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COP4710: Three parts • Database Development • Application Development • DBMS Internal Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Database Systems Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 2 What Is a DBMS? A database is a very large, integrated collection of data. It models real-world enterprise. – – Entities (e.g., students, courses) Relationships (e.g., Tim Ashley is taking COP4710) A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software package designed to store and manage databases. Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 3 Why Use a DBMS? Data independence – Applications are insulated from changes in the way the data are structured and stored Efficient data access – Sophisticated techniques to store and retrieve data efficiently Reduced application development time – Supports functions common to many applications Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 4 Why Use a DBMS? Data integrity and security – Enforces integrity constraints (e.g., the department budget is not exceeded when a new salary is inserted) – Enforces access controls for different classes of users Uniform data administration – Database administrators have the knowledge to minimize data redundancy and fine tune the database to make retrieval efficient Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 5 Why Use a DBMS? Concurrent access – Multiple users can access the database concurrently Recovery from crashes – Protect the users from the effects of system failures Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 6 Data Models A data model is a collection of concepts for describing data. A schema is a description of a particular collection of data (e.g., students), using a given data model. The relational model of data is the most widely used model today. – Main concept: relation, basically a table with rows and columns. – Every relation has a schema, which describes the columns, or fields. Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 7 Levels of Abstraction Many views, single conceptual (logical) schema and physical schema. – View 1 Views describe how users see the data. – Conceptual schema defines logical structure – Physical schema describes the files and indexes used. View 2 View 3 Conceptual Schema Physical Schema Database Schemas are defined using DDL (Data Definition Language) Data is modified/queried using DML (Data Manipulation Language) Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 8 Example: University Database Conceptual schema: – – – Students(sid: string, name: string, login: string, age: integer, gpa:real) Courses(cid: string, cname:string, credits:integer) Enrolled(sid:string, cid:string, grade:string) Physical schema: Example: – Relations stored as unordered files (data records not sorted) – Index on first column of Students External Schema (View): – Course_info(cid:string, enrollment:integer) Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 9 Data Independence Applications insulated from how data are structured and stored. Physical data independence: Protection from changes in physical structure of data. Logical data independence: Protection from changes in logical structure of data (more on next slide). These are some of the most important benefits of using a DBMS! Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 10 Logical Data Independence Application View: Courseinfo( cid: String, fname: string, enrollment: integer) Faculty( fid: string, fname: string, sal: real) Courses( cid: string, cname: string, credits: integer) Enrolled( sid: string, cid: string, grade: string) Teaches( fid: string, cid: string) Reorganize data Faculty_public( fid: string, fname: string, office: integer) Faculty_private( fid: string, sal: real) Changes in the . conceptual schema do . . not affect the application Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 11 Concurrency Control Concurrent execution of user programs is essential for good DBMS performance. – Since disk accesses are frequent and relatively slow, it is important to keep the cpu humming by working on several user programs concurrently. Interleaving actions of different user programs can lead to inconsistency: e.g., check is cleared while account balance is being computed. DBMS ensures such problems don’t arise: users can pretend they are using a single-user system. Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 12 Transaction: An Execution of a DB Program Key concept is transaction, which is an atomic sequence of database actions (reads/writes). Each transaction, executed completely, must leave the DB in a consistent state if DB is consistent when the transaction begins. – – – Users can specify some simple integrity constraints on the data, and the DBMS will enforce these constraints. Beyond this, the DBMS does not really understand the semantics of the data. (e.g., it does not understand how the interest on a bank account is computed). Thus, ensuring that a transaction (run alone) preserves consistency is ultimately the user’s responsibility! Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 13 Scheduling Concurrent Transactions DBMS ensures that execution of {T1, ... , Tn} is equivalent to some serial execution T1, ... Tn. – – Before reading/writing an object, a transaction requests a lock on the object, and waits till the DBMS gives it the lock. All locks are released at the end of the transaction. (Strict 2PL locking protocol.) I have the lock I wait T2 W X R T1 Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke I can lock now T2 W I am done X T1 14 2PL Locking Protocol 2PL Locking Protocol is sufficient and more efficient Number of locks acquired 2PL Strict 2PL What if I need the lock again before commit ? Time 2PL offers more concurrency; but it is difficult to implement Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 15 Deadlock I wait for X X R2 W3 T2 I have the lock on Y I have the lock on X W1 T1 Y W4 I wait for Y A solution: T1 or T2 is aborted and restarted Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 16 Ensuring Atomicity DBMS ensures atomicity (all-or-nothing property) even if system crashes in the middle of a Xact. Idea: Keep a log (history) of all actions carried out by the DBMS while executing a set of Xacts: – Before a change is made to the database, the corresponding log entry is forced to a safe location. (WAL protocol; OS support for this is often inadequate.) – After a crash, the effects of partially executed transactions are undone using the log. (Thanks to WAL, if log entry wasn’t saved before the crash, corresponding change was not applied to database!) Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 17 The Log The following actions are recorded in the log: – Ti writes an object: the old value and the new value. – Log record must go to disk before the changed page! Ti commits/aborts: a log record indicating this action. Log records chained together by Xact id, so it’s easy to undo a specific Xact (e.g., to resolve a deadlock). Log is often duplexed and archived on “stable” storage. All log related activities (and in fact, all CC related activities such as lock/unlock, dealing with deadlocks etc.) are handled transparently by the DBMS. Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 18 ACID Properties A transaction is a collection of actions with the following ACID properties: Atomicity: A transaction’s changes to the state are Consistency: A transaction is a correct transformation Isolation: Even though transaction execute Durability: Once a transaction completes successfully, atomic – either all happen or non happen. of the state. concurrently, it appears to each transaction, T, that other executed either before or after T, but not both. its changes to the state survive failures (transaction’s effects are durable). Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 19 Databases make these folks happy ... End users and DBMS vendors DB application programmers – e.g., smart webmasters Database administrator (DBA) – – – – Designs logical /physical schemas Handles security and authorization Data availability, crash recovery Database tuning as needs evolve Must understand how a DBMS works! Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 20 These layers must consider concurrency control and recovery Structure of a DBMS A typical DBMS has a layered architecture. The figure does not show the concurrency control and recovery components. Query Optimization and Execution Relational Operators Files and Access Methods Buffer Management Disk Space Management Database Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 21 Summary DBMS is used to maintain and query large datasets. Levels of abstraction give data independence. Benefits include recovery from system crashes, concurrent access, quick application development, data integrity and security. A DBMS typically has a layered architecture. DBAs hold responsible jobs and are well-paid! DBMS R&D is one of the broadest, most exciting areas in CS. Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 22