Download Overview of Different Types of Values

Overview of Different
Types of Values
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What I’m Going to Do
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• Discuss Different Values
• Ask LOTS of Questions
• Get You to Think of the Answers
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Value
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• Social -- the principles, standards, or quality
which guides human actions
• Economic -- the market or estimated worth
of commodities
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Social Values
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• The quality (positive or negative) that
renders something desirable or valuable
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From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
Social Values
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1011 that renders something desirable or
• The
quality
or negative)
valuable
• Principles, standards or qualities considered
worthwhile or desirable by the person who
holds them.
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From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
Social Values
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1010
1101(positive
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1011 that renders something desirable or
• The
quality
or negative)
valuable
• Principles, standards or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable by
the person who holds them.
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• Those qualities of behavior, thought, and
character that society regards as being
intrinsically good, having desirable results,
and worthy of emulation by others.
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From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
Social Values
• The
quality
(positive
or negative)
that renders something desirable or valuable
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• Principles, standards or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable by the person who
holds them.
• Those qualities of behavior, thought, and character that society regards as being
intrinsically good, having desirable results, and worthy of emulation by others.
• Values are our subjective reactions to the
world around us. They guide and mold our
options and behavior. Values have three
important characteristics.
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– Developed early in life and are very resistant to change.
– Define what is right and what is wrong.
– Cannot be proved correct or incorrect, valid or invalid,
right or wrong. Values tell what we should believe,
regardless of any evidence or lack thereof.
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
Economic Values
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• Does Price = Value?
• Assumes perfectly competitive market
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Many buyers and sellers
Perfect knowledge
Homogeneous products
All resources are mobile
Free entry/exit from market
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Social and Economic Value
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• How well does Market Price approximate
Economic Value?
• Does Social Value equal Economic Value?
• How do we reconcile?
• Economists use Willingness-to-Pay to
approximate value, what do sociologists
use?
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Different Values
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Market and Nonmarket
Use and Nonuse
Option, Bequest, Existence
Economic and Social
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– Is economic value a subset of social value?
Why are Values Important?
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• Why do agencies want to know values of
ecosystem services?
• Allocation of their scarce resources (labor
and capital) to provide the mix of goods and
services society values.
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Allocation
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• How do you weight different uses?
• Market goods and services – relative prices
give weights
• Weights change
• Nonmarket goods and services
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– What weights
– How comparable
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Wallowa-Whitman National Forest
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How much wilderness is enough?
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• Society “values” wilderness characteristics
• First Wilderness Area (best characteristics)
designated – most valuable
• Is the next area as valuable to society?
• How about the next? And the one after that?
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Areas with Wilderness Potential
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• Alternative uses
– Wilderness
– Backcountry recreation
– Development
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• How do you decide which values are most
important?
• Marginal valuation
To Subdivide or Not
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Ranchettes
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• Know there is a market value for the small
acreage parcel
• Know there is a desire to not have land
broken up
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– Market value of intact area
– Social values
– Values placed on Ecological characteristics
Ranchettes
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• So which set of values dominate?
• Why would the landowner enter into a
conservation easement?
• Is it only $ of the easement?
• Is location important? Timing?
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Choices
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This or This?
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Questions to Ponder
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• Can you add up market and nonmarket
values?
• How much wilderness (biodiversity, water
quality) is enough?
• If fishing in the trout pond outside the lodge
is worth $X, is all fishing worth $X?
• Does everything have to put in dollar terms?
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Questions to Ponder
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• What is the trade-off between a tangible
(market) good and an intangible
(nonmarket) service if they are competitive?
Antagonistic?
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Questions to Ponder
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• How do you compare an economic value
expressed in $ with a social value expressed
in “I want more …”?
• Which one affects ecological processes
more?
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Indicators and Values
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27. Value of forage harvested from rangeland
by livestock
28. Value of production of non-livestock
products produced from rangeland
54. Public beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral
intentions towards natural resources
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Adding Up
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• Discussed many times – How do we avoid
double, triple, quadruple counting?
• Is that important for the Indicator work?
• Do we really need a common metric ($)?
• What do private landowners and public land
managers respond to?
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– What values are important?
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Adding Up
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• In terms of conceptual model
– Ecosystem Services used
– Some have $ values, others just social values
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• Important issues are whether either value
affects the ecological or human subsystems
and how
• Are “market” imperfections the cause?
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Values and SRR
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• Back to the beginning!
• Indicators meant to be “valueless” – things
we monitor
• Common data set that each individual will
view differently depending on their own
value set
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