Download Chapter 34 Powerpoint

BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 34
The Biosphere: An Introduction to
Earth's Diverse Environments
Modules 34.1 – 34.6
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
A Mysterious Giant of the Deep
• Ecology is the scientific study of the
interactions of organisms with their
environment
• The ocean is Earth’s largest and least explored
ecosystem
• Recent explorations
of the deep sea have
brought previously
unknown species to
light, such as this
“mystery squid”
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Deep-sea submersibles like Alvin allow the
exploration of the deep sea
– It can accommodate a pilot and two other
people
– It is equipped
with instruments
to view and
sample the
ocean at depths
of up to 2,500m
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Scientists have found
seafloor life whose
ultimate energy source
is not sunlight, but
energy that comes from
the interior of the planet
– This energy is
emitted from
hydrothermal vents
near the edges of
Earth’s crustal
plates
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Many animals thrive
in the extreme
environment around
hydrothermal vents
– Tube worms were
unknown to science
until hydrothermal
vents were explored
– They live on energy
extracted from
chemicals by
bacteria
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.1 Ecologists study how organisms interact with
their environment at several levels
• Ecologists study environmental interactions at
the organism, population, community, and
ecosystem levels
– These clams
that live near
an ocean vent
constitute a
population
Figure 34.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Ecosystem interactions involve living (biotic)
communities and nonliving (abiotic)
components
– Abiotic components include energy,
nutrients, gases, and water
• Organisms are affected by their environment
– But their presence and activities often change
the environment they inhabit
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
THE BIOSPHERE
34.2 The biosphere is the total of all of Earth's
ecosystems
• The global ecosystem is called the biosphere
– It is the sum
of all the
Earth's
ecosystems
– The biosphere
is the most
complex level
in ecology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 34.2A
• The biosphere is self-contained
– except for energy obtained
from the sun and heat lost
to space
• Patchiness characterizes
the biosphere
– Patchiness occurs in the
distribution of deserts,
grasslands, forests, and
lakes
– Each habitat has a unique
community of species
Figure 34.2B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.3 Connection: Environmental problems reveal
the limits of the biosphere
• Human activities affect all parts of the
biosphere
– One example is the widespread use of
chemicals
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Rachel Carson was one of the first to perceive
the global dangers of pesticide abuse
– Carson documented her
concerns in the 1962
book Silent Spring
– This book played a key
role in the awakening of
environmental awareness
Figure 34.3
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Chemical
pesticides are
concentrated in
food chains by
biological
magnification
DDT concentration:
increase of
10 million times
DDT in
fish-eating birds
25 ppm
DDT in
large fish
2 ppm
DDT in
small fish
0.5 ppm
DDT in
zooplankton
0.04 ppm
DDT in water
0.000003 ppm
Figure 38.3B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.4 Physical and chemical factors influence life in
the biosphere
• The most important abiotic factors that
determine the biosphere's structure and
dynamics include
– solar energy
– water
– temperature
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Disturbances such as fires, hurricanes, and
volcanic eruptions are also abiotic factors
Figure 34.4
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.5 Organisms are adapted to abiotic and biotic
factors by natural selection
• The presence and success of a species in a
particular place depends upon its ability to
adapt
• Natural selection
adapts organisms to
abiotic and biotic
factors
– Biotic factors include
predation and
competition
Figure 34.5
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.6 Regional climate influences the distribution of
biological communities
• Climate often determines the distribution of
communities
• Earth's global climate patterns are largely
determined by the input of solar energy and
the planet's movement in space
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Most climatic variations are due to the uneven
heating of Earth's surface
– This is a result of the variation in solar
radiation at different latitudes
North Pole
60º N
Low angle of
incoming sunlight
30º N
Tropic of
Cancer
Sunlight directly
overhead
0º (equator)
Tropic of
Capricorn
30º S
Low angle of
incoming sunlight
Atmosphere
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
60º S
South Pole
Figure 34.6A
• The seasons of the year result from the
permanent tilt of the plant on its axis as it
orbits the sun
MARCH EQUINOX
(equator faces
sun directly)
JUNE SOLSTICE
(Northern
Hemisphere tilts
toward sun)
SEPTEMBER
EQUINOX
DECEMBER
SOLSTICE
(Northern
Hemisphere tilts
away from sun)
Figure 34.6B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The tropics experience the greatest annual
input and least seasonal variation in solar
radiation
• The direct intense solar radiation near the
equator has an impact on the global patterns
of rainfall and winds
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ascending
Descending
dry air
absorbs
moisture
Trade winds
moist air
releases
moisture
Trade winds
Descending
dry air
absorbs
moisture
Doldrums
TEMPERATE
ZONE
TROPICS
TEMPERATE
ZONE
Figure 34.6C
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Warm, moist air at the equator rises
• As the air rises, it cools and releases much of
its water content
– This results in the abundant precipitation
typical of most tropical regions
• After losing their moisture over equatorial
zones, high altitude air masses spread away
from the equator
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• They cool and descend again at latitudes of
about 30° north and south
– This explains the locations of the world's
great deserts
• As the dry air descends, some of it spreads
back toward the equator
– This creates the cooling trade winds that
dominate the tropics
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Temperate zones are located between the
tropics and the Arctic Circle in the north and
the Antarctic Circle in the south
– They have seasonal variations in climate
– The temperatures are more moderate than in
the tropic or polar regions
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Prevailing winds result from the combined
effects of the rising and falling of air masses and
Earth's rotation
– In the tropics, Earth's rapidly moving surface
deflects vertically circulating
air, making the winds
blow from east to west
– In temperate zones, the
slower-moving surface
produces the westerlies,
winds that blow from
west to east
Figure 34.6D
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Ocean currents have a profound effect on
regional climates by warming or cooling coastal
areas
– They are created by winds, planet rotation,
unequal heating of surface waters, and the
locations and shapes of continents
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Local high temperatures for August 6, 2000, in
Southern California
Fresno
100º
40 miles
Death
Valley
119º
Bakersfield
100º
Pacific Ocean
Santa Barbara 73º
Key
70s (ºF)
Los Angeles
(Airport) 75º
80s
Burbank
90º
San Bernardino 100º
Riverside 96º
Santa Ana
Palm Springs 106º
84º
90s
100s
110s
San Diego 72º
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 34.6E
• Landforms, such as mountains, can affect local
climate
East
Wind
direction
Pacific
Ocean
Cascade
Range
Coast
Range
Figure 34.6F
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 34
The Biosphere: An Introduction to
Earth's Diverse Environments
Modules 34.7 – 34.11
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
AQUATIC BIOMES
34.7 Oceans occupy most of Earth's surface
• Oceans cover about 75% of the Earth's surface
• Light and the availability of nutrients are the
major factors that shape aquatic communities
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Estuaries are productive areas where rivers
meet the ocean
– The saltiness of estuaries ranges from less than
1% to 3%
– They provide nursery
areas for oysters,
crabs, and
many fishes
– They are often
bordered by
extensive coastal
wetlands
Figure 34.7A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The intertidal zone is the wetland at the edge of
an estuary or ocean, where water meets land
– Salt marshes, sand and
rocky beaches, and tide
pools are part of the
intertidal zone
– It is often flooded by
high tides and then left
dry during low tides
Figure 34.7B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Abiotic conditions dictate the kinds of
communities that ocean zones can support
Intertidal zone
Continental zone
Photic
zone
Benthic
zone
(seafloor)
Aphotic
zone
Pelagic
zone
Figure 34.7C
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The pelagic zone is the open ocean
– It supports highly motile animals such as
fishes, squids, and marine mammals
– Phytoplankton and zooplankton drift in the
pelagic zone
• The benthic zone is the ocean bottom
– It supports a variety of organisms based upon
water depth and light penetration
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The photic zone is the portion of the ocean into
which light penetrates
– Photosynthesis occurs here
• The aphotic zone is a vast, dark region of the
ocean
– It is the most extensive part of the biosphere
– Although there is no light, a diverse and
dense population inhabits this zone
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Coral reefs are found in warm tropical waters
above the continental shelf
– They support a huge diversity of invertebrates
and fishes
• Coral reefs are easily degraded by
– pollution
– native and
introduced
predators
– human
souvenir
hunters
Figure 34.7D
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.8 Freshwater biomes include lakes, ponds,
rivers, streams, and wetlands
• Lake and pond communities are shaped by
– light
– temperature
– the availability of nutrients and dissolved
oxygen
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A river environment
changes greatly
between its source and
its mouth
– Temperature,
nutrients, currents,
and water clarity vary
at different points
Figure 34.8A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Wetlands are among the richest biomes in
terms of species diversity
Figure 34.8B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
TERRESTRIAL BIOMES
34.9 Terrestrial biomes reflect regional variations
in climate
• Climatic differences, mainly temperature and
rainfall, shape the major biomes that cover
Earth's land surface
• Biomes tend to grade into each other
• Within each biome there is local variation
– This gives vegetation a patchy, rather than
uniform, appearance
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Major terrestrial biomes
30º N
Equator
30º S
Tropical forest
Polar and high-mountain ice
Temperate deciduous forest
Savanna
Chaparral
Coniferous forest
Desert
Temperate grassland
Tundra (arctic and alpine)
Figure 34.9
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.10 Tropical forests cluster near the equator
• Several types of tropical forests occur in the
warm, moist belt along the equator
Figure 34.10
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The tropical rain forest is the most diverse
ecosystem on Earth
• Large-scale human destruction of tropical
rain forests continues to endanger many
species
– It may also alter world climate
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.11 Talking About Science: Ecologist Arial Lugo
studies tropical forests in Puerto Rico
• The Luquillo
Experimental Forest in
Puerto Rico allows
ecologists to study the
effects of disruption on
tropical forests
– It contains deforested as
well as still-forested
areas
Figure 34.11B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The forest ecologist Dr. Ariel Lugo has been one
of the key scientists at the Luquillo
Experimental Forest
– He and other scientists have
offered valuable insight into
the peril these forests face as
well as the promise they hold
• Studies indicate that tropical
forests recover from natural
disasters much more readily
than they do from human
destruction
Figure 34.11A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 34
The Biosphere: An Introduction to
Earth's Diverse Environments
Modules 34.12 – 34.18
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.12 Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees
• Drier, tropical areas and some nontropical
areas are characterized by the savanna
Figure 34.12
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.13 Deserts are defined by their dryness
• Deserts are the driest of all terrestrial biomes
– They are characterized by low and unpredictable
rainfall
– Desertification
is a significant
environmental
problem
Figure 34.13
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.14 Spiny shrubs dominate the chaparral
• The chaparral
biome is a
shrubland with
cool, rainy
winters and dry,
hot summers
• Chaparral
vegetation is
adapted to
periodic fires
Figure 34.14
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.15 Temperate grasslands include the North
American prairie
• Temperate grasslands are found in the interiors
of the continents, where winters are cold
– Drought, fires, and grazing animals prevent trees
from growing
– Farms have
replaced
most
of North
America's
temperate
grasslands
Figure 34.15
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.16 Deciduous trees dominate temperate forests
• Temperate deciduous forests grow where there
is sufficient moisture to support the growth of
large trees
– Nearly all of
the original
deciduous
forests in North
America have
been drastically
altered by
agriculture and
urban
development
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 34.16
34.17 Coniferous forests are often dominated by a
few species of trees
• The northern
coniferous
forest,
or taiga, is the
largest
terrestrial
biome on
Earth
Figure 34.17
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The taiga is characterized by long, cold winters
and short, wet summers
• Coastal coniferous forests of the Pacific
Northwest are actually temperate rain forests
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.18 Long, bitter-cold winters characterize the
tundra
• The arctic tundra lies between the taiga and
the permanently frozen polar regions
– It is a treeless
biome
characterized
by extreme
cold, wind,
and permafrost
– Permafrost is
continuously
frozen subsoil
Figure 34.18
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings