Download The Grand ExchangeJAN2011

The Age of Exploration
Life Found on Mars!
Unbelievable but true: This recent photo from the unmanned space
exploration to Mars shows conclusive proof that savage, almost humanlike,
alien life-forms exist among the rich mineral deposits on the surface of
Mars.
Barack Obama Wants You: Eager to be the
first to make contact with the newly
discovered aliens, the United States
Government has sanctioned the first privately
owned space vehicles to make the journey to
Mars. Volunteers are wanted for the first
manned missions to Mars.
Would you volunteer for the mission? Yes or No? ___________
Why/Why not?
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What sort of people do you suppose would volunteer for this kind of
mission?_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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What would they have to gain?
______________________________________________________________________
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What, if anything could go wrong?
______________________________________________________________________
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What technological advances would have to occur before this could actually happen?
______________________________________________________________________
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Exploration and Navigation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3fYF6Y
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The biggest reasons for the Age of Exploration:
“The 3G Theory”
1. Desire for spices, and the profit from selling
and trading them. Expanding economies of
Europe and increased trade in Asia, led to the
need for new raw materials. (GOLD)
2. Competition between European powers. The
Desire to be first to explore and conquer new
places for their country (GLORY)
3. To diffuse (spread) Christianity Protestantism
(England + Holland) Catholicism (Spain,
Portugal + France). (GOD)
The search for spices
• During the Middle Ages, the
Crusaders who fought the Muslims in
the Middle East learned of spices,
and brought them back to Europe.
• The Europeans wanted cinnamon,
cloves, nutmeg, and most of all
pepper to spice and preserve meat,
make perfume(s).
• The chief source of spices was the
Moluccas (in modern day Indonesia)
which they called the Spice Islands.
The Muslim Situation
• Europeans wanted spices.
• Following the fall of Constantinople (it became
Istanbul), Europe no longer had their “gateway
to the East.”
• Trading over land was expensive and
dangerous.
• Muslims and Italian sailors controlled the trade
by sea.
• Other European sailing powers (England, France,
Spain and Portugal) wanted in on the riches of the
spice trade, but had to find a way to get there.
Improved technology leads to
better sailing techniques…
• European cartographers (mapmakers)
created much better maps and charts
of the sea and its currents.
• Europeans mastered the use of the
astrolabe, an instrument developed by
the Greeks and mastered by the
Muslims, to determine their latitude at
sea.
• The caravel, a ship that combined
European body styles with Muslim
triangular sails and Chinese rudders,
made ships much faster and able to
travel farther.
Portugal
• By the 1400s, Portugal
was strong enough to
expand into Muslim
controlled North Africa.
• Prince Henry, known as
“Henry the Navigator,”
hoping to spread
Christianity and find
Muslim gold, began a
school for cartographers,
sailors and captains at
Sagres.
Portugal (continued)
• In 1487, Bartolomeu
Diaz, rounded the
southern tip of Africa. He
ended the myth that the
sea was full of monsters,
and it gave hope to those
who wished to sail to
India. He named the tip
of Africa the “Cape of
Good Hope.”
Bartolomeu Diaz
Cape of Good Hope
Portugal (continued)
• In 1497, Vasco da Gama led four ships around
the southern tip of Africa, and on his next
voyage, made it to the port of Calicut, in
western India.
• The spices he brought back sold at 3000% of
the money he put into it.
• His sailors paid a heavy price, they discovered
scurvy, a disease caused by lack of vitamin C.
Vasco da Gama
Spain
• An Italian sailor from Genoa
wished to sail for Portugal. He
had an idea that since the
world was round, a relatively
new concept at the time, that if
he sailed westward, that he
would reach India faster. His
name was Christopher
Columbus.
• Portugal refused to sponsor
him, so he got help from the
Spanish King Ferdinand and
his wife Isabella, who were
famous for expelling the
Muslim Moors from Spain.
Ferdinand and Isabella sponsor the
voyages of Columbus.
Spain (continued)
• Columbus made two huge errors:
– Underestimating the size of the
world greatly
– Not knowing that two continents
lay in his way
• He had three ships… the Nina, the
Pinta, and the Santa Maria. He
sailed west and ran into the islands
of the Caribbean. Since he thought
he was in the Indies, he called the
people he found there “Indians.”
Naming the “New World”
• In 1507 a German
cartographer read reports of
a “new world” written by an
Italian sailor named
Amerigo Vespucci. He
labeled the region “America”
after Vespucci. The region
that Columbus had found
became known as the
West Indies.
The Grande Exchange
• Introduced to the Americas:
1. DISEASES: rapidly devastated human populations that had no
resistance to Old World Diseases, killing 50-90% of native
populations; 50 epidemics in Valley of Mexico 1519-1820 often
carried to villages by other natives, arriving before actual
contact with Spanish
• smallpox, measles, whooping cough, bubonic plague, malaria,
yellow fever, diphtheria, influenza
2. ANIMALS: no large mammals in Middle America; introduced
new means of transportation/labor horse became indispensable
to plains Indians; new food sources
• horses, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, rats (spread disease,
decimated native small animals)
• adapted quickly
• competed with Indians for food
• destroyed vegetation
The Grande Exchange (continued)
Brought to the Americas:
3. PLANTS:
• sugar cane - harmed both man and environment; forbearer of plantation
system with slave labor and the initial assault on tropical rainforests;
– from 1650 until beginning of 20th century, Caribbean region was the world's
center of cane sugar; worldwide demand
– changed ethnic make up of much of Latin America
• grains - wheat, millet, barley, sorghum, rice; adapted well to many areas,
enhanced native diets
• chick peas (garbanzos), soybeans
• fruit - peaches, pears, oranges, melons, limes, bananas
• vegetables - onions, radishes, salad greens, yams, peas, leeks, parsley
• European clover, grasses, many other plants widely used in our modern
American landscape
• weeds - Kudzu (legume brought for forage from Japan - has taken over in
the Gulf and South Atlantic US)
4 INSECTS:
• Asian cockroaches, Japanese beetle, Dutch elm disease, Killer bees, Gypsy
moth
The Grande Exchange (continued)
Brought to the Americas:
5. TECHNOLOGIES:
• Alphabet/ writing
• iron-edge tools -didn't shatter like those made of obsidian by Indians
• farming equipment - plow; drastically changed agricultural practices
• wheel
• gunpowder
• ranching - changed landscape; walled ranches with tile roofs, adobe brick buildings
surrounded by corrals and pastureland; cowboys, gauchos
• Other new institutions
– towns - relocated Indians from their land into villages and towns; changed building patterns
that used wood and charcoals; led to more deforestation
– government structures/policies; encomienda - system that gave the right to a conquistador
to collect tribute from Indians
– religion (Catholic)
6. PEOPLE:
• Spanish, Portuguese - main colonizers of Middle and South America
• Africans - necessary as native population decreased; worked on plantations;
eventually replaced Indians as the dominant ethnic group in the Caribbean; infused
much of their culture into many areas of the Americas
• British, Irish, French, Germans, Dutch, Asians, Indians (from India)
The Grande Exchange (continued)
•
Brought Back to Europe:
PLANTS:
maize (corn) from Mexico
– introduced in Africa and south of equator as early as 1550
– fed Africans that provided the manpower for American plantations
– grows where rainfall was sufficient in S. Europe, especially important to Greeks and Serbs
– led to population growth necessary to provide labor for industrialization
• potato from Peru
– basic food for people all over the world; no other single crop has played such a decisive
role
– N. Europe potatoes dominated the diet of the poor in the 19th/20th century. This in turn
contributed to population growth which led to industrialization of Germany and Russia Maize
(corn) and potatoes had a fundamental advantage over the different sorts of grain in Europe - they
produced more calories per acre, feeding up to 4 times as many people.
•
•
•
sweet potatoes
tomatoes
– adapted well to Mediterranean climate
– vitamin content supplemented diet
– what would Italian food be without tomatoes?
healing plants
– quinine from Peruvian bark
– Ipecac from Amazon roots
– today some 500 prescription drugs derived from American herbs, other plants
Line of demarcationThe Treaty of Tordesillas
• Portugal and Spain fought over who got what in
the Americas… finally Pope Alexander VI
stepped in and ordered both Catholic monarchs
to settle the problem.
• On June 7, [1494], the Spanish and the
Portuguese signed a treaty to divide the world
in two. The dividing line ran through the Atlantic
with Spain gaining lands to the west including
all the Americas. Brazil was granted to
Portugal. The eastern half including Africa and
India was given to Portugal.
Circumnavigating the Globe
• In 1519, a minor Portuguese noble named
Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain with
five ships and hundreds of men.
• He discovered the Strait of Magellan, and sailed
into the Pacific –he named it because it means
“peaceful”- Ocean.
• He faced several mutinies, and was murdered
in the Philippines.
• In1522, one ship and 18 sailors returned to
Spain, and were credited with being the first to
sail all the way around the globe, or
circumnavigate it
Voyage of Magellan
Spain (continued)
“Cortez the Killer”
• In 1520, Hernan Cortez (also spelled Cortes)
and his conquistadors went to the “new world”
in search of gold. They found the Aztec Empire
in what is today Mexico.
• With the use of guns, and with the help of the
fact that the Aztecs had no immunity to the
diseases (smallpox) the Spaniards carried, the
Aztec Empire was almost completely
eliminated.
Spain (continued)
Spain (continued)
Spain (continued)
• Soon after Cortez, Francisco Pizarro followed.
He went to South America to what is now Peru.
He destroyed the Inca culture for their gold.
• Spain sent ships back and forth to the new
world to take the gold home and make
themselves the richest nation in the world.
These ships came to be known as the Spanish
Armada.
Pizarro destroys the Inca Empire
Encomienda
Encomienda System
• A hierarchical social order emerged with the
Indians and slaves at the bottom, the mestizos
and mulattos in the middle and the Europeans
and their descendants at the top. Royal
protection of the Indian was generally
ineffective. Because Spaniards and creoles
looked down on manual labor, they developed
several labor systems to force Indians to work
for Spanish landowners.
The English, Dutch, and French
in the “New World”
The English, Dutch, and French
in the “New World” (continued)
• French Captain Jaques Cartier explored the
St. Lawrence River and established the area
now know as Quebec (Canada).
Francis Drake
• Eager to get into the
race for new land and
glory, Queen Elizabeth
sends out explorer Sir
Francis Drake, who
becomes the first
Englishman to
circumnavigate the
globe.
Sir Francis Drake (continued)
The English, Dutch, and French in
the “New World” (continued)
• The Northern European
countries spread Protestantism
to the “New World.”
• England sent protestants looking for
religious freedom to what is now the
U.S.
• France settled in the areas
founded by Cartier, most notably,
Quebec.
French seaport at
• Cash crops
the height of
Mercantilism in
the 17 century
• Mercantilism
th
What plant is this?
The English, Dutch, and French in
the “New World” (continued)
• Like the Spanish encomienda system who used the
slave labor of the Aztec and Mestizo people, the
Northern Europeans wished to plant cash crops
which required lots of labor.
• Europeans began plantation systems in the Caribbean
and the Americas which has destroyed the economies
of the people who first lived there, as well as
destroyed the enviornment
• African slaves were imported (slavery was based on
race).
• Both leave behind a rigid class system that lasts for
generations.
Trade in Africa
• Made possible by
outposts established
along the coast.
• Slave ports.
• Trade in slaves,
gold, and other
products with
peoples of the
interior.
Triangular Trade
• Linked Europe, Africa, and
the Americas.
• Traded in slaves, sugar
and rum.
• Europe also mined
precious metals (gold and
silver) from the new world
to give it wealth and power
like the world has never
known.
The Middle Passage
Trade in Asia
• Colonization was done by small groups of
merchants who obtained the rights from the
monarch.
• Dutch East India Company
• British, Portuguese, and Dutch trading
companies invest heavily in trade in the east.
The Dutch East India Company
-joint
stock company
-still exists today