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The War Begins
The Big Idea
The rise of aggressive totalitarian governments led to the
start of World War II.
Main Ideas
• During the 1930s, totalitarian governments rose to power
in Europe and Japan.
• German expansion led to the start of World War II in
Europe in 1939.
• The United States joined the war after Japan attacked
Pearl Harbor in 1941.
Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 1:
During the 1930s, totalitarian governments
rose to power in Europe and Japan.
•
Several European countries moved towards totalitarianism, a
political system in which the government controls every aspect of
citizens’ lives.
•
Benito Mussolini gained complete control of Italy in 1922.
1930s
– Rule based on fascism, a political system in which the
“state”– or government– is seen as more important than
individuals.
Italy
– In the mid-1930s, began working to expand territory
•
Germany
Adolf Hitler took advantage of public anger over effects of Treaty
of Versailles to gain power.
– A member of the National Socialist Party, or Nazis
– Became chancellor in 1933 and seized all government power
– Blamed others for Germany’s problems, including Jews and
Communists
Holt McDougal,
The Soviet Union
and Japan
•
Soviet
Union
– Communist ruler
– Terrorized those he saw as political enemies, killing or
imprisoning millions of Soviet citizens
•
Japan
Joseph Stalin became dictator of the Soviet Union by
1928.
Group of military leaders slowly gained complete control of
government.
– By 1930s, had more influence than the Japanese emperor
– Wanted to build a large Japanese empire in East Asia
– Invaded China and killed hundreds of thousands
Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 2:
German expansion led to the start of World
War II in Europe in 1939.
• Hitler dreamed of avenging Germany’s defeat in World
War I.
– Violated the Treaty of Versailles
– Rebuilt German military
– Invaded neighboring Rhineland in 1936
• Germany signed an alliance with Italy and formed the
Axis Powers.
– Japan later joined this pact.
Holt McDougal,
Hitler Sets His Sights on Sudetenland
• Hitler demanded control of Sudetenland, a region of
Czechoslovakia.
• Czechs turned to allies France and Great Britain.
– Neither wanted armed conflict.
– Took appeasement approach– a policy of avoiding war with an
aggressive nation by giving in to its demands.
• Germany was given control over the Sudetenland in return for a
promise not to demand more land.
– Some, including British admiral Winston Churchill, were convinced
this would not stop Hitler.
Holt McDougal,
Hitler Moves West
August 1939– Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pact.
September 1, 1939– German forces invade Poland; World War II
begins.
September 3, 1939– Britain and France, known as the Allied
Powers, declare war on Germany.
Hitler uses a blitzkrieg, or “lightning war,” strategy of quick and
hard attacks in Poland; Allied Powers are not prepared.
October 1939– Germany and Soviet forces control Poland.
Spring 1940– Germany quickly conquers Denmark, Norway,
Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
June 22, 1940– France surrenders to Germany, but French
resistance continues.
Holt McDougal,
Battle of Britain
• Hitler prepared for invasion of Britain.
• In July 1940 the Luftwaffe, or German air force, began attacking
British planes and airfields.
• In August the Luftwaffe began bombing British cities.
• British Royal Air Force destroyed some 2,300 Luftwaffe aircraft.
– Used new technology of radar
• Hitler cancelled invasion of Britain.
Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 3:
The United States joined the war after Japan
attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941.
• The United States opposed Hitler’s actions, but refused to
enter war.
• In 1940 President Franklin Roosevelt was reelected.
• In 1941 Roosevelt proposed and Congress passed the
Lend-Lease Act, allowing the president to aid any
nations believed vital to U.S. defense.
– Began sending war supplies and assistance to Great Britain,
China, and other Allied countries
– Sent supplies to Soviet Union after Hitler invaded it in June
1941
Holt McDougal,
Attack on Pearl Harbor
• United States protested Japanese invasion of French Indochina in
July 1941.
• Japanese military leaders planned large-scale attack on U.S.
naval fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
• December 7, 1941– Japanese planes attacked Pearl Harbor.
– Sank or damaged all of the U.S. battleships anchored at Pearl Harbor.
– More than 2,400 Americans killed
– Almost 200 airplanes destroyed
• December 8, 1941– United States declared war on Japan.
– Germany declared war on the United States.
Holt McDougal,
The Home Front
The Big Idea
American involvement in World War II helped the U.S.
economy and changed the lives of many Americans.
Main Ideas
• Businesses, soldiers, and citizens worked to prepare the
United States for war.
• The war brought new opportunities for many women and
minorities.
• Japanese Americans faced internment during the war.
Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 1:
Businesses, soldiers, and citizens worked to
prepare for war.
• Factories ran 24 hours a day.
Businesses
• Agricultural production increased.
• Effort of mobilizing for war brought end to the Great Depression
Soldiers
• Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was nation’s first
peacetime draft.
• More than 16 million Americans served during war.
• War Production Board created by government to oversee
conversion of factories to war production
Government
• Increased taxes
• Sold war bonds
• Collected scrap metal to be used in war factories
Civilians
• Learned to use less in order to supply overseas troops
Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 2:
The war brought new opportunities for many
women and minorities.
Women in Workforce
Women in Military
• New opportunities when war
broke out
• About 300,000 women
served in the armed forces
in non-combat positions.
• Because so many men were
sent to war, the government
urged women to fill their
places in the workplace.
• Women worked in factories
at jobs traditionally held
only by men.
Holt McDougal,
• Women’s Auxiliary Army
Corps
• Women’s Airforce Service
• Army and navy nurses
served in combat areas.
African Americans in World War II
Civilians
• African American labor leader A. Philip Randolph fought for
fair treatment of African Americans in workplace.
• Roosevelt issued an order prohibiting racial discrimination in
the government and companies producing war goods.
Military
• About 1 million African Americans served in World War II,
mostly in segregated units.
• The Tuskegee Airmen were African American pilots.
– Led by Benjamin O. Davis, who later became the first African
American general in the U.S. Air Force
– Flew thousands of successful combat missions
Holt McDougal,
Mexican Americans in World War II
• About 300,000 served in the military
• Many found wartime jobs on West Coast and in Midwest.
• Government brought in farm workers from Mexico, called
braceros.
– To make up for shortage of farm workers
– About 200,000 Mexicans worked in this program.
• Mexican American youth culture grew.
– Blended different music styles and clothing styles
– Some wore zoot suits– fancy, loose-fitting outfits with oversized hats.
• Many faced discrimination.
– June 1943– in Los Angeles zoot-suit riots, sailors attacked Mexican
Americans wearing zoot suits.
Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 3:
Japanese Americans faced internment
during the war.
• After Pearl Harbor, some Americans began to look at Japanese
Americans with fear and suspicion.
• Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066.
– Allowed government to begin process of internment, or forced
relocation and imprisonment, of Japanese Americans
– 115,000 Japanese Americans evacuated from homes and held in
isolated internment camps.
• Government initially banned Japanese Americans from serving in
military.
– Policy reversed in 1943.
– 33,000 U.S.-born citizens of Japanese descent, or Nisei, served in
World War II.
Holt McDougal,
War in Europe and North Africa
The Big Idea
After fierce fighting in North Africa and Europe, the Allies
stopped the German advance and slowly began driving
back German forces.
Main Ideas
• The Allies fought back against the Axis Powers in North
Africa and Europe.
• Key Allied victories halted the German advance.
• In the D-Day invasion, Allied forces attacked Germancontrolled France.
Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 1:
The Allies fought back against the Axis
Powers in North Africa and Europe.
Allies Join Forces
• Roosevelt and Churchill meet to develop Allied plan.
• Priority: defeat the Germans
New Technologies
• Sonar– uses sound waves to detect objects underwater
• Long-range aircraft– allowed Allies to drop bombs on German
factories, railroads and cities
Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 2:
Key Allied victories halted the German
advance.
North Africa
Italy
• 1942– German Afrika Korps
began North Africa offensive
against Egypt.
• July 1943– Allied forces
invaded Sicily and headed
to mainland Italy.
• British stopped them at
Battle of El Alamein.
• Slowly moved northward
along western coast
• U.S. and British troops led
by Dwight D. Eisenhower
advanced from Morocco and
Algeria to defeat Germans.
• June 1944– Allied forces
captured Rome.
Holt McDougal,
• 1945– Germans driven out
of Italy and Mussolini
executed by Italian
freedom fighters.
Eastern Front
• Massive German and Soviet armies battled on eastern front.
• By mid-1942, Axis armies had driven deep into Soviet Union.
• German forces advanced to fight Battle of Stalingrad.
– Savage street fighting continued for months.
– German supplies began to run low.
– Winter set in and thousands of Germans froze or starved to death.
• In January 1943 the German commander surrendered.
• Soviet victory came at an enormous cost.
– More than 1 million Soviet soldiers dead
– About 800,000 Axis soldiers killed
Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 3:
In the D-Day invasion, Allied forces attacked
German-controlled France.
Invasion of German-occupied France
• First step toward liberating Europe and forcing Hitler to surrender
• Dwight Eisenhower spent months in planning.
• June 6, 1944– D-Day, or “designated day”
– American, British, and Canadian troops invade France from Great Britain.
– Americans landed on two beaches, codenamed Utah and Omaha.
– Fierce fighting
– Almost 3,000 killed or wounded at Omaha Beach alone.
– By end of day, all five Normandy beaches secured.
• Allies began moving east toward Germany.
Holt McDougal,
War in the Pacific
The Big Idea
Allied forces reversed Japan’s expansion in the Pacific and
battled toward the main Japanese islands.
Main Ideas
• The Japanese continued advancing across the Pacific in
1942.
• The Allies stopped Japan’s advance with key victories over
the Japanese navy.
• The Allies began battling toward Japan.
Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 1:
The Japanese continued advancing across the
Pacific in 1942.
• Attack on Pearl Harbor left U.S. Pacific fleet weakened.
• Japan advanced and conquered Thailand, Burma, the British
colonies of Hong Kong and Singapore, and the U.S. territories of
Guam and Wake Island.
• Japanese then attacked U.S. controlled Philippines.
– American and Filipino forces under command of American general
Douglas MacArthur
• March 1942– Allied forces surrender Philippines to Japan.
– Japanese march more than 70,000 captured soldiers to prison camps.
– More than 600 Americans and 10,000 Filipinos died in the Bataan
Death March.
Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 2:
The Allies stopped Japan’s advance with key
victories over the Japanese navy.
• Allies feared continued Japanese advance.
• Americans were able to break Japanese codes and
discovered battle plans.
• American admiral Chester Nimitz led the U.S. Pacific Fleet
in Allied response.
Holt McDougal,
Key Victories in the Pacific
Battle of the
Coral Sea
Battle of Midway
• Japanese
planned assault
on Port
Moresby, New
Guinea.
• Japanese planned
surprise attack on
Midway Islands.
• American and
Japanese
aircraft carriers
and fighter
planes clashed.
• No clear victor,
but Japanese
advance halted
• June 4, 1942–
Japanese attack
and American
fighters launch
• American
bombers destroy
four carriers and
severely weaken
Japanese naval
power.
• Allied victory
Holt McDougal,
Guadalcanal
• Allies began
recapturing
Japanese
territory.
• August 1942–
American
Marines invade
Guadalcanal.
• Six months of
intense fighting
• February 1943–
Allied victory
Main Idea 3:
The Allies began battling toward Japan.
• Allies go on offensive
– Develop island hopping strategy, where Allied forces took only the
most strategically important islands.
– Win victories in Gilbert, Marshall, Mariana, Volcano, and Bonin Islands.
• October 1944– General MacArthur leads mission to retake
Philippines.
– Confrontation at Battle of Leyte Gulf– largest naval battle in history
– Allies crush Japanese fleet.
– Allied forces drive out all Japanese forces by summer 1945.
• Allied planes begin bombing targets in Japan.
– Japanese refused to surrender.
Holt McDougal,
Final Battles
Iwo Jima
•
February 1945– U.S. Marines storm beaches of Iwo Jima
•
Month of bloody fighting
– Of 20,000 Japanese defenders, about a thousand were taken prisoner, the
rest were killed or wounded in battle.
– Around 6,800 Americans killed
Okinawa
• April 1945– U.S. forces attack Okinawa.
• Fighting lasts three months
– Japanese planes use kamikaze tactic– purposely crashing piloted planes into
enemy ships.
– Severe casualties
• Allies: 12,000 dead, 36,000 wounded
• Japan: 110,00 troops and 80,000 civilians dead
Holt McDougal,
Victory and Consequences
The Big Idea
The Allies won World War II, the most devastating war in
world history.
Main Ideas
• The Allies gained victory in Europe with Germany’s
surrender.
• Nazis murdered millions of Jews and other people in the
Holocaust.
• Victory in the Pacific came after the United States dropped
atomic bombs on Japan.
Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 1:
The Allies gained victory in Europe with
Germany’s surrender.
• After D-Day invasion, hundreds of thousands of Allied troops land
• Allies begin moving toward Germany.
– July 1944– Allied forces break western front.
– August 1944– Paris is liberated.
– Allies push through Belgium and Luxembourg.
• Germans plan desperate attack.
– Push Allied forces back about 65 miles in the Battle of the Bulge
– Allies recover quickly and stop German advance.
Holt McDougal,
Allied Push Toward Germany
• January 1945– Germans began to retreat.
– Losses heavy– between 70,000 and 81,000 American casualties and
even greater German loss
• Allied bombing raids devastate major German cities.
• April 1945– Soviet troops enter Berlin.
• April 12, 1945– U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies of
stroke.
• May 8, 1945– V-E (Victory in Europe) Day
• New United States president Harry S. Truman faces challenge of
winning war in Pacific.
Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 2:
Nazis murdered millions of Jews and other
people in the Holocaust.
Final Solution
•
Nazi’s attempted to exterminate the entire Jewish population in a
program of mass murder known as the Holocaust.
•
January 1942– Nazi officials met to plan their “final solution to the
Jewish question,” which was genocide, or the extermination of an
entire group of people.
The Death Camps
• Nazis forced Jews and others, including Gypsies, Slavs, and political
opponents, into concentration camps.
• Camps were equipped with gas chambers designed to kill large
numbers of people, and furnaces to cremate victims’ bodies.
• More than 6 million Jews were killed as well as millions of others.
Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 3:
Victory in the Pacific came after the United
States dropped atomic bombs on Japan.
• Allied scientists developed the atomic bomb, a weapon that
produces tremendous power by splitting atoms, in a secret
program known as the Manhattan Project.
• When Japanese leaders refused to surrender, President Truman
ordered use of the bomb.
• August 6, 1945– the B-29 bomber Enola Gay drops an atomic
bomb on the city of Hiroshima.
– Explosion killed almost 80,000 people instantly.
– Thousands more died from burns and radiation poisoning.
• Japanese leaders still refused to surrender.
Holt McDougal,
End of World War II
• August 9, 1945– U.S. forces drop a second atomic bomb on city
of Nagasaki.
– One-third of the city destroyed
– 22,000 people killed instantly
• August 15, 1945– Japanese announce their surrender thus ending
World War II.
• The war took a harsh toll.
– 50 million people killed
– National economies in Europe and Asia devastated
– Millions of people left without food, water, or shelter
Holt McDougal,