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Chapter 1
The Late Middle Ages:
Social and Political Breakdown (1300–1453)
1. One of the most extreme reactions to the spreading plague was processions of __________, religious fanatics
who beat themselves in ritual penance.
Answer: flagellants
Page Ref: 38
Topic: The Black Death
2.
Centuries of Christian propaganda had bred hatred toward _________, and they were therefore cast as
scapegoats for the spreading plague.
Answer: Jews
Page Ref: 38
Topic: The Black Death
3. The Black Death is estimated to have killed at least ________ million people in Europe.
Answer: 25
Page Ref: 37
Topic: The Black Death
4.
In addition to limiting wages to pre-plague levels, the Statute of Laborers passed by the __________ in 1351
restricted the ability of peasants to leave their masters’ land.
Answer: English Parliament
Page Ref: 41
Topic: The Black Death
5.
In 1355, in a bid to secure funds for the war, the French king turned to the ____________, a representative
council of townspeople, clergy, and nobles.
Answer: Estates General
Page Ref: 43
Topic: The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment
6. The first great battle of the Hundred Years’ War took place in the _____________ on June 23, 1340.
Answer: Bay of Sluys
Page Ref: 44
Topic: The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment
7. The _____________ was a French tax, levied directly on the peasantry.
Answer: taille
Page Ref: 41
Topic: The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment
8.
In March 1429, _____________ presented herself to Charles VII, declaring that the King of Heaven had called
her to deliver besieged Orleans from the English.
Answer: Joan of Arc
Page Ref: 45
Topic: The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment
9.
In 1296, the papal bull titled ___________ prohibited taxation of the clergy by secular rulers without papal
approval.
Answer: Clericis laicos
Page Ref: 47-48
Topic: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
10. The year 1300 was deemed a __________ year by Pope Boniface VIII, which meant that all Catholics who
visited Rome and fulfilled certain conditions had the penalties for their unrepented sins remitted.
Answer: Jubilee
Page Ref: 48
Topic: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
11. In 1309, Clement V moved the papal court to ___________, an imperial city on the southeastern border of
France.
Answer: Avignon
Page Ref: 48
Topic: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
12. ___________ is the teaching that the efficacy of the church’s sacraments did not only lie in their true
performance, but also depended on the moral character of the clergy who administered them.
Answer: Donatism
Page Ref: 52
Topic: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
13. Advocates of the ________________ sought to fashion a church in which a representative council could
effectively regulate the actions of the pope.
Answer: conciliar theory
Page Ref: 55
Topic: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
14. ____________, the religion of Russia, added strong cultural bonds to the close commercial ties that had long
linked Russia to the Byzantine Empire.
Answer: Greek Orthodoxy
Page Ref: 56
Topic: Medieval Russia
15. After ____________ fell to the Turks in 1453, Moscow became, in Russian eyes, the “third Rome.”
Answer: Constantinople
Page Ref: 57
Topic: Medieval Russia
Chapter 2
Renaissance and Discovery
1. Most scholars agree that the ________ (literally “rebirth” in French) was a time of transition from medieval to
modern times.
Answer: Renaissance
Page Ref: 60
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
2. By the fifteenth century, the great Italian cities were the ________ for much of Europe.
Answer: bankers
Page Ref: 61
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
3.
Because despots could not count on the loyalty of the divided populace, they operated through mercenary
armies obtained through military brokers known as ________.
Answer: condottieri
Page Ref: 63
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
4.
_________ was the scholarly study of the Latin and Greek classics and of the ancient Church Fathers, both for
its own sake and in the hope of reviving respected ancient norms and values.
Answer: Humanism
Page Ref: 63
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
5. Which of these men—living in the 1300s—wrote letters to Cicero, the hero of the end of the Roman Republic?
Answer: Francesco Petrarch
Page Ref: 63
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
6.
The appeal of ________ lay in its flattering view of human nature, which distinguished between an eternal
sphere of being and the perishable world in which humans actually lived.
Answer: Platonism
Page Ref: 66
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
7.
________ is a reaction to the simplicity of High Renaissance art and made room for the strange and the
abnormal, giving freer reign to the individual perceptions and feelings of the artist, who now felt free to paint,
compose, or write in an “affected” way.
Answer: Mannerism
Page Ref: 73
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
8.
After the Black Death reduced the supply of laborers everywhere in Western Europe, the demand for
_________ soared.
Answer: slaves
Page Ref: 73
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
9. The Concordat of Bologna helped to keep France Catholic after the outbreak of the ________.
Answer: Protestant Reformation
Page Ref: 77
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
10. Spanish colonials born in Spain were known as _______, as opposed to the American-born creoles.
Answer: peninsulares
Page Ref: 92
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
11. Between the newly acquired Burgundian lands and his own inheritance, King Louis XI was able to end his reign
with a kingdom almost ________ the size of that he had inherited.
Answer: twice
Page Ref: 80
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
12. An agreement called the ________, reached in 1356 by the Emperor Charles IV and the major German
territorial rulers, established a seven-member electoral college to administer the German empire.
Answer: Golden Bull
Page Ref: 82
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
13. In Jiménez’s Complutensian Polygot Bible, Hebrew, Greek, and ________ appeared together.
Answer: Latin
Page Ref: 86
Topic: The Northern Renaissance
14. A formal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians is known as the ________.
Answer: encomienda
Page Ref: 92
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
15. The ________ is a device, often harsh, that required adult male Indians to devote a certain number of days of
labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises.
Answer: repartimiento
Page Ref: 92
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
Chapter 3
The Age of Reformation
56. The peasants of Germany and Switzerland heard the promise of political __________ and social betterment in
the Protestant sermon and pamphlet.
Answer: liberation
Page Ref: 98
Topic: Society and Religion
57. The long-entrenched __________ system of the medieval church had permitted important ecclesiastical posts to
be sold to the highest bidders.
Answer: benefice
Page Ref: 98
Topic: Society and Religion
58. Martin Luther was called on to recant at the ___________ in April of 1521.
Answer: Diet of Worms
Page Ref: 104
Topic: Martin Luther and the German Reformation to 1525
59. Signed in 1555, the Peace of ___________ enshrined regional princely control over religion in imperial law.
Answer: Augsburg
Page Ref: 116
Topic: Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation
60. ___________ physically separated themselves from society in order to form a more perfect community in
imitation of how they believed the first Christians lived.
Answer: Anabaptists
Page Ref: 110
Topic: The Reformation Elsewhere
61. Established in mid-sixteenth-century Geneva, ___________ believed strongly in both divine predestination and
the individual’s responsibility to reorder society according to God’s plan.
Answer: Calvinists
Page Ref: 112
Topic: The Reformation Elsewhere
62. The _______ was a moderate statement of Protestant beliefs that had been spurned by Emperor Charles V in 1530.
Answer: Augsburg Confession
Page Ref: 115-116
Topic: Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation
63. In the 1530s, German Lutherans formed regional __________, judicial bodies composed of theologians and
lawyers, that oversaw and administered the new Protestant churches and replaced the old Catholic episcopates.
Answer: consistories
Page Ref: 116
Topic: Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation
64. In 1532, the English Parliament passed the ___________, which effectively placed canon law under royal
control and thereby placed the clergy under royal jurisdiction.
Answer: Submission of the Clergy
Page Ref: 118
Topic: The English Reformation to 1553
65. Issued by Henry VIII, the ____________ reaffirmed transubstantiation, denied the Eucharistic cup to the laity,
declared celibate vows inviolable, provided for private Masses, and ordered the continuation of oral confession.
Answer: Six Articles of 1539
Page Ref: 119
Topic: The English Reformation to 1553
66. The Jesuit order, which was essential to the Counter-Reformation’s success, was founded by __________.
Answer: Ignatius of Loyola
Page Ref: 121
Topic: Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation
67. The __________ first met in 1545 to reform the Catholic Church, but made no doctrinal concessions to the
Protestants.
Answer: Council of Trent
Page Ref: 121
Topic: Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation
68. The address On Improving the Studies of the Young was written by _______.
Answer: Philip Melanchthon
Page Ref: 125
Topic: The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe
69. The Western European family was ____________, or nuclear, consisting of a father and a mother and two to
four children.
Answer: conjugal
Page Ref: 128
Topic: Family Life in Early Modern Europe
70. Shakespeare wrote during the _________ Age.
Answer: Elizabethan
Page Ref: 131
Topic: Literary Imagination in Transition
Chapter 4
The Age of Religious Wars
56. During the first half of the sixteenth century, religious conflict had been confined to central Europe and was
primarily a struggle between Lutherans and _________ to secure rights and freedoms for themselves.
Answer: Zwinglians
Page Ref: 135
Topic: Renewed Religious Struggle
57. The ______________ sponsored a centralized episcopal church system hierarchically arranged from pope to
parish priest and stressing unquestioning obedience to the person at the top.
Answer: Counter-Reformation
Page Ref: 135
Topic: Renewed Religious Struggle
58. Rulers who tended to subordinate theological doctrine to political unity, urging tolerance, moderation, and
compromise—even indifference—in religious matters were known as _____________.
Answer: politiques
Page Ref: 136
Topic: Renewed Religious Struggle
59. French Protestants were known as ____________ and were under surveillance in France in the early 1520s.
Answer: Huguenots
Page Ref: 136
Topic: The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
60. Many French aristocrats found ______________ religious convictions useful to their political goals.
Answer: Calvinist
Page Ref: 138
Topic: The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
61. Catherine de Médicis aligned herself with the ________ family for political advantage.
Answer: Guise
Page Ref: 138
Topic: The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
62. The new _____________ wealth brought dramatic social change to the peoples of Europe during the second
half of the sixteenth century.
Answer: American
Page Ref: 144
Topic: Imperial Spain and Philip II (r. 1556–1598)
63. The national covenant, led by Louis of Nassau and called the ___________, is a solemn pledge to resist the
decrees of Trent and the Inquisition.
Answer: Compromise
Page Ref: 146
Topic: Imperial Spain and Philip II (r. 1556–1598)
64. The port city of Brill was captured by an international group of anti-Spanish exiles and criminals known as the
________.
Answer: Sea Beggars
Page Ref: 147
Topic: Imperial Spain and Philip II (r. 1556–1598)
65. These more extreme English Puritans, known as ____________, wanted every congregation to be autonomous,
a law unto itself, with neither episcopal nor presbyterian control.
Answer: Congregationalists
Page Ref: 153
Topic: England and Spain (1553–1603)
66. After the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, ____________ was the only protector of Protestants in France
and the Netherlands.
Answer: Elizabeth I
Page Ref: 153Topic: England and Spain (1553–1603)
67. In the second half of the sixteenth century, Germany was an almost ungovernable land of about 360
______________ political entities.
Answer: autonomous
Page Ref: 156
Topic: The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648)
68. During the course of the Thirty Years’ War, the war went through ____________ distinguishable periods.
Answer: four
Page Ref: Ref: 159
Topic: The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648)
69. By 1622, _____________ had not only subdued and re-Catholicized Bohemia, but conquered the Palatinate as
well.
Answer: Ferdinand
Page Ref: Ref: 161
Topic: The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648)
70. The Thirty Years’ War killed an estimated _________ of the German population and has been called the worst
European catastrophe since the Black Death.
Answer: one-third
Page Ref: Ref: 163
Topic: The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648)
Chapter 5
European State Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
56. In contrast to the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French monarchies or English parliamentary system, the
Netherlands was a _________.
Answer: republic
Page Ref: 170
Topic: The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline
57. In the Netherlands, more people lived in __________ than in any other area of Europe.
Answer: cities
Page Ref: 169
Topic: The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline
58. The absolutist model is best represented by ________.
Answer: France
Page Ref: 179
Topic: Two Models of European Political Development
59. When James II became king, he immediately demanded the repeal of the _________.
Answer: Test Act
Page Ref: 177
Topic: Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England
60. King Louis XIV won the support of the French ________ by supporting their local influence and social status.
Answer: nobility
Page Ref: 179
Topic: Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV
61. The palace at ________ is a perfect example of how Louis XIV used the physical setting of his court to exert
political control.
Answer: Versailles
Page Ref: 180
Topic: Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV
62. Louis XIV’s power and central position in French society were reflected in the unofficial title “The ________.”
Answer: Sun King
Page Ref: 180
Topic: Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV
63. A Roman Catholic religious movement known as ____________ arose in the 1630s in opposition to the
theology and the political influence of the Jesuits and adhered to the teachings of St. Augustine.
Answer: Jansenism
Page Ref: 186
Topic: Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV
64. The ________ was meant to ensure that Maria Theresa could inherit the Habsburg crown.
Answer: Pragmatic Sanction
Page Ref: 193
Topic: Central and Eastern Europe
65. Under Hohenzollern rule, ________ were allowed almost complete control over the serfs on their estates.
Answer: Junkers
Page Ref: 194
Topic: Central and Eastern Europe
66. The ________ dynasty ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.
Answer: Romanov
Page Ref: 196
Topic: Russia Enters the European Political Arena
67. The dangers and turmoil of Peter the Great’s youth convinced him that the power of the tsar must be made
secure from the jealousy of the ________.
Answer: boyars
Page Ref: 196
Topic: Russia Enters the European Political Arena
68. Peter the Great replaced the patriarch with the ________.
Answer: Holy Synod
Page Ref: 199
Topic: Russia Enters the European Political Arena
69. The Hohenzollern capital was at ________.
Answer: Berlin
Page Ref: 194
Topic: Central and Eastern Europe
70. The Glorious Revolution placed _________ on the English throne.
Answer: William and Mary
Page Ref: 177
Topic: Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England
Chapter 6
New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
1. During the era of the scientific revolution, _____________ knowledge was only in the process of becoming
science as we know it today.
Answer: natural
Page Ref: 203
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
2. Newton relied on the _____________ of Francis Bacon and rejected the rationalism of Descartes.
Answer: empiricism
Page Ref: 208
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
3.
Most Ptolemaic writers assumed the earth was the center of the universe, an outlook known as
_______________.
Answer: geocentrism
Page Ref: 204
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
4. The assumption that the earth moved about the sun in a circle is known as the ________________ model.
Answer: heliocentric
Page Ref: 205
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
5.
___________ popularized the Copernican system, but also articulated the concept of a universe subject to
mathematical laws.
Answer: Galileo
Page Ref: 207
Topic: The Scientific Revolution
6. ____________ was one of the first major European writers to champion innovation and change.
Answer: Francis Bacon
Page Ref: 209
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
7.
The method in which scientists draw generalizations derived from and test hypotheses against empirical
observations is known as _________________.
Answer: scientific induction
Page Ref: 211
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
8.
The method of investigation that relies on evidence, experimentation, and observations derived from sensory
experiences to construct scientific theory is the ________ method.
Answer: empirical
Page Ref: 208
Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
9.
People who supported new science, applied knowledge, religious toleration, mutual forbearance, and political
unity formed the base for the eighteenth-century movement known as the ________.
Answer: Enlightenment
Page Ref: 218
Topic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
10. With few exceptions, women were barred from science and medicine until the late ___________ century, and
not until the twentieth century did they enter these fields in significant numbers.
Answer: nineteenth
Page Ref: 221
Topic: Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution
11. The condemnation of ___________ by Roman Catholic authorities in 1633 is the single most famous incident
of conflict between modern science and religious institutions.
Answer: Galileo
Page Ref: 221
Topic: The New Science and Religious Faith
12. Francis Bacon argued that there were two books of divine revelation, the Bible and nature, and that the two
books must be compatible because both shared the same ____________.
Answer: author
Page Ref: 227
Topic: The New Science and Religious Faith
13. Traditional beliefs and superstitions remained solidly in place in the culture and led to the eruption of panics
and ________ in almost every Western land.
Answer: witch hunts
Page Ref: 228
Topic: Continuing Superstition
14. Bernini was hired by Urban VIIII to decorate ________.
Answer: St. Peter’s
Page Ref: 233
Topic: Baroque Art
15. Baroque painters depicted their subjects in a thoroughly _____________, rather than an idealized, manner.
Answer: naturalistic
Page Ref: 232Topic: Baroque Art
Chapter 7
Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century
56. In many ways, the Russian nobility was created in the ________ century.
Answer: eighteenth
Page Ref: 239
Topic: The Aristocracy
57. Nearly all French peasants were subject to certain feudal dues called ________.
Answer: banalités
Page Ref: 241
Topic: The Land and Its Tillers
58. Peasant rebellions tended to be ________ in that peasants generally wanted to restore customary rights.
Answer: conservative
Page Ref: 243
Topic: The Land and Its Tillers
59. Upon marrying, a woman was expected to contribute to the household’s capital in the form of a ________.
Answer: dowry
Page Ref: 247
Topic: Family Structures and the Family Economy
60. To improve their lifestyle and income, landlords in Western Europe began a series of innovations in farm
production that became known as the ________.
Answer: Agricultural Revolution
Page Ref: 249
Topic: The Revolution in Agriculture
61. England’s ________ were controversial—they disrupted the economic and social life of the countryside—but
they may have led to more food production.
Answer: enclosures
Page Ref: 251
Topic: The Revolution in Agriculture
62. At considerable ________ cost, industrialization made possible the production of more goods and services than
ever before in human history.
Answer: social
Page Ref: 254
Topic: The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century
63. ________ was the home of the Industrial Revolution and, until the middle of the nineteenth century, remained
the industrial leader of Europe.
Answer: Great Britain
Page Ref: 256
Topic: The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century
64. The ________ not only vastly increased and regularized the available energy, but also made possible the
combination of urbanization and industrialization.
Answer: steam engine
Page Ref: 258
Topic: The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century
65. The bourgeoisie were the merchants, trades people, bankers, and professional people that constituted the
________.
Answer: middle class
Page Ref: 264
Topic: The Growth of Cities
66. Artisans in cities organized themselves into groups called ________.
Answer: guilds
Page Ref: 265
Topic: The Growth of Cities
67. The Russians brutally suppressed the peasant rebellion called ________.
Answer: Pugachev’s Rebellion
Page Ref: 243
Topic: The Land and Its Tillers
68. ________ was one of the few Western European cities where Jewish life was celebrated, both intellectually and
financially.
Answer: Amsterdam
Page Ref: 268
Topic: The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto
69. Most eighteenth-century ________ were regarded as aliens whose status could be changed at the whim of local
rulers or the monarchical government.
Answer: Jews
Page Ref: 268
Topic: The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto
70. Jewish districts in European cities were called ________.
Answer: ghettos
Page Ref: 268
Topic: The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto
Chapter 8
The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion
56. A fundamental element in the first two periods of European imperial ventures in the Americas was the presence
of ________.
Answer: slavery
Page Ref: 273
Topic: Periods of European Overseas Empires
57. After 1800, European empires increasingly claimed to use formally ________ labor, though they still involved
much harsh treatment of nonwhite indigenous populations.
Answer: free
Page Ref: 274
Topic: Periods of European Overseas Empires
58. By the end of the seventeenth century, Spain, Holland, and ________ ruled all of South America.
Answer: Portugal
Page Ref: 275
Topic: Mercantile Empires
59. ________ is the practice whereby governments heavily regulated trade and commerce in hope of increasing
national wealth.
Answer: Mercantilism
Page Ref: 275
Topic: Mercantile Empires
60. Until the mid-eighteenth century, the primary purpose of the Spanish Empire was to supply Spain with the
precious ________ mined in the New World.
Answer: metals
Page Ref: 277
Topic: The Spanish Colonial System
61. The ________ system was meant to maintain Spain’s monopoly on trade.
Answer: flota
Page Ref: 277
Topic: The Spanish Colonial System
62. To increase the efficiency of tax collection and to end bureaucratic corruption, Charles III introduced the
institution of the ________ into the Spanish Empire.
Answer: intendants
Page Ref: 278
Topic: The Spanish Colonial System
63. A ________ is a person of European descent born in the Spanish colonies.
Answer: creole
Page Ref: 278
Topic: The Spanish Colonial System
64. Newly arrived Africans were subjected the process of ________, during which they were prepared for the
laborious discipline of slavery and made to understand that they were no longer free.
Answer: seasoning
Page Ref: 286
Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
65. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, in 1766, Parliament issued the ________ Act, which stated that although the
Stamp Act was repealed, Parliament alone had the sole power to legislate for the colonies.
Answer: Declaratory
Page Ref: 295
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
66. The ________ Movement was a popular attempt to establish an extralegal institution to reform the government
in Great Britain.
Answer: Association
Page Ref: 300
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
67. John Wilkes printed his ideas in his newspaper called ________.
Answer: The North Briton
Page Ref: 298
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
68. Great Britain lost its control of the American colonies in the 1783 ________.
Answer: Treaty of Paris
Page Ref: 296
Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
69. The British architect of the North American theater of war during the Seven Years’ War was ________.
Answer: William Pitt the Elder
Page Ref: 293
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars
70. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle brought the official end to ________.
Answer: the Seven Years’ War
Page Ref: 292
Topic: Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars
Chapter 9
The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought
56. According to Newton and others, nature is ________.
Answer: rational
Page Ref: 313
Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
57. The Enlightenment flourished in a ________, that is, a culture in which books, journals, newspapers, and
pamphlets had achieved a status of their own.
Answer: print culture
Page Ref: 313
Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
58. The writers and critics who flourished in the expanding print culture and who took the lead in forging the new
attitudes favorable to change, championing reform, and advancing toleration were known as the ________.
Answer: philosophes
Page Ref: 315
Topic: The Philosophes
59. Voltaire’s most famous satire, ________, attacked war, religious persecution, and what he considered
unwarranted optimism about the human condition.
Answer: Candide
Page Ref: 316
Topic: The Philosophes
60. The ________ of France, believed mercantilist legislation and the regulation of labor by governments and
guilds actually hampered the expansion of trade, manufacture, and agriculture.
Answer: physiocrats
Page Ref: 325
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
61. Adam Smith is usually regarded as the founder of the ________ economic thought and policy, which favors a
limited role for the government in economic life.
Answer: laissez-faire
Page Ref: 327
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
62. One of Montesquieu’s most far-reaching ideas was the division of ________ in government.
Answer: power
Page Ref: 328
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
63. Rousseau blamed much of the evil in the world on unequal distribution of ________.
Answer: property
Page Ref: 329
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
64. Radical reformer ________ envisioned a society in which each person could maintain personal freedom while
behaving as a loyal member of the larger community.
Answer: Rousseau
Page Ref: 329
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
65. _____________ architecture and decoration originated in early eighteenth-century France, but was adapted to
many public buildings and churches across Europe.
Answer: Rococo
Page Ref: 336
Topic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art
66. The phrase “enlightened absolutist” indicates a ________ government dedicated to the rational strengthening of
the central absolutist administration at the cost of lesser centers of political power.
Answer: monarchical
Page Ref: 341
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
67. In the first partition, Poland lost one-third of its territory to Russia, ________, and Austria.
Answer: Prussia
Page Ref: 350
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
68. Emilie du Châtelet was influential in popularizing the ideas of ________.
Answer: John Locke
Page Ref: 312
Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
69. The centers for discussing ideas and printed material were ________.
Answer: coffeehouses
Page Ref: 314
Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
70. The theology embraced by the philosophes was ________, a rational religion without fanaticism and
intolerance.
Answer: deism
Page Ref: 319
Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
Chapter 10
The French Revolution
56. On June 1, 1789 the Third Estate invited the clergy and the nobles to join them in organizing a new legislative
body, which was later named the ________.
Answer: National Assembly
Page Ref: 358
Topic: The Revolution of 1789
57. The fall of the ________ marked the first time the populace of Paris redirected the course of the revolution.
Answer: Bastille
Page Ref: 361
Topic: The Revolution of 1789
58. The French term ________ refers to the days on which the populace of Paris redirected the course of the
revolution.
Answer: journées
Page Ref: 361
Topic: The Revolution of 1789
59. In 1791, ________, a butcher’s daughter from Montauban in northwest France who became a major
revolutionary radical in Paris, composed a Declaration of the Rights of Woman.
Answer: Olympe de Gouges
Page Ref: 366
Topic: The Reconstruction of France
60. The National Constituent Assembly abolished the ancient French provinces and established in their place
eighty-three administrative units called ________.
Answer: departments
Page Ref: 367
Topic: The Reconstruction of France
61. Known as ________, over 16,000 French aristocrats settled in countries near the French border, where they
sought to foment counterrevolution.
Answer: émigrés
Page Ref: 372
Topic: The Reconstruction of France
62. In 1792, the Paris Commune compelled the Legislative Assembly to call for the election of a new assembly,
called the ________, to write a democratic constitution.
Answer: Convention
Page Ref: 374
Topic: The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution
63. On November 4, in the single bloodiest day of combat in the decade, ________ troops killed well over 10,000
Poles outside Warsaw.
Answer: Russian
Page Ref: 377
Topic: Europe at War with the Revolution
64. The immediate need to protect the revolution from enemies, real or imagined, from across the spectrum of
French political and social life manifested itself in what became known as the ________.
Answer: Reign of Terror
Page Ref: 379
Topic: The Reign of Terror
65. As part of a policy of de-Christianization, the Convention, in November of 1793, decreed the Cathedral of
________ a “Temple of Reason.”
Answer: Notre Dame
Page Ref: 383
Topic: The Reign of Terror
66. In May 1794, at the height of his power, Robespierre, considering the worship of “Reason” too abstract for most
citizens, replaced it with the ________.
Answer: Cult of the Supreme Being
Page Ref: 385
Topic: The Reign of Terror
67. The tempering of the revolution was known as the ________ Reaction.
Answer: Thermidorian
Page Ref: 386
Topic: The Thermidorian Reaction
68. Called the ________, throughout the country, people who had been involved in the Reign of Terror were
attacked and often murdered.
Answer: white terror
Page Ref: 386
Topic: The Thermidorian Reaction
69. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen claimed that natural rights included “liberty, property,
security, and resistance to ________.”
Answer: oppression
Page Ref: 362
Topic: The Revolution of 1789
70. The Assembly intended to simplify commercial transactions by imposing a standard of measurement called
________.
Answer: the metric system
Page Ref: 367
Chapter 11
The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism
56. The ___________ established the rule of a single person in France, despite an appearance of democratic
principles and a system of checks and balances.
Answer: Constitution of the Year VIII
Page Ref: 394
Topic: The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
57. Napoleon invited Pope ___________ to take part in his coronation.
Answer: Pius VII
Page Ref: 397
Topic: The Consulate in France (1799–1804)
58. The Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Josephine is by ________.
Answer: Jacques-Louis David
Page Ref: 399
Topic: Napoleon’s Empire (1804–1814)
59. After divorcing Josephine, Napoleon married ___________.
Answer: archduchess Marie Louise, daughter of Emperor Francis I
Page Ref: 406
Topic: Napoleon’s Empire (1804–1814)
60. Napoleon signed the Treaty of Tilsit with ___________.
Answer: the Russian tsar, Alexander I
Page Ref: 401
Topic: Napoleon’s Empire (1804–1814)
61. The Haitian uprising was begun by _______.
Answer: slaves
Page Ref: 397
Topic: The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)
62. ___________ of Russia wanted all of Poland under his control.
Answer: Alexander I
Page Ref: 411
Topic: The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement
63. ___________ believed that adults should allow childlike sentiments to flourish.
Answer: Rousseau, Wordsworth
Page Ref: 416
Topic: Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of Reason, Romantic Literature
64. Kant’s ___________ refers to an innate sense of moral duty.
Answer: categorical imperative
Page Ref: 415
Topic: Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of Reason, Romantic Literature
65. Lucinde was written by ___________.
Answer: Frederich Schlegel
Page Ref: 418
Topic: Romantic Literature
66. Together with his good friend Samuel Coleridge, ___________ wrote Lyrical Ballads.
Answer: William Wordsworth;
Page Ref: 416
Topic: Romantic Literature
67. Salisbury Cathedral, from the Meadows was painted by ___________.
Answer: John Constable
Page Ref: 420
Topic: Romantic Liter
68. The founder of Methodism was ___________.
Answer: John Wesley
Page Ref: 422
Topic: Religion in the Romantic Period
69. The imaginations of the Romantics were fired by the medieval ___________ against Islam.
Answer: Crusades
Page Ref: 424
Topic: Romantic Views of Nationalism and History
70. In his book, On Heroes and Hero-Worship, Thomas Carlyle presented ________ as the embodiment of the hero
as prophet.
Answer: Muhammad
Page Ref: 426
Topic: Romantic Views of Nationalism and History
Chapter 12
The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815–1832)
56. The occupation of ________ gave French merchants in Marseilles new economic ties to North America.
Answer: Algeria
Page Ref: 454
Topic: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
57. On August 25, 1830, disturbances broke out in ________ after the performance of an opera about a rebellion in
Naples against Spanish rule.
Answer: Brussels
Page Ref: 454
Topic: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
58. In December 1830, Lord Palmerston, the British foreign minister, persuaded representatives of the powers in
London to recognize ________ as an independent and neutral state.
Answer: Belgium
Page Ref: 454
Topic: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
59. The ________ revolution was unusual among the Latin American revolutions in being initiated by slaves.
Answer: Haitian
Page Ref: 457
Topic: The Wars of Independence in Latin America
60. The Latin American colonial revolutions generally led to socially ________ results.
Answer: conservative
Page Ref: 459
Topic: The Wars of Independence in Latin America
61. While European powers were plotting conservative interventions in Italy and Spain, a third Mediterranean
revolt erupted in ________.
Answer: Greece
Page Ref: 447
Topic: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
62. The son of the king of Bavaria, ________, was chosen to be the first king of the new Greek kingdom.
Answer: Otto I
Page Ref: 448
Topic: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
63. In 1830, the Ottoman sultan formally granted independence to ________, and by the late 1830s, the major
powers granted it diplomatic recognition.
Answer: Serbia
Page Ref: 448
Topic: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
64. In the mid-1820s, ________, which was also a Slav state and Eastern Orthodox in religion, became Serbia’s
formal protector.
Answer: Russia
Page Ref: 448
Topic: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
65. The early nineteenth-century statesman who, more than any other, epitomized conservatism was the Austrian
prince ________.
Answer: Metternich
Page Ref: 430
Topic: The Conservative Order
66. University students who dreamed of a united Germany formed ________, or student associations.
Answer: Burschenschaften
Page Ref: 441
Topic: Conservative Restoration in Europe
67. Behind the concept of nationalism usually lay the idea of popular ________.
Answer: sovereignty
Page Ref: 431
Topic: The Emergence of Nationalism and Liberalism
68. Political liberals found inspiration in the 1789 French Declaration of the ________.
Answer: Rights of Man and Citizen
Page Ref: 433
Topic: The Emergence of Nationalism and Liberalism
69. In general, the drive for independence in Latin America came from the ________, who worked as merchants
and professional people of Spanish descent.
Answer: Creoles
Page Ref: 457–458
Topic: The Wars of Independence in Latin America
70. The first region of Latin America to assert itself toward independence was ________ or modern Argentina.
Answer: Río de la Plata
Page Ref: 458
Topic: The Wars of Independence in Latin America
Chapter 13
Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830–1850)
1. By the mid-nineteenth century, the nation with the most extensive rail network was _____.
Answer: Britain
Page Ref: 464
Topic: Toward an Industrial Society
2. Workers who held jobs but made little more than subsistence wages were called _____.
Answer: the laboring poor
Page Ref: 467
Topic: The Labor Force
3.
The practice of making goods, such as shoes, in standard sizes and styles rather than by special order was
known in France as _____.
Answer: confection
Page Ref: 470
Topic: The Labor Force
4.
The labor movement in the nineteenth century abandoned the _____ system, which had allowed workers to gain
control over a number of factors surrounding their employment.
Answer: guild
Page Ref: 470
Topic: The Labor Force
5.
The English Factory Act of 1833 made the factory owner responsible for providing _____ hours of education
for children age nine to thirteen.
Answer: two
Page Ref: 472
Topic: Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution
6.
A major shift in the family and factory structure, characterized by an increase in the size of machinery and
factories, began in the mid-_____.
Answer: 1820s
Page Ref: 472
Topic: Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution
7. The wage economy led to higher birthrates, most likely because children were considered a(n) _____.
Answer: economic asset
Page Ref: 477
Topic: Women in the Early Industrial Revolution
8.
In the nineteenth century, as a result of the vulnerability caused by the economic transformation taking place,
the low wages of female workers sometimes led them to become _____ to supplement their income.
Answer: prostitutes
Page Ref: 475
Topic: Women in the Early Industrial Revolution
9. Legislation that established the London police force was sponsored by _____.
Answer: Sir Robert Peel
Page Ref: 478
Topic: Problems of Crime, Order, and Poverty
10. The practice of sending prisoners overseas was called _____.
Answer: transportation
Page Ref: 479
Topic: Problems of Crime, Order, and Poverty
11. The theory of _____ was based on the principle of the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
Answer: utilitarianism
Page Ref: 480
Topic: Classical Economics
12. In 1834, most German states formed a trading union called the _____.
Answer: Zollverein
Page Ref: 480
Topic: Classical Economics
13. Ships used as prisons were called _______.
Answer: hulks
Page Ref: 479
Topic: Classical Economics
14. Saint-Simonianism is a type of ___________.
Answer: utopian socialism
Page Ref: 482
Topic: Early Socialism
15. The community of _____, Indiana, in the United States was created as an ideal industrial community.
Answer: New Harmony
Page Ref: 482
Topic: Early Socialism
Chapter 14
The Age of Nation-States
1. On March 28, 1854, France and Britain declared war on ________ in alliance with the Ottomans.
Answer: Russia
Page Ref: 511
Topic: The Crimean War (1853–1856)
2.
At the close of the Crimean War, the image of an invincible Russia that had prevailed across Europe since the
close of the ________ Wars was shattered.
Answer: Napoleonic
Page Ref: 512
Topic: The Crimean War (1853–1856)
3.
During the age of Tanzimat, the Ottoman Empire sought to copy ________ legal and military institutions and
the secular values flowing from liberalism.
Answer: European
Page Ref: 512
Topic: Reforms in the Ottoman Empire
4.
Putting reforms into practice was difficult, especially in Egypt and Tunis where local rulers were virtually
independent of ________.
Answer: Istanbul
Page Ref: 514
Topic: Reforms in the Ottoman Empire
5. ________was the most independent state on the Italian peninsula, led the country’s unification effort.
Answer: Piedmont
Page Ref: 515
Topic: Italian Unification
6. Cavour believed that only ________ intervention could defeat Austria and unite Italy.
Answer: French
Page Ref: 516
Topic: Italian Unification
7. Bismarck’s values were stereotypically ________ later in his political career.
Answer: conservative
Page Ref: 522
Topic: German Unification
8. In 1866 Prussia went to war with ________, after siding with it against Denmark in 1864.
Answer: Austria
Page Ref: 523
Topic: German Unification
9. The German Empire was proclaimed in 1871 at the Palace of ________.
Answer: Versailles
Page Ref: 525
Topic: German Unification
10. The unification of Germany was a blow to European ________.
Answer: liberalism
Page Ref: 525
Topic: German Unification
11. The war of 1870 against ________ had been the French government’s last and most disastrous attempt to shore
up its foreign policy and secure domestic popularity.
Answer: Germany
Page Ref: 526
Topic: France: From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic
12. The French National Assembly backed into a ________ form of government against its will.
Answer: republican
Page Ref: 527
Topic: France: From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic
13. By the late nineteenth century, the single most important factor in defining a nation was ________.
Answer: language
Page Ref: 531
Topic: The Habsburg Empire
14. Austrian refusal to support Russian during the ________ War meant the new tsar, Alexander II, would no
longer help preserve Habsburg rule in Hungary.
Answer: Crimean
Page Ref: 529
Topic: The Habsburg Empire
15. The ________ of 1867 transformed the Habsburg Empire into a dual monarchy.
Answer: Ausgleich
Page Ref: 529
Topic: The Habsburg Empire
Chapter 15
The Building of European Supremacy:
Society and Politics to World War I
16. Around 1850, most European emigrants were from Great Britain, ________, and Scandinavia.
Answer: Germany
Page Ref: 542
Topic: Population Trends and Migration
17. ________ steel production eclipsed that of Britain in 1893.
Answer: German
Page Ref: 544
Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution
18. The British engineer ________ discovered the process of manufacturing steel cheaply in big quantities.
Answer: Henry Bessemer
Page Ref: 544
Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution
19. In the nineteenth century, the ________ set consumer tastes for most of the society.
Answer: middle classes
Page Ref: 546
Topic: The Middle Classes in Ascendancy
20. In the late nineteenth century, the middle and lower classes started seeking housing in ________.
Answer: the suburbs
Page Ref: 551
Topic: Late-Nineteenth-Century Urban Life
21. In 1910, Paris had a population of nearly ________ million.
Answer: three
Page Ref: 551
Topic: Late-Nineteenth-Century Urban Life
22. The Napoleonic Code made French women in effect legal ________.
Answer: minors
Page Ref: 555
Topic: Varieties of Late-Nineteenth-Century Women’s Experiences
23. In Great Britain, ________ led the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies.
Answer: Millicent Fawcett
Page Ref: 562
Topic: Varieties of Late-Nineteenth-Century Women’s Experiences
24. In 1894, the ________, was founded to fight for women’s rights in Germany.
Answer: Union of German Women’s Organizations, or BDF.
Page Ref: 563
Topic: Varieties of Late-Nineteenth-Century Women’s Experiences
25. Legal discrimination and prejudice against Jews continued until World War I in ________.
Answer: Russia
Page Ref: 564
Topic: Jewish Emancipation
26. ________ is hostility toward or prejudice against Jews.
Answer: Anti-Semitism
Page Ref: 566
Topic: Jewish Emancipation
27. ________ was a wealthy Jewish man from London who was elected to Parliament several times but who failed
to be seated because he would not take the Christian oath.
Answer: Lionel Rothschild
Page Ref: 566
Topic: Jewish Emancipation
28. The British feminist ________, along with her daughters, organized the Women’s Social and Political Union in
1903.
Answer: Emmeline Pankhurst
Page Ref: 563
Topic: Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I
29. Socialist participation in the French cabinet was called ________.
Answer: opportunism
Page Ref: 569
Topic: Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I
30. The doctrines put forth by Eduard Bernstein, known as ________, which questioned whether Marx was right to
demand revolution, were eventually rejected by German socialists.
Answer: Revisionism
Page Ref: 571
Topic: Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I
Chapter 16
The Birth of Modern European Thought
31. Literacy paved the way for women to greatly expand their employment in the arena of ________.
Answer: teaching
Page Ref: 581
Topic: The New Reading Public
32. Charles Darwin applied the principle of evolution by natural selection to humans in his book ________.
Answer: The Descent of Man
Page Ref: 584
Topic: Science at Midcentury
33. The philosophy of ________ promulgated the theory that human intellectual development progressed through
theology and metaphysics and finally culminated in the stage of scientific understanding.
Answer: positivism
Page Ref: 582
Topic: Science at Midcentury
34. ________, written by H. G. Wells, was about a mad surgeon’s inhuman experiments on animals.
Answer: The Island of Dr. Moreau
Page Ref: 583
Topic: Science at Midcentury
35. ________ suggested that the earth is much older than the Bible indicates and implied that God was not involved
in the effort required to create the earth.
Answer: Charles Lyell
Page Ref: 588
Topic: Christianity and the Church Under Siege
36. In the late nineteenth century, the conflict between church and state centered on ________.
Answer: education systems
Page Ref: 588
Topic: Christianity and the Church Under Siege
37. The most important proclamation of Pope Leo XIII was the encyclical ________, which, in part, urged
employers to seek just and peaceful relations with workers.
Answer: Rerum Novarum
Page Ref: 590
Topic: Christianity and the Church Under Siege
38. The first person to use race to explain history was ________.
Answer: Count Arthur de Gobineau
Page Ref: 603
Topic: Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind
39. Theodor Herzl advocated __________.
Answer: Zionism
Page Ref: 606
Topic: Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind
40. By World War I, few scientists believed they could portray the ________ about physical reality.
Answer: truth
Page Ref: 592
Topic: Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind
41. The Irish writer ________ argued against romanticism and false respectability.
Answer: George Bernard Shaw
Page Ref: 595
Topic: Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind
42. In In Search of Time Past, Marcel Proust adopted a ________ format that helped him to explore his memories.
Answer: stream-of-consciousness
Page Ref: 596
Topic: Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind
43. Cubist painters such as Georges Braque and ________ saw painting as an autonomous realm of art with no
purpose beyond itself.
Answer: Pablo Picasso
Page Ref: 599
Topic: Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind
44. Prominent women psychoanalysts such as Karen Horney and ________ challenged Freud’s views on women.
Answer: Melanie Klein
Page Ref: 609
Topic: Women and Modern Thought
45. The Ladies’ National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts was led by ________.
Answer: Josephine Butler
Page Ref: 610
Topic: Women and Modern Thought
Chapter 17
The Age of Western Imperialism
1. The ________ closed the Americas to European colonization.
Answer: Monroe Doctrine
Page Ref: 616
Topic: The Close of the Age of Early Modern Colonization
2. Following the first Opium War, Britain gained control of ________.
Answer: Hong Kong
Page Ref: 617
Topic: The Age of British Imperial Dominance
3.
The most extensive resistance to European imperial power in the nineteenth century, the ________, broke out
against British rule in India in 1857.
Answer: sepoy mutiny
Page Ref: 621
Topic: India—The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire
4.
Indian Hindus organized the ________ in 1885 with the goals of modernizing Indian life and liberalizing British
policy.
Answer: Indian National Congress
Page Ref: 623
Topic: India—The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire
5.
An arrangement in which a Western nation received special commercial and legal privileges in a non-Western
region, city, or territory without direct political involvement is known as a ________.
Answer: sphere of influence
Page Ref: 623
Topic: The “New Imperialism,” 1870–1914
6.
An arrangement in which a Western nation placed officials in a foreign state to oversee its government without
formally assuming responsibility for administration is known as a ________.
Answer: protectorate
Page Ref: 623
Topic: The “New Imperialism,” 1870–1914
7.
Power vacuums created by the decay of the ________ led to much of the territorial acquisitions associated with
the New Imperialism.
Answer: Ottoman Empire
Page Ref: 626
Topic: Motives for the New Imperialism
8. Japan became a major imperial power in Asia in 1895 after defeating ________.
Answer: China
Page Ref: 626
Topic: Motives for the New Imperialism
9.
At the battle of ________, 11,000 Sudanese troops were killed and 16,000 were wounded, compared to only 48
British troops lost.
Answer: Omdurman
Page Ref: 633
Topic: The Partition of Africa
10. To preserve their political power and economic privileges, the white elite of South Africa eventually enforced a
policy of racial ________, or “separateness.”
Answer: apartheid
Page Ref: 640
Topic: The Partition of Africa
11. Britain and Russian rivalry over Central Asia ended with ________.
Answer: the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
Page Ref: 641
Topic: Russian Expansion in Mainland Asia
12. U.S. support for Cuba’s revolt led to the ________.
Answer: Spanish-American War of 1898
Page Ref: 643
Topic: Western Powers in Asia
13. The single greatest obstacle to European penetration of inland sub-Saharan Africa was ________.
Answer: malaria
Page Ref: 647
Topic: Tools of Imperialism
14. At ________, Europeans could experience different parts of their nation’s empires in a pleasant setting of
flowerbeds, trees, and greenhouses.
Answer: botanical gardens
Page Ref: 652
Topic: Science and Imperialism
15. The theory of the multiple origins of the races of humankind was known as ________.
Answer: polygenesis
Page Ref: 655
Topic: Science and Imperialism
Chapter 18
Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace
16. William II believed that dismissing Bismarck in 1890 would help him secure Germany’s deserved “place in the
________.”
Answer: sun
Page Ref: 671
Topic: Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873–1890)
17. General Leo von Caprivi’s and William II’s new alliance system ________ the risk of war.
Answer: increased
Page Ref: 673
Topic: Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873–1890)
18. In 1911, Germany responded to a French intervention in Morocco by sending a warship, the Panther, to the
Moroccan port of ________.
Answer: Agadir
Page Ref: 674
Topic: World War I
19. If Germany had not invaded ________, British public opinion might have continued to favor neutrality.
Answer: Belgium
Page Ref: 679
Topic: World War I
20. Any kind of ________ was generally understood to be equivalent to an act of war.
Answer: mobilization
Page Ref: 678
Topic: World War I
21. The Russian Socialist parties organized workers into ________, or councils.
Answer: soviets
Page Ref: 690
Topic: The Russian Revolution
22. The Red Army was led by ________.
Answer: Trotsky
Page Ref: 693
Topic: The Russian Revolution
23. The tsar and his family were murdered by ________.
Answer: the Bolsheviks
Page Ref: 693
Topic: The Russian Revolution
24. The two countries that became administrators of mandates carved out of the former Ottoman Empire were
________.
Answer: France and Britain
Page Ref: 696
Topic: The End of World War I
25. Woodrow Wilson called America’s war aims the ________.
Answer: Fourteen Points
Page Ref: 697
Topic: The End of World War I
26. The collapse of Russia and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk were the zenith of ________ success.
Answer: German
Page Ref: 693
Topic: The End of World War I
27. The disintegration of the German army forced ________ to abdicate on November 9, 1918.
Answer: William II
Page Ref: 694
Topic: The End of World War I
28. The pro-German ________ overthrew the Ottoman government and had control of the government in 1909.
Answer: Young Turks
Page Ref: 696
Topic: The End of World War I
29. The notion of “a peace without ________” became a mockery when the Soviet Union and Germany were
excluded from the peace conference.
Answer: victors
Page Ref: 698
Topic: The Settlement at Paris
30. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was also known as ________.
Answer: Yugoslavia
Page Ref: 702
Topic: The Settlement at Paris
Chapter 19
The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression
The victorious powers demanded that the Treaty of Versailles be ________; the other side demanded that it be
________.
Answer: enforced; revised
Page Ref: 708
Topic: After Versailles: Demands for Revision and Enforcement
1.
2. When American ________ for Europe began to run out, a severe financial crisis struck the Continent.
Answer: credit
Page Ref: 709
Topic: Toward the Great Depression in Europe
3.
The collapse in ________ prices and the financial turmoil resulted in stagnation and depression for European
industry.
Answer: agricultural
Page Ref: 710
Topic: Toward the Great Depression in Europe
4. The Great Depression began in the year ________.
Answer: 1929
Page Ref: 709
Topic: Toward the Great Depression in Europe
5. ________ enunciated the doctrine of “socialism in one country.”
Answer: Stalin
Page Ref: 715
Topic: The Soviet Experiment
6. The replacement of private peasant farms with huge state-run and state-owned farms was called ________.
Answer: collectivization
Page Ref: 717
Topic: The Soviet Experiment
7. ________ was the executor of the imprisonment and execution of millions of Soviet citizens between 1934 and 1939.
Answer: Stalin
Page Ref: 716
Topic: The Soviet Experiment
8.
The Russian ________ set production goals for every area of economic life and attempted to organize the
economy to meet them.
Answer: State Planning Commission, Gosplan
Page Ref: 716
Topic: The Soviet Experiment
9. Italy became a single-party, dictatorial state in ________.
Answer: 1926
Page Ref: 723
Topic: The Fascist Experiment in Italy
10. Hitler was named _________ in 1933.
Answer: chancellor
Page Ref: 730
Topic: German Democracy and Dictatorship
11. On March 23, 1933, the Reichstag passed the ________ that permitted Hitler to rule by decree.
Answer: Enabling Act
Page Ref: 731
Topic: German Democracy and Dictatorship
12. ________, meaning “Night of Smashed Glass,” refers to the broken glass that littered German streets after the
looting and destruction of Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany on the orders of the Nazi
Party in November 1938.
Answer: Kristallnacht
Page Ref: 734
Topic: German Democracy and Dictatorship
13. In Poland in 1926, ________ launched a military coup.
Answer: Marshal Josef Pilsudski
Page Ref: 740
Topic: Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe
14. Thousands of Hungarians were executed or imprisoned following the collapse of the ________ government.
Answer: Kun
Page Ref: 741
Topic: Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe
15. The ________ dominated the government of Yugoslavia.
Answer: Serbs
Page Ref: 741
Topic: Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe
Chapter 20
World War II
1. Hitler planned to bring the entire German ________, understood as a racial group, together in a single nation.
Answer: Volk
Page Ref: 744
Topic: Again the Road to War (1933–1939)
Hitler’s vision for a new Germany included more living space, known as ________, which would be taken from
the Slavs.
Answer: Lebensraum
Page Ref: 744
Topic: Again the Road to War (1933–1939)
2.
3. The League of Nations demonstrated its weakness in its response to Japan’s occupation of ________.
Answer: Manchuria
Page Ref: 745
Topic: Again the Road to War (1933–1939)
4. The code name for Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union is known as Operation ________.
Answer: Barbarossa
Page Ref: 756
Topic: World War II (1939–1945)
Hitler often spoke of the “new order” that he meant to impose after he had established his ________ throughout
Europe.
Answer: Third Reich
Page Ref: 758
Topic: World War II (1939–1945)
5.
6.
The Japanese launched an air attack on the United States on December 7, 1941 at the U.S. naval base of
________.
Answer: Pearl Harbor
Page Ref: 759
Topic: World War II (1939–1945)
In 1942 President Roosevelt stated, “In some communities employers dislike to hire women. In others they are
reluctant to hire Negroes. We can no longer afford to indulge such ________.”
Answer: prejudice
Page Ref: 762
Topic: World War II (1939–1945)
7.
8.
Even after the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and ________, the Japanese would have
continued fighting if Emperor Hirohito had not intervened.
Answer: Nagasaki
Page Ref: 765
Topic: World War II (1939–1945)
9. Before the war was over, perhaps six million Jews had died in what has come to be called the ________.
Answer: Holocaust
Page Ref: 768
Topic: Racism and the Holocaust
10. Before the war was over, the Nazis killed perhaps ________ prisoners of war and civilians in the Soviet Union.
Answer: six million
Page Ref: 767
Topic: Racism and the Holocaust
11. The ________ French government collaborated with the Nazis.
Answer: Vichy
Page Ref: 776
Topic: The Domestic Fronts
12. In 1945, the French formed the ________ Republic.
Answer: Fourth
Page Ref: 778
Topic: The Domestic Fronts
13. The British established their own ________ machine by using the British Broadcasting Company to send
programs to every country in Europe in the local language to encourage resistance against the Nazis.
Answer: propaganda
Page Ref: 779
Topic: The Domestic Fronts
14. Defense against German during World War II was known as “The ________” in the Soviet Union.
Answer: Great Patriotic War
Page Ref: 780
Topic: The Domestic Fronts
15. The Big Three for most of the war were _________.
Answer: Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin
Page Ref: 780
Topic: Preparations for Peace
Chapter 21
The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
1. Stalin enacted a policy of intense tightening of control over subject governments in Eastern Europe following
the success of ________ in freeing his country from Soviet domination.
Answer: Marshal Josip Tito
Page Ref: 789
Topic: The Emergence of the Cold War
2. In 1957 Fidel Castro took power in Cuba, removing the dictator ________.
Answer: Fulgencio Batista
Page Ref: 799
Topic: Later Cold War Confrontations
3. The appointment of ________ was a key factor in Poland’s resistance to communist control.
Answer: Pope John Paul II
Page Ref: 802
Topic: The Brezhnev Era
4. The founding of ________ resulted from the British withdrawal from India in 1947.
Answer: Pakistan
Page Ref: 806
Topic: Decolonization: The European Retreat from Empire
5. The French leader who orchestrated that country’s retreat from Algiers was ________.
Answer: Charles de Gaulle
Page Ref: 809
Topic: The Turmoil of French Decolonization
6. Brezhnev’s two immediate successors were Yuri Andropov and ________.
Answer: Konstantin Chernenko
Page Ref: 812–813
Topic: The Collapse of European Communism
7.
In Poland, ________ took on the role of mediator between the government and the trade union movement he
had founded.
Answer: Lech Walesa
Page Ref: 815
Topic: The Collapse of European Communism
8. West German leader ________ was the leading force for German reunification.
Answer: Helmut Kohl
Page Ref: 816
Topic: The Collapse of European Communism
9. The first two countries to declare their independence from the central Yugoslav government were ________.
Answer: Slovenia and Croatia
Page Ref: 822
Topic: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War
10. Serbian leader ________ was finally removed from power in 2000.
Answer: Slobodan Milosevic
Page Ref: 822
Topic: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War
11. During his presidency, Vladimir Putin renewed the war against rebels in ________.
Answer: Chechnya
Page Ref: 823
Topic: Putin and the Resurgence of Russia
12. Under President Putin, Russians had ________ political freedom and ________ prosperity.
Answer: less; more
Page Ref: 824
Topic: Putin and the Resurgence of Russia
13. The literal meaning of the Muslim term ________ is “a struggle.”
Answer: jihad
Page Ref: 828
Topic: The Rise of Radical Political Islamism
14. The term “war on terrorism” was coined by ________.
Answer: President George W. Bush
Page Ref: 829
Topic: A Transformed West
15. Vladimir Putin has been sharply critical of the ongoing expansion of ________, which has embraced nations
directly bordering the Russian Federation.
Answer: NATO
Page Ref: 824
Topic: A Transformed West
16. In 2002 and 2003, the United States and Great Britain tried to gain support from ________ to force Iraq to
disarm.
Answer: the United Nations Security Council
Page Ref: 830
Topic: A Transformed West
Chapter 22
Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
1. By the end of World War II, cities in Eastern Europe had lost any ________ presence.
Answer: Jewish
Page Ref: 834
Topic: The Twentieth-Century Movement of Peoples
2.
Today, except for one country, at least ________ of the population of every European nation lives in large
cities.
Answer: one-third
Page Ref: 834
Topic: The Twentieth-Century Movement of Peoples
3. Since World War II, governments have begun to spend more money on ________ than they do on the military.
Answer: social welfare
Page Ref: 840
Topic: Toward a Welfare State Society
4. The number of ________ women in the workforce has risen sharply.
Answer: married
Page Ref: 843
Topic: New Patterns in Work and Expectations of Women
5.
Until the ________, Western Europe had large, organized communist parties, as well as groups of intellectuals
sympathetic to communism.
Answer: 1990s
Page Ref: 846
Topic: Transformations in Knowledge and Culture
6. During the late 1920s and the 1930s, ________ became a substitute religion for some Europeans.
Answer: communism
Page Ref: 846
Topic: Transformations in Knowledge and Culture
7. Albert Camus was a French ________ writer.
Answer: existentialist
Page Ref: 848
Topic: Transformations in Knowledge and Culture
8.
The 1986 disaster at the ________ nuclear reactor in the Soviet Union heightened concern about environmental
issues and raised questions that no European government could ignore.
Answer: Chernobyl
Page Ref: 853
Topic: Transformations in Knowledge and Culture
9. British sculptor Rachel Whiteread’s work is associated with ________ in contemporary art.
Answer: minimalism
Page Ref: 856
Topic: Art Since World War II
10. The ________ in the sculpture Nameless Library represent the loss of Jewish contributions and Jewish lives as a
result of the Holocaust.
Answer: unopened books
Page Ref: 856
Topic: Art Since World War II
11. Neo-Orthodoxy did not sweep away liberal theology, which had a strong advocate in German-American
theologian ________.
Answer: Paul Tillich
Page Ref: 858
Topic: The Christian Heritage
12. The first machine genuinely recognizable as a modern digital computer was the ________.
Answer: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
Page Ref: 860
Topic: Late-Twentieth-Century Technology: The Arrival of the Computer
13. The European Economic Community (EEC) was also called the ________.
Answer: Common Market
Page Ref: 862
Topic: The Challenges of European Unification
14. The European Community’s common currency is called the ________.
Answer: euro
Page Ref: 863
Topic: The Challenges of European Unification
15. The controversy over the admission of ________ to the European Union is partially over the “Islamic factor.”
Answer: Turkey
Page Ref: 865
Topic: The Challenges of European Unification