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Roadmap for Management of Men With FavorableRisk Prostate Cancer Version 1 Making Michigan #1 in Prostate Cancer Care Roadmap for Management of Men With Favorable-Risk Prostate Cancer 2 In our efforts to continuously improve quality of care for men in Michigan with prostate cancer, the Michigan Urological Surgery Improvement Collaborative (MUSIC) has developed a systematic approach for management of men with favorable-risk, early-stage prostate cancer.* We define men with favorable-risk prostate cancer as patients with early-stage tumors with a Gleason Score of 6 or less, as well as select patients with low-volume Gleason Score 3+4=7 cancer. After diagnosis, these men should consider Active Surveillance (AS) as one management option. This roadmap outlines an approach to management of patients with favorable-risk prostate cancer that was developed in the MUSIC collaborative. This approach divides care into two distinct phases that begin at the time of diagnosis: 1) Consideration Phase: Steps to take while considering AS 2) Surveillance Phase: A roadmap for how to perform AS *This document is not intended for men with higher-risk prostate cancer (i.e., high-volume Gleason 3+4=7 or greater). For these men, definitive local treatment is most commonly recommended, but individual discussions will be necessary to determine the best course of action for an individual patient. Introduction Management Phases for Men with Favorable-Risk Prostate Cancer 3 MUSIC’s roadmap for men with favorable-risk prostate cancer divides the management process into two distinct phases: The Consideration Phase and the Surveillance Phase. Consideration Phase Steps to take while considering AS Step 1: Estimate life expectancy Step 2: Determine appropriateness for AS Surveillance Phase Step 3: Obtain confirmatory testing Step 4: Engage in shared-decision making How to perform surveillance Step 1: Select surveillance plan Step 2: Monitor disease longitudinally Step 3: Assess need for transition to other treatment(s) Management Phases for Men with Favorable-Risk Prostate Cancer Consideration Phase 4 Favorable-Risk Prostate Cancer The Consideration Phase involves four important steps in determining who is appropriate for Active Surveillance: Step 1: Estimate life expectancy 1. Estimate life expectancy LE ≥10 Years Step 2: Determine appropriateness for AS based on MUSIC criteria* Watchful Waiting 2. Determine appropriateness for AS* Step 3: Obtain confirmatory testing to further evaluate appropriateness 3. Obtain confirmatory testing Step 4: Engage in shared-decision making to make a management decision *Some men will choose treatment at this point based on preference or uncertainty around appropriateness for AS. LE <10 Years 4. Engage in shared-decision making Pursue treatment Pursue Active Surveillance Consideration Phase: Steps to Take While Considering Active Surveillance Step 1: Estimate Life Expectancy 5 This instrument allows you to determine the average age at which a patient has 10 years of life remaining, accounting for common comorbidities. If a favorable-risk prostate cancer patient is older than the age listed for their comorbidity group and race, then estimated life expectancy is less than 10 years and Watchful Waiting is often recommended. Consideration Phase: Estimate Life Expectancy Alternative Tools for Estimating Life Expectancy 1) Social Security actuarial estimate accounting for typical health of prostate cancer patients* Age at which average man has 20 years of life remaining: 64-65 Age at which average man has 10 years of life remaining: 79-80 If a favorable-risk prostate cancer patient is older than 80, then life expectancy is less than 10 years and Watchful Waiting is often recommended. This age may be younger in men with significant comorbidities as this tool does not account for other medical conditions. *Adapted from Kent M, et al. BMC Med 14:25, 2016 2) Web-based tool evaluating competing risks of death from prostate cancer and other comorbid conditions available at: https://www.mskcc.org/nomograms/prostate Step 2: Determine Appropriateness for AS Based on MUSIC Criteria 6 Using initial biopsy results, evaluate a patient’s appropriateness for Active Surveillance as established by the MUSIC Consensus Panel. Gleason Grade and Tumor Volume Low Volume Gleason 6 Definition: 1-2 cores positive and no cores >50% cancer Intermediate Volume Gleason 6 Definition: 1-2 cores positive and any core >50% cancer OR 3-5 cores positive no more than 2 cores with >50% cancer High Volume Gleason 6 Definition: 3-5 cores positive and 3 or more with >50% cancer OR 6 or more cores positive Low Volume Gleason 3+4 Definition: 1-3 cores positive and no cores containing 3+4 with >50% cancer Panel Recommendation(s) Strongly Consider Surveillance Strongly Consider Surveillance OR Consider Surveillance* Consider Surveillance OR Uncertain* Consider Surveillance OR Uncertain* *Dependent upon other patient characteristics such as PSA density, sexual interest, and race/ethnicity. (See placard on flip-side for more specific detail). Consideration Phase: Determine Appropriateness Based on MUSIC Criteria Additional Details on Evaluating Appropriateness for AS Based on MUSIC Criteria This placard is used to present the MUSIC appropriateness panel recommendations for Active Surveillance for 160 different clinical scenarios considered by the panel. Scenarios differed based on Gleason score, tumor volume, PSA density, race, life expectancy, and sexual function/interest. Directions for use: 1) Select a quadrant on this chart based on a patient’s Gleason score and tumor volume. 2) Within that quadrant locate the appropriate PSA density and sexual function row. 3) Move horizontally across row to the location that matches patient’s life expectancy and race as indicated at the top of table. That location will provide the specific recommendation for a patient meeting all of the criteria. Step 3: Confirmatory Testing 7 A very important consideration for men diagnosed with favorable-risk prostate cancer is the possibility of underestimating the true grade and/or volume of the tumor. Previous work from MUSIC, and elsewhere, has determined that information available at the time of diagnosis (e.g., PSA, results of diagnostic biopsy, clinical T stage) underestimates the true volume and grade of cancer in 30-50% of patients. Thus, confirmatory testing is recommended to increase confidence that Active Surveillance is an appropriate form of management. Results from such tests may indicate that definitive local treatment is more appropriate. Recommended Confirmatory Tests (At least one should be obtained within 6 months of diagnosis) and/or Repeat Prostate Biopsy and/or MultiParametric MRI Genomic Testing Consideration Phase: Obtain Confirmatory Test Interpretation of Confirmatory Test Results 8 One or more of the recommended Confirmatory Tests should be performed within 6 months of diagnosis to increase confidence around appropriate cancer risk-stratification. Test Options Reassuring Confirmatory Test Result Recommended Response to Non-Reassuring Test Result Repeat Prostate Biopsy* Biopsy grade and volume remain consistent with AS appropriateness criteria Shared-decision making to consider treatment more strongly Multi-Parametric MRI** Absence of PIRADS 4 or 5 lesion Proceed to targeted biopsy or shared-decision making to consider treatment more strongly Genomic Testing*** Prolaris – <3% probability of CaP mortality Oncotype Dx – >80% freedom from primary Gleason 4 Decipher Score – <0.2 Shared-decision making to consider treatment more strongly *Should be at least 12 cores, consider anterior sampling or saturation biopsy. **Obtain at least 6 weeks but no more than 6 months from biopsy. Must involve: 3T magnet, multi-parametric imaging with appropriate sequences (DWI,T2), appropriate radiologic expertise. ***With diagnostic biopsy or repeat biopsy. Step 4: Once results of Confirmatory Tests are available, engage again in shared-decision making. At this point, the conversation should reconsider the merits of definitive treatment versus Active Surveillance based on the full set of information from estimation of life expectancy, evaluation of appropriateness, and interpretation of Confirmatory Test results. Consideration Phase: Confirmatory Test Recommendation and Interpretation Surveillance Phase 9 After the Consideration Phase many patients will decide to pursue Active Surveillance. At this point, patients enter the surveillance phase, a period that involves regular follow-up evaluations and testing to monitor for changes in the risk of the cancer. The specific evaluations include PSA testing, clinical examinations, and reassessments of tumor burden via repeat biopsy and MRI imaging. The goal of this section is to provide a roadmap for how to perform surveillance. Surveillance Phase Components Office Visits PSA Testing Tumor Burden Reassessment This document outlines two separate surveillance plans (High-intensity and Low-Intensity) that vary with respect to the frequency of follow-up testing. The decision to pursue one pathway or another is based on clinical parameters and patient preferences, guided by the urologist’s opinion and experience. Both surveillance plans are distinctly different from Watchful Waiting, which only involves PSA and clinical examinations. Surveillance Phase Surveillance Phase 10 MUSIC recommends that patients choose between surveillance plans that vary in the frequency of planned follow-up. These plans were modelled on established protocols from centers with extensive experience in Active Surveillance1,2. In the absence of evidence that one plan is clearly superior, the decision for which to pursue should be made between patient and provider after considering risks, benefits and pragmatic aspects of both plans. High-Intensity Surveillance Plan Diagnosis Confirmatory Test Surveillance Phase PSA Obtain every 6 months DRE Obtain every 6 months Tumor Burden Reassessment*+ (Biopsy or MRI) Obtain test(s) within 6 months of Diagnosis Obtain every 12 months Continue until deterioration in health or age or change in patient preferences Low-Intensity Surveillance Plan Diagnosis Confirmatory Test Surveillance Phase PSA Obtain every 12 months DRE Obtain every 12 months Tumor Burden Reassessment* (Biopsy or MRI) Obtain test(s) within 6 months of Diagnosis Obtain at least once every 3 years Continue until deterioration in health or age or change in patient preferences * Biopsy should occur at least every 2 years. + Genomic testing can be obtained on initial or subsequent biopsy at provider discretion. Consider likelihood of non-reimbursement for repeat genomic testing since this is not yet an established process. Surveillance Phase: How to Perform Surveillance Watchful Waiting Plan Watchful Waiting is typically reserved for men with an estimated life expectancy of less than 10 years. Diagnosis Surveillance Phase PSA Obtain every 12 months DRE Obtain every 12 months Tumor Burden Reassessment (Biopsy or MRI) Not performed Genomics Not performed Consider imaging or systemic therapy (ADT) for suspicion of metastases High-Intensity Surveillance Plan most consistent with Johns Hopkins protocol — Tosoian JJ, et al., Eur Urol 69:576-81, 2016. 1 2 Low-Intensity Surveillance Plan most consistent with Toronto protocol — Klotz L, et al., J Clin Oncol 33:272-7, 2015. When to Perform Additional Testing While on Surveillance Scenarios That Should Prompt Further Investigation Recommended Response New and Concerning DRE Findings Early tumor burden reassessment Rapid PSA Kinetics Shorter interval repeat PSA testing for significant single PSA rise Definition: PSA doubling time <3 years Early tumor burden reassessment for confirmed and sustained velocity increase Other Clinical Suspicion for Disease Progression Early tumor burden reassessment Patient Preference Modify intensity of surveillance or transition to treatment, if sustained changes in patient preferences Surveillance Phase: When to Perform Additional Test(s) 11 Transitioning to Treatment 12 If at some point in follow-up a patient’s clinical profile or preferences change, a transition to an alternative management strategy may be warranted. Transitioning to more aggressive management: Clinical results obtained in follow-up suggesting cancer progression or changing patient preferences may prompt a transition to more aggressive treatment, such as surgery or radiation. In the event that any of the following test results occur, another round of shared-decision making to consider a transition to more definitive treatment is recommended. Surveillance Test Result to Prompt Discussion Regarding Transition to Definitive Treatment Biopsy Progression of tumor burden to a higher risk category Consider results in context of MUSIC Appropriateness Criteria MRI New PI-RADS 4 OR 5 lesion or significant change in known lesion MRI changes may prompt further evaluation with biopsy or direct transition to definitive treatment based on patient/provider preference Genomic Test Reclassification into a higher genomic risk category Patient Preference Desire of patient to forego continued surveillance in favor of treatment Transitioning to Watchful Waiting: Should be considered if new health conditions suggest a patient’s life expectancy drops below 10 years. Transitioning to Treatment: Deciding When to Stop Surveillance Copyright 2016. For questions about the Michigan Urological Surgery Improvement Collaborative please contact us at [email protected]