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HARDWARE TERMS The Forensic Services Group ROM (read-only memory) - can hold data permanently - nonvolatile - ideal for startup configuration settings and boot code (ROM BIOS) RAM (random access memory) - temporary storage - volatile - lost when computer powers down Power Supply - DC voltages of 3.3v, 5v and 12v are provided on a power supply for an ATX motherboard Molex Power Connector - Four Wires - Yellow = 12VDC+ - Black = Ground - Black = Ground - Red = 5VDC+ Motherboard - Largest circuit board - Hold CPU, RAM, BIOS, CMOS and much more CPU (Central Processing Unit) - The brains of the computer - Performs Data Processing - Interprets and executes instructions Heat sink and Fan - Keeps CPU cool - Can be on memory, hard drives and video cards Hard Drive - Main storage media - Holds boot files, operating system files, program files and data files. - Speeds range from 4,800 – 15,000 RPM SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface) - Started with Apple Computers - High Speed – High Performance - Used on devices requiring high input/output - SCSI BIOS (queues read/write requests) IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) - Generic term for any drive with its own integrated drive controller - Main type is ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) - Primary and Secondary IDE controllers found on motherboard - IDE controllers are capable of handling two devices SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) - Uses Serial Circuitry 150 – 300MB/s - Require no pinning - Often have raid zero available to them RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) - An array of two or more disks - RAID 0 Data is stripped of two or more disks - RAID 1 Data is mirrored - RAID 5 Uses bit parity - RAID 0+1 minimum 4 drives uses a strip and a mirror Floppy Drive - 3.5-inch - Stores 1.44MB of data - Used for boot disks DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc – Read-Only Memory) or DVD-RW (Digital Versatile Disc – Read/Write) - Uses laser beams to write data - The laser is a shorter wave length then CD creating smaller pits and lands - Holds 8 to 17GB USB Controller - USB 1.1 = 1.5MB/s - USB 2.0 = 480MB/s USB Port - Uses four pin conductors (one cable power, two data negative, three data positive, four ground) all surrounded by shielding - Used for storage devices, cameras, dongles, keyboards, mice and so forth. IEEE 1394 (Firewire) - Allows daisy chaining of up to 63 devices - 1394a 400MB/s - 1394b 800MB/s - Six wires/pins with two pairs of clock and data lines, plus two for power (one positive, one negative) Expansion Slots - ISA (Industry Standard Architecture 8 bit and 16 bit in 1981 and 1984) - MCA (IBM Micro Channel Architecture 32 bit in 1986) - EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture – Compaq and Generic 32 bit in 1986) - VL-Bus (VESA Local Bus 16 and 32 bit 1992 to 1994) - PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect 32 bit and 64 bit 1992 to present) - PCI Express - AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port used with PCI for graphics replaced by PCI express) Sound Card - Interface for microphone, headphones, speakers, CD players and so forth - Must have a software driver in order to function Video Card (PCI, APG, PCI Express) - Transmits signals that appear as images on a computer display or monitor - Use 15 pin video graphics array (VGA) analog connectors or Digital Video Interface (DVI) analog/digital connectors RTC (Real-Time Clock) - Stores the system date and time - Maintained by a battery when system shuts down or loses power CMOS Chip (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor process) - Called RTC/NVRAM (Real-Time Clock / nonvolatile random access memory) - Stores configuration data which includes amount of memory installed, types of devices and other startup configuration settings. - Contains boot order BIOS (Basic Input Output System) - Combination of low level software and drivers - Function as the layer between a computers hardware and operating system - Reads NVRAM during boot to apply settings - Three types ROM BIOS, adapter card BIOS and drivers Mouse Port - Older systems use a serial port - PS2 is widely used today - USB is up and coming Keyboard Port - Old systems use a five-pin round port - PS2 is widely used today - USB is up and coming NIC (Network Interface Card) - Available via USB - Built into most modern motherboards - Ethernet is the most common type of network - Token Rings are still found - Has a unique address or ID called the MAC (Media Access Control) o Address is 48 bits o Consists of two parts 1.) Identify the manufacturer 2.) serial number - Speeds from 10MB/s to 1000/MB/s Modem (modulate/demodulate) - Converts or modulates digital signals to analog for transmission over a telephone wire - Assembles or demodulates the analog signals back into digital signals Parallel Port - Used mainly for legacy printer connections - Parallel describes a method of transmitting data in which data is sent down parallel electrical paths at the same time Serial Port - Most work stations have two - Can support four - Only two can be working at the same time - I/O port