Download cap 9 biol 1101

10/30/14
Figure 9.2
Light
energy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
Cap 9
CO2 + H2O
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria
Organic
+ O2
molecules
Dra. Millie Gonzalez
Biol 1101
ATP
ATP powers
most cellular work
Heat
energy
Figure 9.UN01
Figure 9.UN02
becomes oxidized
(loses electron)
becomes reduced
(gains electron)
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
1
10/30/14
Figure 9.3
Figure 9.UN03
Products
Reactants
becomes oxidized
Energy
becomes reduced
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
Methane
(reducing
agent)
Oxygen
(oxidizing
agent)
Carbon dioxide
Water
Figure 9.4
Figure 9.UN04
NADH
NAD+
Dehydrogenase
Reduction of
(from food)
Nicotinamide
(oxidized form)
NAD+
Oxidation of NADH
Nicotinamide
(reduced form)
Dehydrogenase
2
10/30/14
Figure 9.5
Figure 9.UN05
H2 + 1/2 O2
2H
1/
2
+
O2
(from food via NADH)
Controlled
release of
energy for
synthesis of
ATP
Free energy, G
spor
tran
tron ain
ch
Explosive
release of
heat and light
energy
Elec
Free energy, G
2 H+ + 2 e-
1. Glycolysis (color-coded teal throughout the chapter)
2. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
(color-coded salmon)
ATP
ATP
ATP
t
2 e1/
2
2 H+
H 2O
O2
3. Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and
chemiosmosis (color-coded violet)
H 2O
(a) Uncontrolled reaction
(b) Cellular respiration
Figure 9.6-1
Figure 9.6-2
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glucose
Pyruvate
MITOCHONDRION
CYTOSOL
Pyruvate
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Pyruvate
oxidation
Citric
acid
cycle
Acetyl CoA
MITOCHONDRION
CYTOSOL
ATP
ATP
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
3
10/30/14
Figure 9.6-3
Figure 9.7
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Pyruvate
oxidation
Glycolysis
Glucose
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Enzyme
ADP
P
Substrate
MITOCHONDRION
CYTOSOL
Enzyme
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
Citric
acid
cycle
ATP
Product
ATP
ATP
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Figure 9.8
Figure 9.9-1
Energy Investment Phase
Glucose
2 ADP + 2 P
2 ATP used
Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
Glucose
2 NAD+ + 4 e- + 4 H+
Glucose 6-phosphate
ADP
Energy Payoff Phase
4 ADP + 4 P
ATP
4 ATP formed
Hexokinase
1
2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose
4 ATP formed - 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e- + 4 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
4
10/30/14
Figure 9.9-2
Figure 9.9-3
Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
Glucose
ATP
Glucose 6-phosphate
Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
Glucose
Fructose 6-phosphate
ATP
ADP
Hexokinase
1
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
ATP
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Hexokinase
1
2
Figure 9.9-4
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
ADP
ADP
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Phosphofructokinase
2
3
Figure 9.9-5
Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
Glucose
ATP
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
ATP
Hexokinase
1
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
ADP
ADP
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Phosphofructokinase
2
3
2 NADH
2 NAD+
Aldolase
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
Triose
phosphate
dehydrogenase
Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
6
Isomerase
5
+ 2 H+
4
2Pi
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
To
step 6
5
10/30/14
Figure 9.9-6
Figure 9.9-7
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2 NAD+
Triose
phosphate
dehydrogenase
2 ADP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ATP
2 NADH
Triose
phosphate
dehydrogenase
3-Phosphoglycerate
7
+ 2 H+
2 NAD+
2
Phosphoglycerokinase
2Pi
6
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
2 ATP
2
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6
8
2-Phosphoglycerate
Figure 9.9-9
2 ATP
2 NADH
Triose
phosphate
dehydrogenase
Phosphoglyceromutase
3-Phosphoglycerate
7
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
2 NAD+
2
Phosphoglycerokinase
2Pi
6
Figure 9.9-8
2 ADP
+ 2 H+
2 ADP
2 H2O
2
2
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
7
3-Phosphoglycerate
8
2 NADH
2
Enolase
Phosphoglyceromutase
Phosphoglycerokinase
2Pi
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
2-Phosphoglycerate
2 ATP
9
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
2 NAD+
Triose
phosphate
dehydrogenase
6
+ 2 H+
2 ADP
2
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
7
3-Phosphoglycerate
8
2 ADP
2
Enolase
Phosphoglyceromutase
Phosphoglycerokinase
2Pi
2 ATP
2 H2O
2
2-Phosphoglycerate
Pyruvate
kinase
9
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
10
Pyruvate
6
10/30/14
Figure 9.9a
Figure 9.9b
Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
Glucose
ATP
ATP
Fructose 6-phosphate
Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
Phosphofructokinase
Fructose 6-phosphate
Glucose 6-phosphate
ADP
1
Aldolase
3
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Hexokinase
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
ADP
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
2
Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
Isomerase
Figure 9.9c
4
To
step 6
5
Figure 9.9d
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
2 ADP
+ 2 H+
2 ATP
2 H2O
2
2
2
2
2 ADP
2
2
Triose
phosphate
dehydrogenase
6
Phosphoglyceromutase
Phosphoglycerokinase
2Pi
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
7
3-Phosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
8
Pyruvate
kinase
Enolase
2-Phosphoglycerate
9
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
10
Pyruvate
7
10/30/14
Figure 9.10
Figure 9.11
Pyruvate
CO2
NAD+
CoA
MITOCHONDRION
NADH
+ H+
CYTOSOL
CO2
Coenzyme A
Acetyl CoA
CoA
CoA
3
1
2
Pyruvate
NADH
NAD+
+ H+
Citric
acid
cycle
Acetyl CoA
2 CO2
FADH2
3 NAD+
3 NADH
FAD
Transport protein
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i
ATP
Figure 9.12-1
Figure 9.12-2
Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH
CoA-SH
1
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Citric
acid
cycle
H 2O
1
Oxaloacetate
2
Citrate
Isocitrate
Citric
acid
cycle
8
10/30/14
Figure 9.12-3
Figure 9.12-4
Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH
CoA-SH
H 2O
1
Oxaloacetate
H 2O
1
Oxaloacetate
2
Citrate
2
Citrate
Isocitrate
Isocitrate
NAD+
Citric
acid
cycle
NAD+
Citric
acid
cycle
NADH
3
+ H+
CO2
NADH
3
+ H+
CO2
CoA-SH
α-Ketoglutarate
α-Ketoglutarate
4
CO2
NAD+
NADH
+ H+
Succinyl
CoA
Figure 9.12-5
Figure 9.12-6
Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH
CoA-SH
H 2O
1
Oxaloacetate
H 2O
1
Oxaloacetate
2
Citrate
2
Citrate
Isocitrate
Isocitrate
NAD+
Citric
acid
cycle
NAD+
Citric
acid
cycle
NADH
3
+ H+
CO2
CoA-SH
α-Ketoglutarate
6
5
NAD+
Succinate
NADH
Pi
GTP
ADP
GDP
α-Ketoglutarate
4
CoA-SH
Succinyl
CoA
+ H+
CO2
+ H+
CO2
Fumarate
CoA-SH
NADH
3
4
CoA-SH
5
FADH2
NAD+
FAD
Succinate
GTP
GDP
CO2
NADH
Pi
Succinyl
CoA
+ H+
ADP
ATP
ATP
9
10/30/14
Figure 9.12-7
Figure 9.12-8
Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH
CoA-SH
NADH
H 2O
1
Oxaloacetate
8
2
Malate
H 2O
1
+ H+
NAD+
Oxaloacetate
2
Malate
Citrate
Citrate
Isocitrate
Isocitrate
NAD+
Citric
acid
cycle
7
H 2O
NAD+
+ H+
H 2O
CO2
Fumarate
Citric
acid
cycle
NADH
3
7
CoA-SH
α-Ketoglutarate
6
6
5
FADH2
NAD+
FAD
Succinate
5
NAD+
FAD
Succinate
+ H+
Succinyl
CoA
4
CoA-SH
FADH2
CO2
NADH
Pi
GTP GDP
α-Ketoglutarate
4
CoA-SH
+ H+
CO2
Fumarate
CoA-SH
NADH
3
+ H+
Succinyl
CoA
GTP GDP
ADP
CO2
NADH
Pi
ADP
ATP
ATP
Figure 9.12a
Figure 9.12b
Isocitrate
Acetyl CoA
NAD+
CoA-SH
NADH
3
+ H+
CO2
H 2O
1
CoA-SH
α-Ketoglutarate
4
Oxaloacetate
2
NAD+
Citrate
CO2
NADH
Isocitrate
Succinyl
CoA
+ H+
10
10/30/14
Figure 9.12c
Figure 9.12d
NADH
+ H+
Fumarate
NAD+
6
8 Oxaloacetate
CoA-SH
Malate
5
FADH2
FAD
Succinate
Pi
Succinyl
CoA
GTP GDP
H 2O
7
ADP
Fumarate
ATP
Figure 9.13
Figure 9.14
NADH
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
50
2
e-
NAD+
H+
FADH2
Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol)
2 e-
40
I
FMN
Fe•S
Fe•S
II
Q
Stator
Rotor
III
Cyt b
30
Multiprotein
complexes
FAD
Fe•S
Cyt c1
IV
Cyt c
Cyt a
20
10
0
Cyt a3
Internal
rod
2 e-
(originally from
NADH or FADH2)
Catalytic
knob
ADP
+
Pi
2 H+ + 1/2 O2
H 2O
ATP
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
11
10/30/14
Figure 9.15
Figure 9.16
H+
Protein
complex
of electron
carriers
H+
Cyt c
Q
I
Glycolysis
Glucose
III
2 H+ + 1/2O2
FADH2 FAD
2 Pyruvate
MITOCHONDRION
2 NADH
or
2 FADH2
2 NADH
IV
II
NADH
Electron shuttles
span membrane
H+
H+
2 NADH
Pyruvate oxidation
2 Acetyl CoA
6 NADH
Citric
acid
cycle
ATP
synthase
H 2O
NAD+
ADP + P i
(carrying electrons
from food)
Maximum per glucose:
H+
1 Electron transport chain
+ 2 ATP
+ 2 ATP
ATP
2 Chemiosmosis
2 FADH2
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
+ about 26 or 28 ATP
About
30 or 32 ATP
CYTOSOL
Oxidative phosphorylation
Figure 9.17
Figure 9.17a
2 ADP + 2 P i
2 ADP + 2 P i
Glucose
2 ADP + 2 P i
2 ATP
Glycolysis
2 ATP
2 ATP
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glycolysis
Glucose
2 Pyruvate
2 Pyruvate
2 NAD +
2 Ethanol
(a) Alcohol fermentation
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2 NAD
2 CO2
2 Acetaldehyde
+
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2 NAD
2 Pyruvate
+
2 NADH
+ 2H+
2 CO2
2 Lactate
(b) Lactic acid fermentation
2 Ethanol
2 Acetaldehyde
(a) Alcohol fermentation
12
10/30/14
Figure 9.17b
Figure 9.18
2 ADP + 2 P i
Glucose
2 ATP
CYTOSOL
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Glycolysis
Glucose
2 NAD
No O2 present:
Fermentation
2 NADH
+ 2H+
+
O2 present:
Aerobic cellular
respiration
MITOCHONDRION
Ethanol,
lactate, or
other products
2 Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
2 Lactate
(b) Lactic acid fermentation
Figure 9.19
Proteins
Amino
acids
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Figure 9.20
Glucose
Fats
Glycerol
Glycolysis
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fatty
acids
-
Glycolysis
Glucose
AMP
Stimulates
+
Phosphofructokinase
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Inhibits
Inhibits
Glyceraldehyde 3- P
NH3
Pyruvate
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
ATP
Citrate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
13
10/30/14
Figure 9.UN06
Figure 9.UN07
Outputs
Inputs
Inputs
Outputs
2 Pyruvate
Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate + 2
Glucose
2 Oxaloacetate
+ 2 NADH
ATP
Figure 9.UN08
2 Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
2
ATP
8
6
CO2
2 FADH2
NADH
Figure 9.UN09
H+
INTERMEMBRANE
SPACE
H+
INTERMEMBRANE
SPACE
H+
H+
Cyt c
Protein complex
of electron
carriers
IV
Q
I
II
FADH2
NAD+
NADH
(carrying electrons from food)
FAD
ATP
synthase
MITOCHONDRIAL
MATRIX
III
2 H+ + 1/2 O2
H 2O
ADP + P i
H+
ATP
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
14
10/30/14
Figure 9.UN11
pH difference
across membrane
Figure 9.UN10
Time
15