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Europe Between the Wars: 1919-1939
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An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security
The Failures of Versailles
o The creation of new nations through the policy of ___________ had created more problems
than it solved.
o ______ disputes between the new nations of Eastern Europe led to increasing tensions in the
area.
o The United States refused to ratify the treaty and America’s absence from the League of
Nations ________ the organization from the outset.
o The French sought to strengthen the organization through the creation of an international
military force, but fears of the loss of ___________ led to a rejection of the proposal.
o The US and Great Britain refused to honor its agreements to form a mutual defense alliance
with France.
o With Russia in the hands of the Communist this left France _____ and embittered.
French Alliances
o To compensate France built a series of alliances with the newly formed _______ European
nations.
o Poland and the so-called “______________” (Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia)
were no substitution for the once mighty Russia.
The French Policy of Coercion
(1919-1924)
o France decided to follow a course of __________________ of the Treaty of Versailles.
o The Allied Reparations Commission settled on a sum of 132 billion marks (33 billion dollars)
to be paid in yearly installments of 2.5 million marks.
o Allied threats to occupy the industrial ___________ led Germany to agree to the payments.
o After making its first payment in 1921, Germany announced it was unable to make any
further payments.
o France declared Germany to be in violation of the treaty and sent troops to ______ the Ruhr
Valley.
Germany adopted a policy of _______ __________ to the French occupation and began
printing increasingly worthless paper money.
German Inflation
o Inflation quickly made the German mark _________.
o In 1914, 4.2 marks equaled a dollar.
o On Nov. 1, 1923 the ratio was 130 billion marks to the dollar.
o By the end of November the rate was ____________ to one!
From The London Daily Express - 1923
“A Berlin couple who were about to celebrate their golden wedding received an official letter
advising them that the mayor, in accordance with Prussian custom, would call and present them with
a donation of money. Next morning the mayor, accompanied by several aldermen in picturesque
robes, arrived at the aged couple's house, and solemnly handed over in the name of the Prussian State,
1,000,000,000,000 marks or one halfpenny.”
Revolution in Germany
o The economic crisis led to _________ by both communists and ultra-nationalists.
o By 1924, pressure from Britain and the US led the French to seek a more conciliatory tone
with Germany.
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The Hopeful Years (1924-1929)
o Election of _______-_________ governments in France and Great Britain led to a more
conciliatory approach to the reparations problem.
o A new German government led by Gustav __________ ended the passive resistance and
committed Germany to carry out the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.
The ______Plan
o An international committee led by American banker Charles Dawes developed a plan to loan
money to Germany to allow that country to repay its debts.
o Debt restructuring and American investment led to a new era European prosperity.
The Treaty of _______
o German foreign minister Gustav Stresemann and French minister Aristide Briand concluded a
treaty that formalized the borders between Germany and France.
o The agreement was hailed as a major step to ending war forever.
The _______-______ Pact
o The “spirit of Locarno” carried over into a multi-national agreement negotiated by French
minister Briand and American Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg that outlawed war “as an
instrument of national policy.”
o The Kellogg-Briand Pact, like the League of Nations, lacked any mechanism to deal with
violations of the agreement.
Disarmament Conferences
o A series of Disarmament Conferences were called in the 20s to deal with the issue of arms
reduction.
o From 1921 to 1922 the __________ Naval Conference was held to establish stable
relationships among the naval forces of the various powers.
o Three treaties were enacted at the conference: the Four-Power Treaty, the Five-Power Treaty,
and the Nine-Power Treaty.
The ______ Conference
o In 1925 a convention in Geneva, Switzerland, banned the use of toxic gas in warfare.
o By the time World War II began in 1939, most of the Great Powers, except Japan and the
United States, were signatories.
______ Recognition
o By 1924, the Soviets had relaxed in their push for global communist revolutions in favor of
economic development at home.
o The western nations had also realized that the USSR was not going to disappear and most of
Europe had established full diplomatic relations with the Soviets.
The _________
o The USSR still funded the propaganda activities of the Communist International, a worldwide
organization of pro-Soviet Marxist organizations.
o The issue of encouraging world communist revolutions kept the nations of western Europe
fearful and distrustful of the new Soviet Union.
The Great __________
o After World War I most of the nations of Europe abandoned the wartime government control
of their economies and returned to the pre-war liberal ideal of laissez-faire.
Causes of the Great Depression
o War ____ and reparations made the economic recovery of 1924-1929 a fragile one.
o _______________of farm products, especially in the United States, led to a dramatic decrease
in farm prices.
o Eastern European nations began to close their markets to outside goods by raising tariffs
o An increase in the use of hydroelectricity and oil led to a slump in the coal market.
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o As the stock market boomed in America, many US banks and investors began to pull their
money out of Europe to invest in US stocks.
The _____ _____
o On October 29,1929, the New York Stock Exchange, the largest in the world, had its worst
day of panic selling.
o By the end of the year declines in stock values reached $15 billion.
Impact on Europe
o American investors accelerated their withdrawal of funds from Europe, leading to the
weakening of banks in Germany and Central Europe.
______-______
o On May 31, 1931, the most prestigious bank in Vienna, the Credit-Ansalt, collapsed bring
about financial panic in Europe.
Impact of the Depression
o By the height of the depression in 1932, ___ of British workers were idled and the
unemployment rate in Germany hit 40 percent.
o Industrial production decreased 50% in the US and 40% in Germany and throughout the
industrial world the unemployed and homeless filled the streets.
Social Impacts
o _____ were often able to find low paying domestic work when no jobs were available for
men.
o This gender reversal led to social stress and opened the way for demagoguery.
o Young men idled by unemployment turned to crime or gangs and were lured by the rhetoric
and promise of _______ extremists.
Political Crises
o The _______ policies of Laissez-Faire were unprepared for the depth of the Great
Depression.
o The deflationary policies of cutting costs and raising tariffs only served to weaken the
economic crisis.
o This in turn led to political changes – some countries adopted _______ new government
programs to deal with the crisis and all over Europe there was an increase in interest in
Communism and Authoritarian rule.
Democracy Between the Wars
o After the First World War many European nations instituted democratic government elected
by universal suffrage.
o _____ gained the right to vote in Great Britain and other states, but would have to wait in
Italy, Spain and France until after WWII.
Great Britain
o The Liberal government of David Lloyd ______ was unable to cope with the economic
problems after World War I.
o In 1923, the ______ Party became the second largest political party in Britain and Ramsay
_________ became the first Labour Party Prime Minister.
o Labour was restrained by it _________ with the Liberals and unable to make any drastic
reforms.
o After ten months the party was defeated by the Conservatives who attack the Labour
administration for being soft on Communism.
o Like the US, Great Britain will be led by a ____________ pro-business majority through
prosperity of 1924-1929.
o Despite the economic prosperity, unemployment remained at 10 percent and labor unions
continued to agitate for higher wages and better conditions.
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o After the crash of ’29 a short-live Labour administration was forced to create a coalition of all
three parties called the ________ __________.
National Government
o This group was able to bring Britain through the worst of the depression with traditional
policies of balancing the budget and protective tariffs.
John Maynard ______
o Keynes closely examined the problem of prolonged depression in his major work, The
General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936).
o This book proposed that no self-correcting mechanism to lift an economy out of a depression
existed.
o Since business investment necessarily fluctuated, it could not be depended on to maintain a
high level of employment and a steady flow of income through the economy.
o Keynes proposed that __________ spending must compensate for insufficient business
investment in times of recession.
The Republic of France
o The biggest problem facing the conservative ________ ____ government of Raymond
Poincare was the reconstruction of the war devastated region of northern France.
o The French tied their redevelopment to the reparation payments of the defeated Germans.
o This policy led to the fiasco of the French invasion of the Ruhr valley.
o When Poincare’s government was forced to ___________ to pay for the Ruhr occupation, his
National Bloc was voted out of office and replaced with the “Cartel of the Left.”
The ______ of the ____
o The Cartel was a coalition of leftist parties, the Socialists and the Radicals, that shared the
common ideals of anti-clericalism, anti-militarism and the importance of education.
o The Radicals were a moderate party of democratic socialists, while the Socialists were
Marxists.
o The opposing ideologies led to their failure and the Conservatives of Poincare were back in
power during the relative prosperity of 1926-29.
The Depression in France
o France did not feel the effects of the depression until 1932 but when it hit it led to complete
political chaos.
o Six different cabinets were formed in a 19-month period.
The ________ _____ – 1934
o Groups of French Fascists marched through the French cities and the ensuing riots caused the
left wing to organize in 1936 into the Popular Front.
The _______ _____
o The first Popular Front government was formed in 1936 as a coalition of Communists,
Socialists and Radicals, with Leon Blum as Prime Minister.
Leon ____ – The French New Deal
o Blum aroused conservative opposition by introducing a program of extensive social reform,
including reduction of the workweek to 40 hours, paid vacations, compulsory arbitration of
labor disputes, and nationalization of the Bank of France and the munitions industry.
o The ultimate failure of the Popular Front to deal with the problems of the depression
weakened the government and left it incapable of dealing the threat of Nazi Germany.
The ____________ States.
o Totalitarianism, in political science, system of government and ideology in which all social,
political, economic, intellectual, cultural, and spiritual activities are subordinated to the
purposes of the rulers of a state.
o Several important features distinguish totalitarianism, a form of autocracy peculiar to the 20th
century, from such older forms as despotism, absolutism, and tyranny.
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o In the older forms of autocracy people could live and work in comparative independence,
provided they refrained from politics.
o In modern totalitarianism, however, people are made utterly dependent on the wishes and
whims of a political party and its leaders.
o The older autocracies were ruled by a monarch or other titled aristocrat who governed by a
principle such as divine right, whereas the modern totalitarian state is ruled by a leader, or
dictator, who controls a political party.
Totalitarian Governments
o Those countries whose governments are usually characterized as totalitarian were Germany,
under the National Socialism of Adolf Hitler; the USSR, particularly under Joseph Stalin; and
Italy under Benito Mussolini.
Italy and Fascism
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Fascist Italy
o Benito Mussolini created the _______ movement in Italy with the creation of the organization
he called Fascio di Combattimento or League of Combat.
The Birth of Fascism
o The problems of Italy as a new country were exacerbated by the enormous costs of
_____________The cost of the war is estimated at 700,000 dead and 148 billion lire.
o Italy did gain territory in the north at Trieste and the Sud Tyrol but their demands for
Dalmatia and Fiume were rejected.
o These “_____” were used as propaganda that Italy had been cheated by the other powers.
o In the period immediately following the war inflation was high and unemployment went as
men were demobilized from the army.
Benito Mussolini
o Mussolini was a well known _________ and editor of the Socialist newspaper Avanti
(Forward).
o When he wrote editorials in favor of Italian involvement in the war he was expelled from the
Socialist party.
Fascio di Combattimento
o In 1919, Mussolini laid the foundations for his Fascist organization but was rejected in the
parliamentary elections.
o But political stalemate and strong nationalism saved the Fascists.
o The Socialists, the biggest party, began to talk of revolution and became associated with
Bolshevism.
o The success of the Bolsheviks in ______ had frightened the propertied classes.
o Constant labor unrest and class struggle during the early twenties encouraged Mussolini to
shift from the left to the _____ and capitalize on the fear of revolution and violence.
The __________
o The Fascists formed bands of armed black-shirted street thugs to attack and intimidate the
Socialists.
o At the same time Mussolini formed an alliance with the Liberals who hoped to use the
Fascists to break the power of the Socialists and then drop them.
o By 1921, there were over 200,000 Squadristi and the Fascist had won 7% of the seats in
Parliament.
o The Fascists deliberately created disorder so they could be seen as the Party of Order when
the quelled the unrest.
The March on ____
o On October 24, 1922 Mussolini made a speech in Naples declaring that the Fascist would
march on Rome and seize power.
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o Mussolini was bluffing but it worked.
o On October 29th King Victor Emmanuel III made Mussolini prime minister of Italy.
o 24 hours later the Blackshirts marched into Rome to create the myth of insurrection.
The Fascist State
o Because the Fascists only controlled a small minority, Mussolini was forced to move slowly
and to _______ the traditional institutions of the Church, propertied classes and the military.
o Mussolini’s Balcony
The ______ Law
o July 1923, Parliament passed a law that stipulated that whoever won 25% of the votes in the
next election would be granted 2/3rds of the seats in Parliament.
The 1924 Election
o The Fascists won 65% of the popular vote and a large majority of the seats in Parliament.
o The Squadristi had, of course, used violence and intimidation to win, but the size of the
victory indicated the level of popularity of the Fascist movement.
_________ Assassination
o In June of 1924, the Socialist leader, Giacomo Matteotti, was murdered by the Blackshirts and
Mussolini was implicated in the assassination.
Il Dunce
o In order to save himself, Mussolini now moved to have himself declared ________.
Dictatorship
o In 1926, laws were passed allowing __________ of any publications against the monarchy,
the military or the Catholic Church.
o The Prime Minister was made “Head of Government” and given the power to rule by decree.
o Police were given the power to arrest and detain with warrant; and all political and cultural
organizations were controlled by the Fascist government.
o _____A secret police, the OVRA, was established and by the end of 1926, Mussolini was
ruling Italy as Il Duce – The Leader.
Il Duce
Totalitarianism in Italy
o Fascist propaganda and police control on Italy were never as repressive or effective as they
were in Nazi Germany.
o The educational program under Giuseppe ______ failed to carry out the intended programs to
create the “new Fascist man.”
_____ ________
o A youth organization was created to indoctrinate the Italian youth and ultimately included
60% of the youth of the country.
o But the youth of Italy were never very enthusiastic about the rigid discipline of the
organization.
The Perfect Fascist
o The new Italians were expected to physically fit, educated and trained in the military arts.
o _____ were expected to stay home and have children.
o Laws were enacted to encourage larger families and women with the most children were
granted Gold Medals and cash prizes.
Mussolini and the Church
o The fact that the Fascists never completely controlled the institutions of Italy, forced
Mussolini to __________ with the Catholic Church.
o Mussolini and Cardinal Pacelli
The _______ Accords
o February 1929, the Fascists recognized the sovereign independence of the Vatican City, a 109
acre enclave within Rome.
o The Church in turn recognized the Italian state and was made the “sole religion” of Italy.
Hitler and Nazi Germany
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Collapse of Weimar Germany
o A worldwide economic depression began in 1929, casting the republic into crisis.
o In March 1930 Chancellor Heinrich _______ took over, supported by the emergency powers
available to the president.
o Brüning cut government spending and secured an agreement in Lausanne, Switzerland, that
effectively ended reparations payments.
o But Brüning's deflationary policies were widely unpopular, and he was dismissed.
o Taking advantage of the disorder caused by the economic crisis were the __________,
dedicated to disrupting the parliamentary republic, and the Nazis or National Socialist
German Workers' party, who were ultra-nationalistic and anti-Semitic.
o Reichstag elections held in September 1930 made the ______the second largest party, their
support growing as the depression deepened.
o In the elections of July 1932, the Nazis became the largest party in the Reichstag.
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Adolf Hitler
o Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, the son of a minor customs official and a peasant
girl.
o A poor student, he never completed high school.
o He applied for admission to the Academy of _________ in Vienna twice but was rejected for
lack of talent.
o Staying in ______ until 1913, he lived first on an orphan's pension, later on small earnings
from pictures he drew.
o While in Vienna he read voraciously, developing ___________ and antidemocratic
convictions, an admiration for the outstanding individual, and a contempt for the masses.
o The major influences on Hitler's ideology included
o the musical dramas of Richard ______.
o The demagogic, anti-Semitic, and mass political party methods of the Vienna, Austria mayor,
Karl ______;
o the virulently ultra nationalistic diatribes of Pan-German leader Georg von Schönerer.
o and the racist and nationalist literature of Lanz von Liebenfels.
o In World War I, Hitler, volunteered for service in the Bavarian army and served as a dispatch
runner.
o He proved a dedicated, courageous soldier, but was never promoted beyond _______ first
class because his superiors thought him lacking in leadership qualities.
o After Germany's defeat in 1918 he returned to Munich, remaining in the army until 1920.
The German Workers’ Party
o In September 1919 he joined the nationalist _______________ party, and in April 1920 he
went to work full time for the party, now renamed the __________________ German
Workers' (Nazi) party.
The Original Nazi Party
Nazi Fuhrer
o In 1921 he was elected party chairman (______) with dictatorial powers.
o Hitler spread his gospel of racial hatred and contempt for democracy.
o He organized meetings, and terrorized political foes with his personal bodyguard force, the
Sturmabteilung (__, or Storm Troopers).
o He soon became a key figure in Bavarian politics, aided by high officials and businessmen.
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The Beer Hall Putsch
o In November 1923, a time of political and economic chaos, he led an uprising (Putsch) in
______ against the postwar Weimar Republic, proclaiming himself chancellor of a new
authoritarian regime.
o Without ________ support, the Putsch collapsed and Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five
years in prison.
o He was released after ____ months.
o The failure of the uprising taught Hitler that the Nazi party must use _____ means to assume
power.
Mein Kampf
o He spent the nine months in prison dictating his autobiography Mein Kampf (___________).
o The book set forth Hitler's twisted ideology of racism, _____ supremacy, and anti-Semitism.
Liebensraum
o Hitler also outlined his belief that the superior Aryan peoples needed ____________ and
therefore had the right to seize territory through expansion and rule over the inferior masses of
non-Aryans.
The Big Lie
o The only really original ideas in the book related to the use of mass __________ and mass
__________.
o Hitler became the master of the “_______.”
The Fuhrerprinzip
o When released from prison Hitler rebuilt the Nazi Party based on the _____________ – the
belief in the absolute obedience to the leader.
The Young Man’s Party
o By the time the depression hit in 1929, the Nazi Party had grown to be a highly structured
national party with over 178,000 members – 40% of them under the age of thirty.
The Great Depression
o When the Great Depression struck in 1929, he explained it as a ______-_________ plot, an
explanation accepted by many Germans.
o Promising a strong Germany, jobs, and national glory, he attracted millions of voters.
o Nazi representation in the Reichstag (parliament) rose from 12 seats in 1928 to 107 in 1930.
Chancellor Heinrich Bruning
o The German Chancellor in 1930 was forced to rule by the use of emergency decrees from
President __________.
“Hitler over Germany”
o The Nazis began a massive campaign, traveling all over the country and appealing to national
pride, honor and traditional __________.
o Hitler’s message appealed to the industrial magnates, landed aristocrats, military
establishment and higher bureaucrats who saw him as the best man to establish a right-wing
government.
Chancellor Adolf Hitler
o On the advice of former chancellor Franz von Papen, Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor
on January 30, 1933.
o Most leaders believed Hitler would be easily __________.
Herman Göring
o Nazi Herman Göring became minister of the ________ and established an interior police
force made up of Nazi SA members.
The Reichstag Fire
o When a mysterious fire burnt down the German Parliament building, Hitler convinced
Hindenburg to grant him _________ powers.
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o The Nazis blamed the __________ for the fire and made the incident a pretext to suppress the
Communist party with brutal violence; later, the Social Democratic party was also violently
suppressed.
The Enabling Act
o Hitler quickly established himself as a ________.
o A subservient legislature passed that permitted Hitler's government to make laws without the
legislature.
o The act effectively made the legislature powerless.
o Hitler used the act to Nazify the bureaucracy and the judiciary, replace all labor unions with
one Nazi-controlled German ___________, and ban all political parties except his own.
The Gleichschaltung
o The economy, the media, and all ________ activities were brought under Nazi authority by
making an individual's livelihood dependent on his or her political loyalty.
o Thousands of anti-Nazis were taken to _____________ _____ and all signs of dissent
suppressed.
o Burning the Books
The Economy and the Purges
o The most crucial problem the party leadership confronted on coming to power was
____________.
o German industry was then operating at about 58 percent of capacity.
o Estimates of the number of unemployed people at that time in Germany vary from 6 to 7
million.
o Tens of thousands of party members expected Hitler to carry out the _______________
promises of National Socialist propaganda.
o They wanted to put an end to the monopolistic enterprises and cartels, and revive industry
through the establishment of a large number of small businesses.
The Second Revolution
o The party rank and file now demanded a “______ revolution.”
o The SA, led by Ernst ____, included control of the Reichswehr (the army) in the program of
the second revolution.
o Hitler had to choose between a “plebeian” National Socialist regime and an alliance with the
______________ of the country and the general staff of the Reichswehr.
o He chose the latter course.
Long Knives
o On the evening of June 30, 1934, later known as the “night of the ____ ______,” Hitler
ordered the SS to murder members of the unruly SA, a group Hitler feared would agitate the
Reichswehr.
o A number of SA and party leaders (including Röhm) and between 400 and 1000 of their
followers, many of them innocent of any opposition to Hitler, were killed.
o Also included in the purge were other _______ such as General Kurt von Schleicher and some
monarchists who had advocated restoration of the Hohenzollern dynasty.
The Third Reich
o On August 2, 1934, President __________ died and Hitler became the sole leader of
Germany.
o Public officials and soldiers were required to oath of loyalty to the “______ of the German
_____.”
o Hitler Addresses the Reichstag
o On August 19, 1934, a plebiscite of 85% of the voters established the new order – the _____
_____ was born.
o Hitler declared it would last a thousand years –
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o It lasted a little longer than ten.
The Nazi State
o Hitler now set out to establish an _____ racial state that would dominate Europe and possibly
the world.
_________ Rallies
o Mass demonstrations were held every year to create mass enthusiasm for the “total state.”
The Gestapo
o Hitler relied on his ______ ______, the Gestapo, and on jails and camps to intimidate his
opponents, but many Germans supported him enthusiastically.
The SS
o After June 30 purge, the SA were replaced by the armed and black-shirted ______________
(protective units), or SS, known as the Elite Guard, under the direction of Heinrich Himmler.
o The SS, like the Getapo, used violence and intimidation to exterminate dissenters,
communists and Jews.
Hitler Youth
o Still another important party auxiliary was the Hitler ______ (Hitler Youth organization),
which prepared boys of 14 to 17 years of age for membership in the SA, the SS, and the party.
Hitler Youth Parade
o “Terror is the most effective political instrument... It is my duty to make use of every means
of training the German people to cruelty, and to prepare them for war...There must be no
weakness or tenderness.”
The New Order
o The creation of the “new order,” or _____________ of the economy, enabled the Nazis to end
unemployment; provide a tolerable standard of living; enrich the elite ruling group of the state
and build a stupendous war machine.
Anti-Semitism
o The German Reich was meant to be an Aryan Empire and the Nazis quickly instituted ___________ policies.
o On April 1, 1933, the Nazis instituted a two-day boycott of Jewish businesses.
o Laws were passed excluding non-Aryans from most professions.
The _________ Laws
o In 1935, the Nazis enacted a series of laws that excluded German Jews from German
citizenship and essentially separated Jews from German society.
o ______________On November 9-10, 1938, the “Night of Shattered Glass,” the Nazis led a
destructive rampage against Jewish businesses and synagogues.
o 100 Jews were killed in the violence and 30,000 Jewish males were rounded up and sent to
concentration camps.
Soviet Russia
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1921 – 1939
V.I. Lenin
o Lenin’s policies of the __________, the victories of the Red Army under Trotsky and the
economic mobilization of _____________ won the Civil War for the Bolsheviks.
War Communism
o The communist program of complete control of the economy and requisition of food from the
peasants worked during the Civil War.
o After the war was over, the peasants began to sabotage the program by ________ ____.
Famine and Collapse
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o The problems of the post-revolution period were exacerbated by _______ and ______.
o It is estimated that as many as ____________ people died of starvation between 1920 – ’22.
o Russian ________ also collapsed and by 1921 industry was only 20% of its pre-war levels.
The New Economic Policy
o In order to avoid total ruin, Lenin abandoned War Communism in favor of his
___________________ (NEP).
o This policy was a modified form of __________.
o Peasants could keep and sell their food.
o Small shops were allowed to operate under _________________.
o By 1922, famine had ended and industrial output was up to 75% of pre-war levels.
o The NEP saved the country from economic ruin but the communists expected the program to
be a _________________ on the road to true Communism.
The Death of Lenin
o After suffering a series of strokes, Lenin died on January 21, 1924.
o Lenin’s death caused a _______________among the party leadership.
LEFT vs. RIGHT
o The seven-member _________ was divided over the issue of the direction the country should
take.
The Left
o The Left, led by ____________, wanted to end the NEP and begin a rapid industrialization at
the expense of the peasantry.
o Trotsky also called for the _________ of __________ throughout the world.
The Right
o Politburo members on the right wanted to abandon international revolution and concentrate on
________ ___________ by continuing the ___.
Joseph Stalin
o Iosif Dzhugashvili was born in Gori, now in the Republic of Georgia.
o In 1910,he adopted the pseudonym Stalin, meaning “a man of _____.”
o While studying for the __________, Stalin read forbidden literature, including the works of
Karl Marx, and soon converted to a new orthodoxy: Russian Marxism.
o Before graduation he quit the seminary to become a full-time revolutionary.
o He was arrested and exiled to Siberia eight times between 1902 –1913.
o In 1907 he helped organize a ___________ “to expropriate” funds.
o This caught the attention of _____ who raised him into the upper reaches of the party in 1912.
o As the Bolsheviks' expert on ___________, Stalin was Lenin's choice to head the
Commissariat for Nationality Affairs.
Comrade “Card-Index”
o Within the party Stalin strengthened his position by dogged organizational work and devotion
to ______________ tasks.
o He was commissar for state control from 1919 to 1923, and—more important—in 1922 he
became _________________ of the party.
Lenin’s Testament
o Before his death, Lenin came to regard the flaws in Stalin's personality and conduct as
political liabilities.
o In his political “testament” Lenin doubted whether the party's general secretary would use his
great power with sufficient caution.
o He also attacked Stalin as being “too rude” and called for his _______.
Trotsky Purged
o After Lenin's death Stalin acted against his archrival Trotsky, the foremost candidate for
Lenin's mantle.
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o Stalin had Trotsky and his supporters expelled from the Party and ______.
o By skillful manipulation and clever sloganeering, but especially by interpreting Lenin's
precepts to a new generation, Stalin bested all his rivals.
The First Five Year Plan
o Stalin now began a revolutionary program of __________ development, emphasizing the
production of capital goods and armaments.
o He succeeded in quadrupling the production of heavy _________ and doubling oil production.
o The annual growth rate of the Soviet Union was between _______ percent per year.
o Whole cities were built overnight in the Urals and in Siberia.
Collectivization
o He coupled this industrial development with a ruthless, personally supervised expropriation of
_____ from ________ in Siberia.
o When other crises threatened in late 1929, he expanded what had been a moderate
collectivization program into a nationwide offensive against the peasantry.
The Kulaks
o The well-to-do peasant proprietors called ______, were to bear the brunt of Stalin’s program
of collectivization.
o By 1934, __________ peasant farms had been collectivized.
o Millions were displaced, and unknown _____________ in the massive collectivization.
The Great Terror
o In the mid-1930s Stalin launched a major campaign of political terror against the “___
__________.”
o The ______, arrests, and deportations to ___________ touched virtually every family in the
USSR.
o Former rivals of Stalin admitted to fictitious crimes against the state in show trials and were
sentenced to death.
o Untold millions of party, industry, and military leaders disappeared during the “_____
______.”