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Religion Religious Demographics & Where are religions distributed? In the Beginning… • • • • • Do you have a set of beliefs? Can you explain your beliefs to someone else? How do your beliefs influence the way you live? Does anyone you know have the same or similar beliefs? How would you define religion? • "essentially all the world's major religions were founded on the principle that divine beings or forces can promise a level of justice in a supernatural realm that cannot be perceived in this natural one.“ – Greg Epstien – Humanist Chaplain @ Harvard University • Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that relate humanity and spirituality, sometimes, to moral values. • Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. • They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. Religion is hard to define…. A few definitions… • Theism, in the broadest sense, is the belief that at least one deity exists. • Atheism is the belief in no god / rejection of deities • Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one and only one god. • Polytheism is the belief of multiple deities. Isms… The Most Common Typical vs. Atypical Something to Remember… The Major World Religions • • • • • • • Christianity (2.2 B) Islam (1.6 B) Hinduism (1 B) Buddhism (500 M) Sikhism (25 M) Judaism (14 M) Secular/Athiest/Agnostic – 1.1 Billion Two Types of Religions 1. Universalizing religions- attempt to be global by appealing to all people regardless of location or culture. – 58 percent of world’s population practices a universalizing religion. • Christianity: 2.1 billion Christians • Islam: 1.5 billion Muslims • Buddhism: 376 million Buddhists 2. Ethnic religions- appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place. – 26 percent of world’s population practices an ethnic religion Origins of Religions • Universalizing regions have precise places of origin. – Often based on events in the life of an influential man. • Ethnic religions not tied to single historical individual; often have unclear or unknown origins. Religion Buddhism Christianity Islam Founded ~2500 Years ~2000 Years ~1500 Years Founder Siddhartha Gautama Teachings of Jesus of Naz. Prophet Muhammad Origin India Palestine Mecca (SA) Pew Research - The Global Religious Landscape BVW Guide to Marking the Text Action Part of text Purpose Box author and date Source Line Will the origin of this document help you as you read and analyze? Can you use the date to put the text into historical context? Number paragraphs or chunks Paragraphs/ Segments Break document into chunks, paragraphs, indentations, etc. depending upon the source. Bracket author’s thesis or claim Claim/Thesis This is the author’s overall claim and what they aim to prove. Underline reasons Reasons/ Justification When the author gives a justification that proves their thesis, underline the phrase/sentence. Circle evidence Specific pieces of evidence/facts When the author gives a specific piece of evidence or fact circle it. • Mark the Text – This is demographic data… will the author make a claim? Multiple claims? What is a claim? • Answer the 7 questions at the end – Put your responses in your notes and be ready to discuss them as a class Diffusion of Religion • Asia is home to each hearth for Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. • Followers transmitted the messages preached in the hearths to people elsewhere. • Each of the three main universalizing religions has a distinct diffusion pattern. • Hierarchical Diffusion – Emperor Constantine helped diffuse the religion throughout the Roman Empire by embracing Christianity. • Relocation Diffusion – Missionaries, individuals who help transmit a religion through relocation diffusion, initially diffused the religion along protected sea routes and the excellent Roman roads. – Migration and missionary activity by Europeans since 1500 have extended Christianity all over the world. • Permanent resettlement in the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand Diffusion of Christianity • Muhammad’s successors organized followers into armies and led a conquest to spread the religion over an extensive area of… – Africa – Asia – Europe • Relocation diffusion of missionaries to portions of subSaharan Africa and Southeast Asia transmitted the religion well beyond its hearth. Diffusion of Islam • Diffused relatively slowly from its origin in northeastern India. • Emperor Ashoka accredited with much of its diffusion throughout the Magadhan Empire (273 to 232 B.C.). Diffusion of Buddhism – Missionaries sent to territories neighboring the empire. • Buddhism introduced to China along trade routes in the first century A.D. Diffusion of Ethnic Religion • Diffusion to new places is possible, if adherents migrate for economic gains and are not forced to adopt a strongly entrenched universalizing religion. An Intro to the 6 Major Religions • You will select one of the packets and its fact sheet. – Packets come from the Australian Office of Multicultural Affairs • It may be in your best interest to make sure the individuals you study with choose different religions. • You will complete the fact sheet using the packet and ONLY the following – http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/ – http://www.Faithology.com Branches of Universalizing Religions • Three principal universalizing religions divided into branches, denominations, and sects. – A branch is a large and fundamental division within a religion. – A denomination is a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body. – A sect is a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination. Branches of Christianity in Europe • Three major branches include… 1. Roman Catholic (51 percent of the world’s Christians) 2. Protestant (24 percent of the world’s Christians) 3. Orthodox (11 percent of the world’s Christians) • Distributions – Roman Catholicism dominant branch in southwestern and eastern Europe. – Protestantism dominant branch in northwestern Europe. – Orthodoxy dominant branch in eastern and southeastern Europe. Branches of Christianity in the West – 93 percent of Christians in Latin America are Roman Catholic. • 40 percent in North America – Protestant churches have approximately 82 million members in the United States. • Baptist church has largest number of adherents (37 million). Guess Christianity • Foundations of Christianity – One God – The Bible- Old Testament & New Testament – Jesus Christ- Son of God • Key Concepts – Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit) – Sacraments – Divided amongst many denominations • Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant (Subdivisions here) Branches of Islam • Two major branches include… 1. Sunni • Largest branch in most Muslim countries in Southwest Asia and North Africa • 83 percent of all Muslims 2. Shiite • Greatly concentrated in the Middle Eastern countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Oman, and Bahrain • 16 percent of all Muslims Islam • Foundations of Islam – One God or Allah(Arabic) – The Qu’ran or Koran – Muhammad- The prophet that documented revelations • Key Concepts– Five Pillars of Islam • Faith or belief in the Oneness of God and the finality of the prophet of Muhammad • Establishment of the daily prayers • Concern for and almsgiving to the needy • Self-purification through fasting • The pilgrimage to Mecca for those who are able Branches of Buddhism • Three major branches include… 1. Mahayana • 56 percent of Buddhists • Located primarily in China, Japan, and Korea 2. Theravada • 38 percent of Buddhists • Located primarily in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand 3. Vajrayana • 6 percent of Buddhists • Located primarily in Tibet and Mongolia. Buddhism • The foundations: The 3 Jewels of Buddhism – Buddha- The first to achieve nirvana. – The Dharma (the teachings) – The Sangha (the community) • Key Concepts – Karma – Rebirth – Nirvana – Nobel 8-Fold Path Ethnic Religion- Hinduism • Often remain within the culture where they originated. • Typically have relatively more clustered distributions than do universalizing religions. • Ethnic religion with largest number of followers is Hinduism. – 900 million adherents • Nearly all concentrated in India and Nepal Hinduism • Foundations of Hinduism – The Vedas – Religious Texts • Upanishads • Bhagavad Gita – Brahman – the infinite which is the Divine Ground of all matter, energy, time, space, being, and everything beyond in this Universe. – The five deities- Shiva, Vishnu, Devi, Surya, Ganesha (Polytheistic?) • Devas & Avatars- Depictions of the deities • Key Concepts – Yoga – Karma – Societal Norms (Daily morality, marriage customs, pilgrimage) Ethnic Religion- Judaism First recorded religion to espouse monotheism, belief that there is only one God. – Contrasts polytheism- the worship of a collection of gods. • Distribution – 2/5 live in the United States – 2/5 live in Israel. • The Abrahamic Faiths – Judaism, Christianity, Islam Judaism • Foundations of Judaism – One God – The Tenakh (Torah, Kethuvim, and Nevi’im) – The Shabbatt (Jewish Holy Day) • Key Concepts – 13 Principles of Faith: Maimonides’ • • • • • • • • • • • • • I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, is the Creator and Guide of everything that has been created; He alone has made, does make, and will make all things. I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, is One, and that there is no unity in any manner like His, and that He alone is our God, who was, and is, and will be. I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, has no body, and that He is free from all the properties of matter, and that there can be no (physical) comparison to Him whatsoever. I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, is the first and the last. I believe with perfect faith that to the Creator, Blessed be His Name, and to Him alone, it is right to pray, and that it is not right to pray to any being besides Him. I believe with perfect faith that all the words of the prophets are true. I believe with perfect faith that the prophecy of Moses our teacher, peace be upon him, was true, and that he was the chief of the prophets, both those who preceded him and those who followed him. I believe with perfect faith that the entire Torah that is now in our possession is the same that was given to Moses our teacher, peace be upon him. I believe with perfect faith that this Torah will not be exchanged, and that there will never be any other Torah from the Creator, Blessed be His Name. I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, knows all the deeds of human beings and all their thoughts, as it is written, "Who fashioned the hearts of them all, Who comprehends all their actions" (Psalms 33:15). I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, rewards those who keep His commandments and punishes those that transgress them. I believe with perfect faith in the coming of the Messiah; and even though he may tarry, nonetheless, I wait every day for his coming. I believe with perfect faith that there will be a revival of the dead at the time when it shall please the Creator, Blessed be His name, and His mention shall be exalted for ever and ever Ethnic Religion- Sikhism • Sikh Diaspora – Leaving Punjab Sikhism Universalizing • Foundations of SIkhism – One God – Principle of equality of all humans • Rejects discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, and gender. – Gurdwara (Place of Worship) – Guru Granth Sahib (Religious Text) • Key Concepts – The Five K’s • • • • • Kara- Iron or Steel Bracelet Kangha- Comb to keep hair clean and tidy Kesh- Uncut Hair Kachera- Undershorts/pants/britches Kirpan- Symbolic Sword Ted-Ed – Major World Religions Starting to Study… • How can I ever know enough? – You Can’t • Read your book and a review guide(s) • VOCAB, VOCAB, VOCAB • Become a global citizen – Watch the news, watch documentaries, find answers to the questions you have…