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Fall 2000 Lohrengel Geology 1013 - Earth System Science Chapter 13 - Study Instructions: Read each question carefully before answering. Work at a steady pace, and you should have ample time to finish. _____________________________________________ 1. Friction between air and the ground slows winds and therefore increases the Coriolis effect. 2. Windchill is what happens when the air temperature drops as a result of strong winds. 3. If the Earth did not rotate and there was no topographic variation, winds would blow essentially in a straight line. 4. Air spiraling around a low-pressure center is called a cyclone; air spiraling around a high-pressure center is called an anticyclone. 5. Air pressures vary both horizontally and vertically in the atmosphere. 6. A westerly is a wind that flows toward the west. 7. The speed of a moving object influences the magnitude of the Coriolis effect on the object. 8. The outward spiraling flow in an anticyclone causes convergence, with upward movement of air and divergence aloft. 9. The process that creates Ekman spirals is basically the same in the atmosphere as in the ocean. 10. Isobars are lines on a map connecting places of equal air temperature. 11. The highest wind speed ever recorded on the surface of the Earth is a. 92 km/h b. 372 km/h c. 118 km/hr d. 585 km/h 12. Which one of the following statements is false? a. The outward spiraling flow in an anticyclone causes a zone of convergence, with divergence aloft. b. The inward spiraling flow in a cyclone causes a zone of convergence, with divergence aloft. c. The outward spiraling flow in an anticyclone causes a zone of divergence, with convergence aloft. d. All of these statements can be true under certain circumstances. 13. Which one of the following does not affect wind speed and direction? a. the Coriolis effect b. the Bergeron effect c. the air pressure gradient d. friction 14. Which one of the following does not belong with the others? a. katabatic wind b. mistral c. trade wind d. bora 15. Winds that result from a balance between pressure-gradient flow and the Coriolis deflection are called a. geostrophic winds. b. Hadley cells. c. Ferrell cells. d. convergent and divergent flow. 16. Which one of the following is not a type of local wind system ? a. chinook b. Santa Ana c. katabatic d. geostrophic 17. Which one of the following does not belong with the others? a. chinook b. Santa Ana c. f\Cöhn d. jet stream 18. Monsoons are a. characteristic of regions where local conditions bring about a seasonal reversal of the direction of surface winds. b. most distinct in Asia and Africa. c. responsible for hot, humid weather and torrential rains during the summer months in Asia. d. All of these are true. 19. An area of relatively high air pressure, characterized by diverging winds, is called a a. Hadley cell. b. geostrophic wind. c. tradewind. d. high. 20. A line connecting places of equal air pressure at sea level is called a(n) a. equilibrium line. b. front. c. isobar. d. convergence zone. 21. Which one of the following is not a variable that influences wind speed or direction? a. air pressure gradients b. windchill c. the Coriolis effect d. friction 22. A zone of low precipitation that occurs on the downwind side of mountain ranges is called a a. desert. b. continental desert. c. chinook. d. rainshadow. 23. At high altitudes, air flow is basically a balance between pressure- gradient flow and Coriolis deflection, but at low altitudes the flow is complicated by a. Ekman spiraling. b. convergence and divergence. c. windchill factors. d. frictional effects. 24. Which one of the following does not belong with the others? a. hurricane b. tornado c. funnel cloud d. F-scale 25. Which one of the following does not belong with the others? a. cyclone b. monsoon c. typhoon d. hurricane 26. Which one of the following does not belong with the others? a. Hadley cells b. jet stream c. intertropical convergence zone d. tradewinds 27. Cloudy, unsettled weather is typically associated with the presence of a a. low-pressure center. b. high-pressure center. c. geostrophic wind. d. tradewind. 28. The most extensive deserts on the Earth are located a. between the latitudes 20\C° and 30\C°. b. in the rainshadows of great mountain ranges. c. where Rossby waves create huge zones of warm, dry air. d. in the Ferrel cells. 29. Hurricanes start as a. cyclones over warm ocean water. b. anticyclones over coastal zones. c. spiraling columns of air that extend downward from cumulonimbus clouds. d. cold, dense air masses that flow under the influence of gravity. 30. A violent, upward-spiraling column of air associated with cumulonimbus clouds is called a(n) a. thunderstorm. b. monsoon. c. tornado. d. Ekman spiral. 31. Wind speeds and wind directions are controlled by _______________, _________________, and __________________. 32. A line connecting places of equal air pressure at sea level is called a(n) ________________. 33. In local wind systems, the flow of cold, dense air under the influence of gravity is called a(n) __________________ wind. 34. A tornado funnel is called a(n) _________________ if it stays aloft and a(n) _________________ if it hits the ground. 35. Spiral air flow directed in towards a low-pressure area is called a(n) __________________. 36. Spiral air flow outward from a high-pressure area is called a(n) _________________. 37. Cyclones rotate in a(n) _________________ direction in the northern hemisphere and in a(n) ________________ direction in the southern hemisphere. 38. The zone of low precipitation that occurs on the downwind side of mountain ranges is called a(n) __________________. 39. Upper-atmosphere westerly winds associated with the steep pressure gradient over the polar front are called the ______________________. 40. The low-pressure zone of convergence located along the Equator is called the ________________________. 41. What are the five types of desert? Give an example of each. 42. Explain how windchill works. 43. What are the four major variables that control the formation of large air masses? 44. What are the names and characteristics of the four basic types of air mass? 45. What is a katabatic wind? Give an example of a katabatic wind. 46. What causes lightning and thunder? Why do they occur together? 47. What is the difference between a hurricane and a typhoon? 48. What are some of the major problems with wind power? 49. What types of weather are normally associated with atmospheric low-pressure and high-pressure zones? 50. What would atmospheric convection be like if the Earth were a nonrotating sphere? 51. What is a Hadley cell? Describe the relationship among Hadley cells, the intertropical convergence zone, and the northeast and southeast trade winds. 52. What is a Rossby wave? How are Rossby waves responsible for altering the jet streams? 53. Describe four important types of local wind systems. 54. Explain how the flow of air across a desert surface can initiate a dust storm. 55. What is a jet stream? Explain how they form, and why they occur where they do. 56. Discuss the role of friction in influencing wind speed and direction. 57. In what ways is circulation in the atmosphere like (and unlike) circulation in the oceans? 58. Explain the process of monsoon formation in Asia. Do monsoons occur in North America? _____________________________________________ Fall 2000 Lohrengel Geology 1013 - Earth System Science Answer Key: Chapter 13 - Study 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. F 11. B 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. A 16. D 17. D 18. D 19. D 20. C 21. B 22. D 23. D 24. A 25. B 26. B 27. A 28. A 29. A 30. C 31. air pressure gradients...the Coriolis effect...friction 32. isobar 33. katabatic 34. funnel cloud...tornado 35. cyclone 36. anticyclone 37. clockwise...counterclockwise 38. rainshadow 39. polar front jet stream 40. intertropical convergence zone 41. The five types of deserts are: (1) subtropical: Sahara, Sind, Kalahari, Great Australian; (2) continental: Gobi, Takla Makan; (3) rainshadow: deserts on the sheltered side of Sierra Nevada, Cascades, and Andes; (4) coastal: coastal Peru and southwestern Africa; and (5) polar: northern Greenland, ice- free areas of Antarctica. 42. Immediately adjacent to the human body is a thin layer of still air called a boundary layer. Heat escaping from the body must pass through the boundary layer by conduction. Because air is a poor conductor, the boundary layer serves as an effective insulator. As windspeed increases, the thickness of the boundary layer decreases, thereby reducing its effectiveness as an insulator and increasing the rate at which heat is lost from the body. For a given air temperature and given wind speed, the windchill factor is the air temperature at which exposed parts of the body would lose heat at the same rate if there were no wind. 43. The four major variables that control the formation of large air masses are whether the air mass forms (1) over a continent (c), (2) over a maritime region (m), (3) in the tropics (T), or (4) in polar regions (P). 44. (1) continental polar (cP); cold temperature, low humidity; (2) maritime polar (mP); cold temperature, high humidity; (3) continental tropical (cT); hot temperature, high humidity; (4) maritime tropical (mT); warm temperature, high humidity 45. Katabatic winds are masses of cold, dense air that flow under the influence of gravity. They occur in places where a mass of cold air accumulates over a high plateau or in a high valley in the interior of a mountain range. As the cold air accumulates, some eventually spills over a low pass or divide and flows down valleys onto the adjacent lowlands as a high-speed, cold wind. Examples include the mistral in the Rhone Valley; the bora in Yugoslavia; and Cape Dennison in Antarctica. 46. Lightning and thunder are created by electrical charges that form during the growth of a cumulonimbus cloud. The turbulent movement of precipitation inside the cloud causes particles in the upper part to become positively charged and particles in the lower part to become negatively charged. The charges can be released by a lightning strike either to the ground or to another cloud. As the lightning strike passes, it heats the surrounding air so rapidly that the air expands explosively and we hear the effect as thunder. 47. There is no difference; violent oceanic cyclones are called hurricanes when they occur in the Atlantic, and typhoons when they occur in the Pacific. 48. (1) Winds blow only intermittently, so wind-driven generators need to be used in conjunction with other power sources. (2) Electricity is most needed in cities, but land near cities is expensive, and no one wants to live near a wind farm because they are noisy, so wind farms have to be in isolated areas. (3) Birds sometimes get entangled in the blades. 49. Lows are generally associated with cloudy, unsettled weather, and highs are generally associated with clear, dry weather. 50. [See Fig. 13.11 in the text.] If the Earth were nonrotating, one convection cell would carry heat from the equator all the way to the poles to even out the energy imbalance (more solar energy hitting the equator than the poles). Warm, low-density air rising above the equator would flow poleward, and cool polar air would flow back across the surface toward the equator. 51. * not available * 52. * not available * 53. * not available * 54. * not available * 55. * not available * 56. * not available * 57. * not available * 58. * not available *