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CHAPTER 17 BLOOD I. An Overview of Blood A. BLOOD: COMPONENTS 1. Liquid: 2. Solids: 3. Hematocrit Plasma • Buffy coat • Leukocytes & pl • Erythrocytes • B. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS • Color • pH: • Volume: • Viscosity Blood Clot I. Overview: Blood Composition and Functions … C. Functions • Transport • Protection Regulation II. Blood Plasma A. Components • Water • Proteins • Nutrients • Wastes – • Electrolytes • Gases • Hormones Blood Plasma … B. Plasma Proteins (Figure 18.3) - Produced by: 1. Albumins 2. Globulins – Alpha and beta • Transport – Gamma = • produced by 3. Fibrinogen III. FORMED ELEMENTS A. Hemopoiesis 1. Sites 2. Hemopoietic Stem Cell, hemocytoblast: (p. 748-749) Myeloid Stem Cell & Lympoid Stem Cell III. FORMED ELEMENTS … B. Erythrocytes 1. Function of RBC – hemoglobin – Functions– carries 7.5 m • • 2. Structure RBC – Shape: - Organelles – Blood Cell Count = 2.0 m 2 III. Formed Elements … 1 3. HEMOGLOBIN • Complexity of Structure heme • Each composed of: – Globin – Heme - Amount Hemoglobin = 2 1 • Reversibly binds O2 • Oxyhemoglobin: • Deoxyhemoglobin: • Carbaminohemoglobin: • % Saturation: Heme A. Erythrocytes … 4. Lifecycle of ERYTHROCYTES a. Production-- ERYTHROPOIESIS • Hematopoietic Stem Cell Myeloid Stem Cell Proerythroblast • Nucleus Ejection a. Production-- ERYTHROPOIESIS … • Enter circulation • Maturation = erythrocytes b. Regulation • Number of RBC low low O2 • Kidney: • Erythropoietin: B. Erythrocytes … c. ERYTHROCYTE DESTRUCTION • RBC lifespan: • Old RBC’s: – Destruction by: Globin Heme group - Iron - pigment containing portion Bilirubin STUDENTS DO • Erythrocyte Disorders – Sickle cell Anemia – Pernicious Anemia – Polycythemia C. LEUKOCYTES • Structure • Blood Volume: • Protect body from: • Diapedesis • Movement – Positive Chemotaxis • WBC count: connective tissue capillary leukocyte Types 1. GRANULOCYTES a. Neutrophils –% – Structure– granules: – Function: 1. GRANULOCYTES … a. Eosinophils – Description: – Functions: • Fight • Inactivation of some 1. GRANULOCYTES … b. Basophils –% – Functions: 2. AGRANULOCYTES a. Lymphocytes – T and B cells – Maturation Site – Functions: • Mechanisms • Memory Cells 2. AGRANULOCYTES b. Monocytes – Structure – Function: – Chronic infections LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS • STUDENTS DO – Leukemia – Lymphoma C. Platelets–THROMBOCYTES • • • • • Description: No nucleus Function: Life span Blood Count IV. HEMOSTASIS = Stopping blood flow • Stages of Hemostasis Vascular spasms • Smooth muscle damage; chemical release • Platelet plug formation • Damaged vessel lining • • Von Wildebrand Factor: large plasma protein, forms cross bridges between platelets collagen • Platelets release chemicals ↑ aggregation: • Need for further actions: IV. HEMOSTASIS … • Stages of Hemostasis … Coagulation • Further Action needed: • Begins • Clotting factors required – Includes: • Steps – enzyme thrombin– fibrinogen forms – platelets stick to mesh and • Length to Clotting: • Fibrinolysis • Anticoagulants CLOTTING AND BLEEDING DISORDERS • Students do – Hemophilia – Thrombus – Embolus V. BLOOD TYPES • Protein antigens on surface of RBC plasma membrane and exposed to outer surface cause: = many • Types of antigens: many, ABO and Rh factor most important A. ABO Blood Type: – Antigen types: B or O = Type A blood of donor Type A antibody in Type B blood of recipient ,A . . Antigen & antibody match Agglutination V. BLOOD TYPES … • Antibodies: • Wrong blood type transfused: A. ABO System: # Genes for Blood type: Possibile Gene Combinations – – – Type A Blood: Type B Blood: Type AB Blood: Type O Blood: Type A blood of donor Type A antibody in Type B blood of recipient Antigen & antibody match Agglutination A. ABO BLOOD GROUPS– Antibodies present Antigen A Antigen B Antigen AB Antibody Antibody Antibody Antibody TYPE A TYPE B TYPE AB TYPE O Neither Antigen A nor B A. ABO BLOOD GROUPS … • Universal Donor • Universal Recipient • Review Problems – A child is born with AB blood type • What is known about the parent’s blood type? - Can a mother with type A blood and a father with type B blood have a child with type O blood? B. Rh Factor • Naming: • Number of Different Types – Most Common: • Rh+ • Rh– Antibodies • Speed: • Treatment: Rhogam serum B. Rh Factor … PROBLEM: - ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS • 2nd Rh+ fetus / Rh- mother • Results: FIRST PREGNANCY SECOND PREGNANCY maternal circulation (Rh-) fetal circulation (Rh+) (RH-) antibodies develop in the mother after delivery Agglutination of fetal (RH+) fetus C. Blood Typing – How: Figure 10.8 END PPT - Extra Slides - Review Questions • Intrinsic - Vessel Collagen exposed Extrinsic - intrinsic factor released from cell trauma outside vessel - Platelet Plug PF3 X + Ca+2 + PF3 Prothrombin Activator Prothrombin Thrombin Figbinogen Fibrin Ca+2 + XIII cross-linked Fibrin