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Important infectious diseases of cats in New Zealand Bacterial diseases Mycobacteria: Feline mycobacterial infections have been reviewed recently(1)(2). Most are caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Infections This article describes the important feline diseases diagnosed in New Zealand’s regional animal health laboratories. Veterinary practitioners do not always use a regional laboratory when making a diagnosis, so laboratory records provide biased estimates of disease prevalence. They do, however, usually represent most diseases of importance. have been recorded in both feral cats and in a relatively large number of domestic cats(1)(2)(3). Less common are infections with M Janice Thompson tuberculosis, the cat leprosy organism M lepraemurium, M avium, M fortuitum, M smegmatis, and M thermoresistibile. The clinical signs caused by M bovis include lymphadenopathy, skin lesions, weight loss and depression. M lepraemurium causes painless, firm skin nodules up to 3 cm in diameter. M fortuitum, M smegmatis, and M thermoresistibile may also cause skin lesions. positive filaments often breaking up into coccoid forms, but culture is needed to differentiate between them and they often occur as mixed infections with other bacteria such as Bacteroides spp. Rickettsial diseases Feline infections with Mycobacterium avium are rare but they do Haemobartonella felis: This common rickettsial parasite is routinely occur in immunocompromised animals(1). diagnosed in anaemic cats in New Zealand, and it has been reviewed Oral bacteria: Cats carry numerous bacteria as flora in their oral recently(11). It may be present either as a primary infection or cavities, and these may cause disease. Isolates have included secondary to immunocompromisation from a variety of causes. Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Klebsiella spp, Enterobacter spp, Pasteurella spp (including P. multocida), Escherichia coli, Bacteroides Viral diseases (4) spp, CDC Alphanumeric spp, and Mycobacterium spp . Cat scratch fever of humans often follows cat bites(5). Organisms implicated have included Afipia spp, Rothia dentocariosa, Bartonella bacilliformis, and Chlamydia. Recent work has also implicated Rochalimaea henselae(5). Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV): FIV appears to be common in New Zealand, with 66/290 (23%) antibody positive tests having been detected in one year at AgriQuality Animal Health Laboratory Palmerston North. Cats early or late in the disease can be antibody Salmonella: Most cases of salmonellosis are caused by Salmonella negative. Lymphopaenia is common in serologically positive cats, but Typhimurium. Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Saintpaul, neutropaenia, or a combination of both lymphopaenia and Salmonella enterican subspecies Houtenae, and Salmonella neutropaenia, are less common. Hypergammaglobulinaemia is (6)(7)(8) Hindmarsh have all been isolated from cats with diarrhoea . Campylobacter and Yersinia species: Both Campylobacter and Yersinia spp can cause diarrhoea in cats. Staphylococcus felis: This organism is commonly associated with otitis, cystitis, abscesses, wounds and other cutaneous infections of another common finding. Infected cats may present with reactive lymphadenopathy, stomatitis, and persistent infections which are difficult to control due to immunodeficiency(12). Feline leucaemia virus (FeLV): The FeLV test detects viraemic cats only, and not those which are infected but not viraemic. Over the same one-year period during which the FIV positive sera were cats (9). detected (above), only 4/248 FeLV positive sera were detected. In Chlamydia psittaci: This organism can cause conjunctivitis in cats. New Zealand, FeLV infection appears to be much less common than Actinomyces and Nocardia species: In cats, actinomycetic bacteria it is overseas. The reason why is not known, but it presumably are occasionally isolated from pleural and peritoneal effusions, and reflects epidemiological factors such as frequency of contact between from subcutaneous and tissue abscesses . A viscosus and A bovis are cats and times spent in catteries. the common isolates, but A odontolyticus may be cultured Overseas, FeLV infection has been associated with myeloproliferative occasionally (10). Nocardia may be isolated from skin wounds and and lymphoproliferative disease(12) in addition to chronic infections body cavity effusions in cats. Clinically, it is hard to distinguish caused by immunodeficiency. At AgriQuality Animal Health between Actinomyces and Nocardia infections but it is important to Laboratory Palmerston North there has been only one documented attempt a definitive diagnosis because the treatment regimes for the solid lymphoma (thoracic) associated with a positive FeLV test. two organisms differ(9), and Nocardia infections supposedly occur Recently, cases of sarcoma induced by routine vaccination against more frequently in immunocompromised animals(10). Both types of FeLV have been diagnosed. (10) bacteria are easily recognisable in cytological smears as fine, Gram- Surveillance 26(2) 1999 3. page 3 Coronaviruses: Coronavirus infections in cats include the virulent and avirulent forms of feline infectious peritonitis, feline enteric coronavirus, canine coronavirus, and possibly coronaviruses of other Protozoal diseases Toxoplasma: Toxoplasmosis in New Zealand cats has been reviewed recently(21). Most cats in New Zealand have titres to Toxoplasma, (12)(13) . Routine serological tests do not distinguish between species these viruses, so a positive coronavirus result does not provide a conclusive diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. Positive titres have been reported in healthy cats in New Zealand(13). A serological diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis is possible if a positive result is supported by characteristic clinical pathological findings of lymphopaenia, polyclonal gammopathy, bilirubinaemia, mildly increased serum liver enzymes, and an abdominal effusion with a high gammaglobulin and low cell content. A definitive diagnosis is possible histopathologically, and occasional seropositive cases have showing that they have been exposed to the parasite at some time during their lives(21). Demonstration of a rising or falling titre is therefore necessary to indicate infection, along with typical clinical signs as described elsewhere (20). The cats most at risk of infection are either immunosuppressed adults or kittens which are seronegative and therefore likely to become infected and undergo a period of excretion of oocysts(21). In a recently described case, a 5-month-old Persian cat had a severe generalised subacute pneumonia and severe multifocal hepatitis in which numerous Toxoplasma trophozoites were visible(22). (14) been confirmed in this way . Giardia and Cryptosporidia: These protozoa have been diagnosed Feline panleucopaenia virus: This disease usually manifests as severe diarrhoea and vomiting in young unvaccinated kittens. Blood samples typically show severe panleucopaenia and dehydration. Calicivirus and herpesvirus: Calicivirus and herpesvirus are commonly implicated in respiratory disease and stomatitis in New separately by AgriQuality Animal Health Laboratory Palmerston North in two cats with diarrhoea. Giardia may be a common cause of gastrointestinal disease in cats(23)(24). Nematode diseases Zealand cats. Tests are rarely requested of regional animal health Toxocara cati and Toxocara leonina: These gastrointestinal laboratories. nematodes are common, particularly in young cats(25). Astrovirus: Astrovirus-like particles have been reported in young Ollulanus tricuspis: This gastric nematode is diagnosed occasionally cats with diarrhoea(15). A recent survey has suggested that in New in vomiting cats, and it may be seen in gastric biopsies taken from Zealand torovirus infection is not associated with protruding cats with gastric signs. nictitating membranes as has been claimed in other articles(16). Fungal diseases Aelurostrongylus abstrusus: This respiratory system nematode is occasionally diagnosed in coughing cats, particularly those which are good hunters. A diagnosis can be made by finding larvae in faeces, or Dermatophytes: Ringworm lesions are usually seen on young or in tracheal or bronchial washes. immunocompromised cats. Microsporum canis is the most commonly isolated Microsporum species but M gypseum is cultured Capillaria aerophila: Capillaria eggs are occasionally seen in tracheal occasionally(17). Trichophyton mentagrophytes var mentagrophytes is or bronchial washes. the most commonly isolated species of Trichophyton but T Coughing cats often have an allergic bronchitis diagnosed after mentagrophytes var erinacei (usually associated with hedgehogs) has cytological examination of tracheal or bronchial washes, and also been reported(17). parasitic lung disease remains a differential diagnosis even when Cryptococcus: Cryptococcosis is diagnosed occasionally, usually by nematode eggs or larvae are not visible in individual samples. histology or cytology although culture is sometimes requested to confirm a morphological diagnosis. Cryptococcosis usually manifests Ectoparasite Diseases as a discharging wound around the nose. Infection often extends to Fleas: Ctenocephalides felis infestation is common in cats. Less the brain, and it then becomes unresponsive to conventional commonly diagnosed are Ctenocephalides canis, Pulex irritans, and Echidnophagia gallinacea. Fleas are responsible for transmitting the (18). treatment Malassezia pachydermatis: This is occasionally diagnosed in ear and skin infections. Sporothrix (Sporotrichum) schenckii: This is a dimorphic fungus found naturally as a saprophyte in rotting vegetation and soil (19)(20). Ulcerated, discharging lesions occur at sites of infection, and infection ascends lymphatic vessels in cats. Cats appear less able than other species to mount an adequate response against Sporothrix, and they shed large numbers of the organism in exudates(19). page 4 tapeworm Dipylidium caninum, and they may also transmit Haemobartonella felis. Mites: Otodectes cynotis is commonly associated with otitis externa, but it may occasionally infect other areas of skin too. Cheyletiella parasitivorax, C blakei, Notoedres cati, and Demodex cati are more rarely diagnosed mites. Cats are occasionally infested with mites from other animals. One example is a 4-month-old kitten that was infested by the tropical fowl mite Ornithonyssus bursa(26). Surveillance 26(2) 1999 References (1) de Lisle GW. Mycobacterial infections in cats and dogs. Surveillance 20(4), 246, 1993. (2) Gumbrell RC. Tuberculosis in cats. Surveillance 21(1), 21, 1994. (3) Anon. Surveillance 24(4), 22, 1997. Foundation for Continuing Education of the NZ Veterinary Association. Pp 616,1987. (26) Anon. Surveillance 24(2), 23, 1997. Janice Thompson AgriQuality Animal Health Laboratory Palmerston North Email: [email protected] (4) Weber A. The significance of dogs and cats on the chain of infection in zoonoses principally in Europe. Veterinary International. An International Journal of Veterinary Science and Practice 5(3), 27-36, 1993. (5) Groves MG, Harrington KS. Rochalimaea henselae infections: Newly recognised zoonoses transmitted by cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 204, 267-71, 1994. (6) Anon. Surveillance 25(2), 16, 1998. (7) Anon. Surveillance 22(4), 6, 1995. (8) Anon. Surveillance 25(3), 17, 1998. (9) Koneman EW, Allen SD, Janda WM, Schrenkenberger PC, Winn WC (Editors). The Gram positive cocci: Part I: Staphylococci and related organisms. Chapter II In: Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 5th Edition Pp 539576. Lippincott, Philadelphia,1997. (10) Thompson JC, Gartrell BM, Butler S, Melville VJ. Successful treatment of feline pyothorax associated with an Actinomyces species and Bacteroides melanogenicus. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 40, 73-75, 1992. (11) Thompson J. Blood parasites of animals in New Zealand. Surveillance 25(1), 68, 1998. (12) Brandon RB. Retroviruses of cats: A review. Australian Veterinary Practitioner 25, 8-17, 1995. (13) Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Harbour DA, Jones BR. Coronavirus antibody titres in cats in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43, 166-167, 1995. (14) Sparkes AH, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Harbour DA. An appraisal of the value of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 30, 345-350, 1994. (15) Rice M, Wilks CR, Jones BR, Beck KE, Jones JM. Detection of astrovirus in the faeces of cats with diarrhoea. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 41, 96-97, 1993. (16) Smith CH, Meers J, Wilks CR, Rice M, Jones BR. A survey for torovirus in New Zealand cats with protruding nictitating membranes. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 45, 41-43, 1997. (17) Carman M, Gardner E. Dermatophytes of mammals in New Zealand. Surveillance 24(3), 18-19, 1997. (18) Anon. Surveillance 22(2), 4, 1995. (19) Kelly SE, Clark WT. Feline sporotrichosis : A case report with zoonotic involvement. Australian Veterinary Practitioner 21, 139-42, 1991. (20) Werner AH, Werner BE. Feline sporotrichosis. The Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian 15, 1189-97, 1993. (21) Thompson J. Toxoplasmosis in dogs and cats in New Zealand. Surveillance 20(3), 36-8, 1993. (22) Anon. Surveillance 24(3), 22, 1997. (23) Tonks MC, Brown TJ, Ionas G. Giardia infection of cats and dogs in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 39, 33-34, 1991. (24) Anon. Surveillance 25(3), 17, 1998. (25) Blackmore DK, Humble MW. Zoonoses in New Zealand. Publication No. 112. Surveillance 26(2) 1999 page 5