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UNIT 1 - OUTCOME 1- 2013
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
CV & RESPIRATORY BOOKLET
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.
(Superior)
Vena Cava
(Inferior) Vena
Cava
Here are some clues to help you- (fill in the gaps as you go....................)
(a) - Prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the right ..................... to the .....................artery.
(b) – Returns from the lungs & is one of the only veins to carry ................................... blood.
(c) - Receives deoxygenated blood from the body from the ........................... ............................... .
(d) - Prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the right....................to the right ....................... .
(e) – It receives deoxygenated blood from the ………………….. .atrium via the ……………...………….valve, and pumps it
into the …………………………. artery.
(f) - It receives ……………………… blood from the left ………………….. via the ……………………. valve, and pumps it
into the …………………………… via the …………………….. valve.
(g) - this valve is situated at exit of the left .......................... of the heart, where the largest of all arteries
begins. It prevents blood once it is in the.......................... from returning to the heart.
(h) – It permits blood to flow one way only, from the left.................... into the left ....................... . This
valve is more commonly called the Mitral valve because it has two flaps that look like a bishop's headdress.
(i) – It receives.............................. blood from the lungs and pumps it down into the .....................ventricle
which delivers it to the body via the .............................. .
(j) - They are the only arteries that carry ................................blood. It branches into two arteries (left and
right), which deliver ............................... blood to the corresponding lung.
(k) - The largest artery in the body. It branches off and serves to supply the head and neck, the arms, the
major organs in the chest and abdomen, and the legs with oxygenated blood.
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MATTERS CLOSE TO THE Heart......
De-oxygenated blood returns from the body to the Right Atrium via the ..................................and
.................................. Vena Cava. Fill in the boxes below showing the Cardiac Cycle: (use pg 33-36 of text to help)
Right Atrium
Lungs
1. What kind of Muscle does the Heart consist of?
.
2. What is Stroke Volume (SV)?:
.
3. What is the average adult Stroke Volume (SV) at rest?:
4. Does Stroke Volume (SV) increase
or decrease
.
when you start to exercise? Why do you think this is?
5. What is Cardiac Output (Q)?
.
6. Show the equation for (Q) if a person is exercising with a (SV) of 100ml and a Heart Beat of 185bpm?
(Q) =
.
7.Complete the Table below by matching the Word with its correct definition. (e.g. write the corresponding number
next to the description you think best describes the word)
Word
Definition
1. Aorta
hollow, muscular organ in the centre of the chest that pumps blood
throughout the body
2. Bicuspid (mitral)
smallest blood vessels; materials are exchanged between the blood
and the body's cells
3. Inferior vena cava
upper chambers of the heart that receive blood that comes into the
heart
4. Septum
5. Superior vena cava
Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. closes
when the right ventricle contracts and prevents backflow into
the right atrium
valve between left atrium and left ventricle
6. Pulmonary & aortic valve
takes blood away from the heart
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7. Tricuspid valve
carry blood back to the heart
8. Heart
a wall of tissue that divides the right and left chambers of the heart
9. Arteries
lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart
10. Capillaries
a flap of tissue that prevents blood from flowing backwards
11. Veins
valves stopping blood from flowing back into the ventricles from
the arteries
12. Blood
a group of cells that adjusts the rate of the heart beat
13. Atria
receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into
the right atrium of the heart
14. Ventricles
receives blood from lower limbs and abdominal organs and
empties into the posterior part of the right atrium of the heart
15. Pacemaker
has plasma, red and white blood cells and platelets
16. Valve
artery that carries blood directly from the heart to the rest of the
body
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7. What is Diastolic Blood Pressure?
.
8. What is Systolic Blood Pressure?
.
9. What is the Instrument used to measure BP?
.
10. Which increases more during exercise? Diastolic or Systolic?
.
11.
.
12. What happens if a valve in the heart breaks down or degenerates? What can be done to correct this?
.
13. The Heart consists of
Atriums,
Ventricles,
Valves,
LABORATORY – Sheep Heart Dissection
Arteries &
Veins.
Date:
____
Aim:
Equipment:

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________
Procedure:
1. Observe and comment on the following (see Question 1) size, colour, weight, number of openings.
2. Fill the heart with water and squeeze GENTLY...observe where the water flows from the Heart and
identify these openings.
3. Locate the visceral pericardium (epicardium), (which is the outer layer of the heart and appears as a
thin, transparent layer on the surface of the heart.) Use a scalpel or scissors to remove a portion of this
layer and expose the myocardium (the muscular middle layer of the wall of the heart) beneath. Also note
the abundance of fat along the paths of various blood vessels.
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4. Examine the dorsal (back) surface of the heart. Locate the stumps of two relatively thin-walled blood
vessels that enter the right atrium. The upper vessel is the superior vena cava, and the lower one is the
inferior vena cava.
5. Open the right atrium. To do this, follow these steps:
a. Insert a blade of the scissors into the superior vena cava and cut downward through the atrial wall
b. Open the chamber, locate the tricuspid valve and examine its cusps.
c. Using a spray bottle, run some water through the tricuspid valve to fill the chamber of the right
ventricle.
d. GENTLY! squeeze the ventricles and watch the cusps of the valve as the water moves up against them.
6. Open the right ventricle as follows:
a. Continue cutting downward through the tricuspid valve and the right ventricular wall until you reach
the apex of the heart.(the lower point)
b. Find the opening to the pulmonary trunk (where it divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries)
and use the scissors to cut upward through the wall of the right ventricle. Follow the pulmonary trunk
until you have exposed the pulmonary valve.
c. Examine the valve and its cusps.
7. Open the left side of the heart. To do this, follow these steps:
a. Insert the blade of the scissors through the wall of the left atrium and cut downward to the apex of the
heart.
b. Open the left atrium and locate the four openings of the pulmonary veins. (Pass a slender probe
through each opening.)
c. Examine the bicuspid valve (mitral valve) and its cusps.
d. Also examine the left ventricle and compare the thickness of its wall with that of the right ventricle.
8. Locate the aorta, which leads away from the left ventricle, and proceed as follows:
a. Compare the thickness of the aortic wall with that of the pulmonary trunk.
b. Use scissors to cut along the length of the aorta to expose the aortic valve at its base.
c. Examine the cusps of the valve and locate the openings of the coronary arteries just distal to them.
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Questions to Answer……….
1.
Comment on the following aspects of the Heart:
 Size
.

Colour
.

Weight
.

Number of openings:
.
2.
Explain the difference in wall thickness of vessels entering and leaving the heart. Why might this be?
3.
Explain the difference in the thickness of the atria and ventricular walls. Why might this be?
4.
Which side of the heart is more muscular and why?
5.
Name, compare & describe the heart valves found between the upper & lower chambers of the right and left
sides of the heart.
6.
What is the purpose of the valves in the heart?
7.
In which chambers and vessels of the heart would you find oxygenated blood?
8.
In which chambers and vessels of the heart would you find deoxygenated blood?
9.
Which chambers are the pumping chambers of the heart?
10.
Which chambers are the receiving chambers of the heart?
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11.
Describe the action of the tricuspid valve when you squeezed the water-filled right ventricle.
12.
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called _____________, while ______________ carry blood
toward the heart.
13.
Which artery is the largest and why?
14.
Complete the Table below by matching the Word with its correct definition. (e.g. write the corresponding
number next to the description you think best describes the word)
Word
Definition
1. Aorta
hollow, muscular organ in the centre of the chest that pumps blood
throughout the body
2. Bicuspid (mitral)
smallest blood vessels; materials are exchanged between the blood
and the body's cells
3. Inferior vena cava
upper chambers of the heart that receive blood that comes into the
heart
4. Septum
5. Superior vena cava
Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. closes
when the right ventricle contracts and prevents backflow into
the right atrium
valve between left atrium and left ventricle
6. Pulmonary & aortic valve
takes blood away from the heart
7. Tricuspid valve
carry blood back to the heart
8. Heart
a wall of tissue that divides the right and left chambers of the heart
9. Arteries
lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart
10. Capillaries
a flap of tissue that prevents blood from flowing backwards
11. Veins
valves stopping blood from flowing back into the ventricles from
the arteries
12. Blood
a group of cells that adjusts the rate of the heart beat
13. Atria
receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into
the right atrium of the heart
14. Ventricles
receives blood from lower limbs and abdominal organs and
empties into the posterior part of the right atrium of the heart
15. Pacemaker
has plasma, red and white blood cells and platelets
16. Valve
artery that carries blood directly from the heart to the rest of the
body
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Below is a description of what happens during a heart attack.
Question: What things can you do to keep your
heart healthy?
Draw & label your own heart diagram (without copying from another diagram):
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I want your BLOOD..........


Adult Males have approximately.............................litres of
blood.
Adult Females have approximately .........................litres of
blood.
Further elaborate on the Functions of Blood within the body:
Transport Wastes from Cells:
Protection against Infection:
Maintains Homeostasis:
Blood Clotting:
Transport to Cells:
.
WHAT’S IN YOUR BLOOD!
Blood CONTAINS the following 4 things: (write a brief
description/function of each):
1. Red blood cells .
2. White blood cells .
3. Platelets –
.
4. Plasma –
.
BLOOD CONTAINS .................% PLASMA AND ................% BLOOD CELLS (rbc, wbc, platelets)
What is the function of Heamaglobin?
.
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BLOOD VESSLES....
Complete the Cycle
of Blood around the
body.......write a
small description
and function of each
component. (use pg
34-35 to help)
VS.
Arteries
Veins
Transports blood (Away/Towards)
Blood
(Oxygenated/De-oxygenated)
Wall Thickness (Thick/Thin)
Elasticity (Elastic/Flacid)
Valves ( Yes/No)
Pressure (High/Low)
Blood flow in Capillaries is controlled by
, which can
enable
.
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LABORATORY – Blood Pressure
Date:
____
AIM:
To measure diastolic and systolic blood pressure and compare with others
in the class.
EQUIPMENT:
 ________________________________________________

________________________________________________
PROCEDURE:
1. In Pairs, one person sits down with their arm outstretched.
2. Fit the cuff to the arm so that the edge of it is just above the
slightly bent elbow
3. Put the stethoscope just below the cuff (make sure it is above the elbow, on the brachial artery)
4. Pump up the upper bulb to 160 to 180 mmHg to inflate the cuff. (you will not hear any noise as the blood to
the artery is cut off)
5. SLOWLY release the valve. The level of mercury will start to drop. When you hear Beating noise in the
stethoscope - this is the SYSTOLIC blood pressure reading... remember this.
6. Keep releasing the valve. You should be able to hear the blood still flowing. When the noise becomes
muffled and then stops – this is the DIASTOLIC blood pressure reading...remember this.
7. Record your results (in the table below) and place name and result on board.
Your Blood Pressure
SYSTOLIC:
mmHg
DIASTOLIC
mmHg
QUESTIONS:
1. What is the Class Average? ____________ / _____________mmHg
2. Is this considered within the HIGH/LOW or NORMAL range?_____________________________________.
3. What about Your own Blood Pressure? Is it considered HIGH/LOW or NORMAL?_____________________.
4. What are some factors that can affect Blood Pressure?
5.
What are some factors that could have affected your results?
6. Research the term ‘Hypertension’. What is it? How does it occur? Can it be treated?
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respiratory system
The Respiratory System consists of all the Pathways through which air travel travels to reach the lungs.
Finish the sentence...... “Basically, in a ‘nutshell’, the function of the Respiratory System is.....
.
Label and Describe each part of the Respiratory System in the Table below
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
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How we get
into the blood!
The exchange of gases in the lungs takes place between which two structures?
&
Q: What is this section of the diagram showing?
Answer:
Describe how pressure difference allows this to occur:
Q: Describe what is occuring in the Pulmonary Vein?
Answer:
.
Q: Describe what is Occuring in the Pulmonary Artery?
Answer:
.
Remember: Gasses always move from areas of...................................pressure into areas of
............................... pressure
Respiration basically means = ............................................, while "cellular respiration"; refers to the gaseous
exchange that takes place as unwanted carbon-dioxide is expelled through the cell walls and oxygen is diffused into
the cell for energy purposes within the cell itself.
How does cigarette smoke affect the respiratory system?
.
How does Asthma affect the respiratory system?
.
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Describe (in sequence) how O2 gets from the outside atmosphere to the working muscles; and how CO2
gets from our muscles back to the outside atmosphere:
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Take a deep breath....
What is the DIAPHRAGM?
What are ‘Hiccups’, and how do they occur
?
.
Explain the term ‘being winded’ and how it happens?:
.
Describe How Inspiration (breathing in) occurs:
.
Describe how Expiration (breathing out) occurs:
.
EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING LUNG CAPACITIES
Vital Capacity?
.
(What instrument is used to measure Vital Capacity?).................................................................................
Tidal Volume (TV)?
.
Average Tidal Volume (TV)
Men:
mL
Woman:
Inspiratory reserve volume: ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Expiratory reserve volume: _____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Residual volume:
16
mL
What is Minute Ventilation (VE )? How is it calculated?
.
If someone said “I felt really good when I got to my Steady State”....What do they mean?
.
What does the term VO2 Max mean?
.
What is VO2 Max a good indicator of?
What is the only accurate way to test VO2 Max?
.
What is a-vO2 difference? (in your own words):
.
If you have 20mL of O2 /100mL blood, and your muscles use 4.5mL O2.....Your a-vO2 diff =
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.
LABORATORY – Measure Your Vital Capacity
Date:
____
AIM:

To measure your vital capacity, compare results between classmates and between the Australian norms for
senior high school students.
EQUIPMENT:

Dry Spirometer
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a deep breath in and blow into the spirometer
2. Record your vital capacity and place result on board.
3. Complete class list in Table (below-right)
4. Complete the following questions:
(a) Work out and Fill in the class averages in the table below:
Male and Female Class Average (ltrs)
Male:
Female:
CLASS RESULTS
Name
(b) Who has a bigger average? Why do you think this is?
(b) How do you compare?Record your result in the table below?
Vital Capacity(Litres) norms for senior school students
Rating
Boys
Girls
High
5.5
4.25
Medium
4.5
3.6
Low
3.15
2.6
Your Rating
(c) Who has the best male & female result? Why do you think this
might be the case?
.
(d) Who has the lowest result? Why do think this is the case?
.
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Vital Capacity (Ltrs)
LABORATORY – Heart Rate
Date:
____
AIM:
To record resting heart rate in various anatomical positions and compare with class.
EQUIPMENT:
 None needed.
PROCEDURE:
1. (In pairs) Record resting Heart Rate in the following positions:– Get partner to take pulse while you time
(15sec X 4)
Laying
bpm
Sitting
bpm
2. Record Class Results for Laying in the table (to the right)
3. What is the Class Average?
Bpm
Standing
bpm
CLASS RESULTS (Laying)
Name
Heart Rate (bpm)
4. What occured to your HR over the 3 positions?_________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5. What are some factors that can affect Heart Rate?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6. What factors may have affected your Heart Rate?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
7. Lance Armstrong, (7-time winner of the Tour de France) had
a resting Heart Rate of 32 bpm. What does this indicate in
terms of Heart Size, Cardiac Output? ___________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
8. Is your resting HR an accurate predictor of your VO2 max?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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LABORATORY – Maximal O2 Uptake
Date:
____
INTRODUCTION:
Maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2 max. ) is the maximum rate at which oxygen can
be consumed per minute, per kilogram of body weight.
* VO2 max. = Cardiac output X arteriovenous oxygen (a-vO2) difference.
Maximal oxygen uptake is used as the most accurate measure of a person's
aerobic power or fitness.
A higher VO2 max reflects an increased ability of the:
- heart to pump blood.
- lungs to ventilate large volumes of air.
- blood to transport oxygen.
- muscles to take up oxygen.
The most accurate tests to measure an individual's VO2 max. are conducted in the laboratory but a number of field
tests have been developed for predicting VO2 max levels such as Cooper’s Twelve Minute Run
AIM:
To predict students' maximal oxygen uptake and compare results.
EQUIPMENT:
 Stop watches
 Cones
 Tape measure
PROCEDURE:
Cooper's Twelve Minute Run 1. Measure a course by placing cones at ten metre intervals.
2. Each subject runs as far as they can in twelve minutes.
3. Record: (i) Distance covered.
(ii) VO2 max. ( ml/kg/min ) using the table supplied below.
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Record Results in Table Below
Cooper’s 12 Minute Run (Class Results)
Name
Distance (m)
VO2 Max
Name
1
12
2
13
3
14
4
15
5
16
6
17
7
18
8
19
9
20
10
21
11
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Distance (m)
VO2 Max
QUESTIONS:
1. Graph the VO2 max scores for each subject below
2. Did you perform / score as well as you thought you would ? Why / why not ?
.
3. From your general knowledge of each subject, did the expected fittest individuals score the highest VO2
max?Why / why not ?
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4. Discuss other factors that could have influenced the scores gained in the test.
5. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the test.
6. Within the limits of the test situation, do you think it gave an accurate measure of VO2 max. ?
CONCLUSION :
1. Which athletes would you expect to have a high maximal oxygen uptake ?
2. Based on the results you obtained, which sport / event would each subject be best suited to in terms of aerobic
fitness and why ?
3. Outline a method which would provide a more accurate measure of VO2 max. Why is this test more accurate ?
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(Chapter 2) Extension Questions:
1. Why do trained athletes generally have a lower heart rate than untrained athletes?
2. What are the major differences between e cardiovascular systems of males and females?
3. Precapillary Sphinchters can save lives! - Discuss how.....
4. Which side of the heart is more muscluar and why?
5. What is ‘by-pass’ surgery in relation to the circulatory system?
6. In an emergency situation, what is the first substance to be replaced into the body and why?
7. What is a simple reason to explain why trained athletes generally have lower Heart Rates than untrained
athletes?
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GLOSSARY & NOTES:
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