
•
Nickname: “__________________________”
Site of __________________ production
ATP is the universal _______________ molecule
Energy is stored in the bonds of _____________.
42. Cytoskelton:
Without the cytoskeleton, the cell would have no ________. By allowing the cell to keep shape, the
cell is allowed to function and stay in _______________________.
Microfilaments
– Help give the cell ____________, and
__________________ in cytoplasm.
PLANT CELL: Label it!!!
Microtubules
– Aids in chromosome _______________, movement of
________________, cilia and _________.
ANIMAL CELL: Label it!!!
Book Work: On your own:
Vocabulary REVIEW:
On your own
3
Cell Structure & Function: Notes
Name _____________________ assign.#
________
48.
How are organisms organized?
Cells make up __________________.
Tissues make up _________________.
Organs make up _____________ ________________.
Organ Systems make up _____________________.
•
•
•
•
49.
How do things get into and out of cells?
-They need to get “______________” molecules in and “___________” molecules out.
50.
The Cell Membrane
•
•
•
Hydrophilic: _________________ ________________
Hydrophobic: _________________ ________________
• The hydrophobic interior _________________ the movement of ______________.
The membrane can __________________ the movement of molecules (maintaining homeostasis).
Book Work: On your own:
51-52. Diffusion across the membrane
 What determines which way molecules will go? In or out of the cell???? ______________________
 Molecules move from a place of ____________ concentration to a place of _________concentration.
Type of
Transport
52.
53.
54.
Diffusion
Movement of ____________.
Osmosis
Movement of ____________ through a
cell membrane.
Facilitated
Diffusion
When molecules ________ through a
_____________ in the membrane.
Active
Transport
Pump large amounts of some molecules
across the membrane through a protein
Through the
membrane OR
through a protein?
Energy
required
??
(passive transport)
Endocytosis
See p.12 for
Transport
Chart
Define/Explain
High to low
OR Low to
High
Exocytosis
Movement of large amounts of
molecules _______ the cell by
enfolding of membrane.
Movement of large amounts of
molecules _______ the cell.
4
Cell Structure & Function: Notes
Name _____________________ assign.#
________
55-57.
Membrane structure:
 There are ___________ “stuck” in the membrane that help get
__________________ & __________________ into and out
of the cells.
 The membrane is “selectively permeable” or
“_______________________”
57.
ATP is the universal
_____________
molecule.
61.
Book Work: on your own
61..
Why is the cell
membrane said to be
selectively ( or semi)
permeable?
66-73.
Solutions:
**Water moves from __________ concentration to ________ concentration.
Type of
solution
Solute
Water
concentration higher
OR lower than inside
the cell?
concentration higher
OR lower than inside
the cell?
Which way will
the water
move?
Out of or into the
cell?
What will
happen to the
cell?
Sketch
Grow, Shrink or
stay the same?
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic
****Prefixes to Remember:
Hypo=____________________ Hyper=________________________ Iso=___________________
Make a sketch 5
Cell Structure & Function: Notes
Name _____________________ assign.#
________
74.
Plasmolysis:
 When the Cell membrane _________ ___________ ________ the cell wall.
 Happens in a ______________________ solution.
Book Work: On your own.
Quiz #1:______
(give the function for the organelles)
1. Cell
2. Cell Theory
3. Prokaryote
4. Eukaryote
5. Mitochondrion
6. Vacuole
7. Cell Membrane
8. Chloroplasts
1. Bacteria Cells
9. Cell Wall



Quiz #1:cont…
10.
Lysosome
11.
Gogli Apparatus
12.
Nucleus
13.
Nuclear Envelope
14.
Cytoplasm
15.
Organelle
16.
Nucleolus
17.
Ribosome
18.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Quiz #2:______
1. Lipid Bilayer
2. Concentration
3. Diffusion
4. Selective Permeability
5. Osmosis
6. Facilitated Diffusion
7. Active Transport
8. Endocytosis
9. Exocytosis
Quiz #2:cont…
10.
Hypotonic Solution
11.
Hypertonic Solution
12.
Isotonic Solution
13.
ATP
Seeing Cells Lab
Obtain a slide labeled “bacteria”
Label the cell (plasma) membrane.
o What is the cell membrane made of? Be specific?
_____________________________________
What kind of organism do these cells come from (prokaryotic or
eukaryotic)? _______________
2. Onion Cells

Obtain a slice of thin onion. Stain it with iodine. Observe it under 100
magnifications and draw exactly what you see.

Label the cell wall and nucleus.
o What molecule can be found in the nucleus? _________

What kind of organism do these cells come from? (prokaryotic or
eukaryotic) (Plant or Animal)? ___________________________
3. Blood Cells

Obtain a slide that has a prepare sample of blood. What type of blood
is it?_____________________. Observe it under 100 magnifications
and draw exactly what you see.

Label any parts that you can see.

What kind of organism do these cells come from? (prokaryotic or
eukaryotic) (Plant or Animal)? __________________________
Mag:______
Mag:______
Mag:______
6
Cell Structure & Function: Notes
Name _____________________ assign.#
________
Questions:
1. Were any of the cells you observed today prokaryotic? If so, which ones?
2. Were any of the cells you observed today eukaryotic? If so, which ones?
3. Are all cells the same shape? Why or why not?
4. What types of organisms are not made of cells?
5. What part of the cell is “in charge” of allowing only certain things to come in and go out of the cell, thereby maintaining
homeostasis?
6. Why is maintaining homeostasis so important to the cell?
7. How are plants cells different from animal cells? Give at least 2 ways.
8. What does it mean to say that the plasma (cell) membrane is “selective permeable”?
9. How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar (what do they have in common)?
10. How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different?
Diffusion and Osmosis Lab
Name_______________________
In this lab, you will observe the process of osmosis and diffusion.
Procedure
I. Dialysis Tubing (Model of a Cell Membrane): Diffusion
1. Obtain a piece of dialysis tubing that has been soaked in water. Tie off one end of the tubing to form a little baggie. Open the
other end by rubbing the end between your fingers.
2. Fill the bag ½ full of the starch solution. Tie a knot at the open end of the tubing.
3. Fill a plastic cup about two-thirds full with water.
4. Add approximately 8 drops of Iodine to the water in the cup and record the color of the solution. Is there starch in the
water? ____________________ How do you Know? _____________________________ ******Record your results in the
Data table.
7. Place the bag in the cup of water and let it sit overnight. **Be sure to put your name on your cup.
8. After the cup has sat overnight, record the color of the solution in the bag and the color of the solution in the cup. Is there
starch in the baggie? _________ How do you know? _____________________________ Is there starch in the water in the
cup? ________ How do you know?
********Record your results in the Data table.
9. Dispose of your cup and tubing. Clean your area.
DATA TABLE:
7
Cell Structure & Function: Notes
Name _____________________ assign.#
________
Beginning starch results
Today (Observations) (+ or -)
Initial contents
Baggie
Starch/Water
Cup
Water/IKI
Final Starch
Results (tomorrow) (Observations) (+ or -)
II. Egg Lab: Osmosis
DAY 1 PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
On a piece of tape, label one beaker with your name.
Mass your egg. Record this in the data table.
Place enough syrup in the beaker to just cover your egg.
Place your egg in the beaker and allow it to sit over night. The egg may float. This is fine. Don’t worry  your egg
is safe.
DAY 2 PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gently remove your egg from the syrup and mass it. Record this mass in the data table.
Clean your beaker with soap and water.
Place enough water in the beaker to just cover your egg.
Place your egg in the beaker and allow it to sit over night
DAY 3 PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gently remove your egg from the water and mass it. Record this mass in the data table.
Clean your beaker with soap and water.
Dispose of your egg in the trash can.
Calculate the differences and determine what type of solution the syrup and water were with respect to the egg.
RESULTS and DATA (USE A PENCIL)
Mass of egg before
placed in solution
Mass of egg after
placed in solution
Difference
(how much did it lose or
Observations of the egg
gain?)
What did it look like? How was it different?
Type of solution
( - = lost, + = gained)
SYRUP ------------------------
-----------------------
-----------------------
WATER ------------------------
-----------------------
-----------------------
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
Part I:
1. What cellular structure does the dialysis tubing represent?
2. Did the starch leave the baggie?
3. Did the iodine enter the baggie?
4. Which molecule do you think is larger iodine or starch? Why?
5. Why is the cell membrane referred to as “selectively or semi-permeable”?
8
Cell Structure & Function: Notes
Name _____________________ assign.#
________
Part II:
6. When the egg was placed in the water after being removed from the syrup on the second day, in which direction did the water
molecules move? WHY?__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. In the following three boxes, make a sketch of the three types of solution. Show which way the water will move (into or out of a
cell) in each of the solution (Hint: look at your notes on page 6)
Type of solution: ______________
_______________
_______________
8. Why is drinking salt water “bad” for you? What exactly does it do to your cells?
9. What is osmosis?
10. If you put a cell that is 10% glucose in water that is 5% glucose, which way will the water flow?
11. Maria placed a cell in an unknown solution and the cell began to shrink. Explain to Maria, in at least four complete
sentences, what is happening to her egg.
Test review Lab
Station #1: (a red blood cell is placed in a solution)
Inside the red blood cell is 20% Glucose
What type of solution is this?
Which way will the water flow?
40% Glucose
What is going to happen to the cell (shrink, swell, nothing)?
A woman recently died during a radio contest to see who could drink the most water the
fastest. Using your knowledge of types of solutions, explain what happened to her cells and
why?
Station 2: Elodea Leaf
View the Elodea Leaf. Make a sketch and label.
1) What type of organism is it? Animal, plant, bacteria, or Fungi? How do you know?
2) Eukaryotic or prokaryotic? How do you know?
3) What are the green “balls” inside each cell? What do they do?
9
Cell Structure & Function: Notes
Name _____________________ assign.#
________
Station 3: Organelles
1) Sally went to the store and got all of the stuff to make a cake. She put it all on the counter next to the recipe and the
stove. She then made the cake.
a) In the above situation, which of the objects would function the closest to the DNA in a cell?
b) Which of the objects would function the closest amino acids in a cell?
c) Which of the objects would function the closest to ribosomes in a cell?
Station #4; Rest and Catch up
Station #5:
Make a sketch of a cell membrane. Use the following as you label
you diagram: Hydrophobic, hydrophilic, phospholipid, protein
channel.
How does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis?
Station #6: Is it Prokaryotic or is it Eukaryotic?
Plant: ______________
Human:_______________
Bacteria:____________
Mushroom:_____________
E.coli ______________
Lion:__________________
Algae:______________
You: __________________
Station #7
List three differences between plant cells and animal cells.
Station #8:
What are the 3 part of the “cell theory?”
1-___________________________________________
___________________________________________ _
2-__________________________________________ _
How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells?
Give at least 2 differences.
What do prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells have in
common?
___________________________________________ __
3-__________________________________________ _
___________________________________________ _
Which have been around longer?
Station #9: Rest and Catch up
Station #10:
10
Cell Structure & Function: Notes
Name _____________________ assign.#
________
Organelle
Major Functions
Golgi
Ribosome
Nucleus
Lysosome
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Station #11:
Describe each type of solution and
make a sketch of a cell placed in
that type of solution. Use arrows
to show water movement into or
out of the cell.
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic
.
Station 12; Rest and Catch up
Station 13: What will happen?
Complete with the words isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic:
1.
Solution with fewer solute molecules than the cell:________________________________
2. Solution with more solute molecules than the cell: ________________________________
3. The cell has a higher water concentration than the solution: ________________________________
4. The cell has a lower water concentration than the solution: ________________________________
5. Water enters the cell: ________________________________
6. Water leaves the cell: ________________________________
7. Water concentrations are equal: ________________________________
8. When a cell is placed in this solution, it shrinks________________________________
9. When a cell is placed in this solution, it enlarges: ________________________________
Station #14: Vinn Diagram
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Venn Diagram
Put the following in the venn diagram:
 Need energy
 High to low
 Low to high
 Does not need energy
 Molecules pass through cell membrane
 Facilitated diffusion
 Simple Diffusion
 Osmosis
Cell Organelle Movies
Your job is to create an educational movie that can be shown in class to help students understand the
structure and function of the 14 organelles listed below. You should include a picture of each organelle as well
as the function. Your movie should begin with a description of “What is a cell?” and “What are organelles?” If
you use pictures from the internet, there should be something at the end that gives credit to your sources
(biography). Students in Biology should be able to watch your movie and pass a test about the functions of
these 14 organelles. Good luck, and be creative!
1.
Mitochondria
2.
Cell Membrane
3.
Cell Wall
11
Cell Structure & Function: Notes
Name _____________________
assign.# ________
4.
5.
6.
7.
Gogli Apparatus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus
8.
9.
10.
11.
Lysosome
Chloroplasts
Vacuole
Vesicles
12. Centrioles
13. Cilia
14. Flagella
12