Download Data Warehouse

Data Warehouse
MIT-652 Data Mining Applications
Thimaporn Phetkaew
School of Informatics,
Walailak University
MIT-652: DM
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Chapter 2: Data Warehousing and
OLAP Technology for Data Mining
„
What is a data warehouse?
„
A multi-dimensional data model
„
Data warehouse architecture
„
Data warehouse implementation
„
Further development of data cube technology
„
From data warehousing to data mining
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What Is Data Warehouse?
„
„
„
Defined in many different ways, but not rigorously.
„ A decision support database that is maintained
separately from the organization’s operational
database
„ Support information processing by providing a solid
platform of consolidated, historical data for analysis.
“A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated,
time-variant, and nonvolatile collection of data in support
of management’s decision-making process.”—W. H.
Inmon
Data warehousing:
„ The process of constructing and using data
warehouses
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Data Warehouse—Subject-Oriented
„
Organized around major subjects, such as customer,
product, sales.
„
Focusing on the modeling and analysis of data for
decision makers, not on daily operations or transaction
processing.
„
Provide a simple and concise view around particular
subject issues by excluding data that are not useful in
the decision support process.
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Data Warehouse—Integrated
„
„
Constructed by integrating multiple, heterogeneous
data sources
„ relational databases, flat files, on-line transaction
records
Data cleaning and data integration techniques are
applied.
„ Ensure consistency in naming conventions, encoding
structures, attribute measures, etc. among different
data sources
„
„
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E.g., Hotel price: currency, tax, breakfast covered, etc.
When data is moved to the warehouse, it is
converted.
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Data Warehouse—Time Variant
„
The time horizon for the data warehouse is significantly
longer than that of operational systems.
„
„
„
Operational database: current value data.
Data warehouse data: provide information from a
historical perspective (e.g., past 5-10 years)
Every key structure in the data warehouse
„
„
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Contains an element of time, explicitly or implicitly
But the key of operational data may or may not
contain “time element”.
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Data Warehouse—Non-Volatile
„
A physically separate store of data transformed from the
operational environment.
„
Operational update of data does not occur in the data
warehouse environment.
„
Does not require transaction processing, recovery,
and concurrency control mechanisms
„
Requires only two operations in data accessing:
„
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initial loading of data and access of data.
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Data Warehouse vs. Heterogeneous DBMS
„
Traditional heterogeneous DB integration:
„
Build wrappers/mediators on top of heterogeneous databases
„
Query driven approach
„
„
„
When a query is posed to a client site, a meta-dictionary is
used to translate the query into queries appropriate for
individual heterogeneous sites involved, and the results are
integrated into a global answer set
Requires complex information filtering and integration process
Data warehouse: update-driven
„
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Information from heterogeneous sources is integrated in advance
and stored in warehouses for direct query and analysis
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Data Warehouse vs. Operational DBMS
„
OLTP (on-line transaction processing)
„
„
„
„
Major task of traditional relational DBMS
Day-to-day operations: purchasing, inventory, banking,
manufacturing, payroll, registration, accounting, etc.
OLAP (on-line analytical processing)
„
Major task of data warehouse system
„
Data analysis and decision making
Distinct features (OLTP vs. OLAP):
„
User and system orientation: customer vs. market
„
Data contents: current, detailed vs. historical, consolidated
„
Database design: ER + application vs. star + subject
„
View: current, local vs. evolutionary, integrated
„
Access patterns: update vs. read-only but complex queries
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OLTP vs. OLAP
OLTP
OLAP
Characteristic
operational processing
Information processing
users
clerk, DB professional
manager, executive, analyst
function
day to day operations
decision support
DB design
ER based, application-oriented
subject-oriented
data
usage
current, up-to-date
detailed, flat relational
isolated
repetitive
historical,
summarized, multidimensional
integrated, consolidated
ad-hoc
access
read/write
mostly read, lots of scans
focus
data in
information out
unit of work
short, simple transaction
complex query
# records accessed
tens
millions
#users
thousands
hundreds
DB size
100MB-GB
100GB-TB
metric
transaction throughput
query throughput, response
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Why Separate Data Warehouse?
„
„
High performance for both systems
„ DBMS— tuned for OLTP: access methods, indexing,
concurrency control, recovery
„ Warehouse—tuned for OLAP: complex OLAP queries,
multidimensional view, consolidation.
Different functions and different data:
„ missing data: Decision support requires historical data
which operational DBs do not typically maintain
„ data consolidation: DS requires consolidation
(aggregation, summarization) of data from
heterogeneous sources
„ data quality: different sources typically use
inconsistent data representations, codes and formats
which have to be reconciled
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Chapter 2: Data Warehousing and
OLAP Technology for Data Mining
„
What is a data warehouse?
„
A multi-dimensional data model
„
Data warehouse architecture
„
Data warehouse implementation
„
Further development of data cube technology
„
From data warehousing to data mining
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From Tables and Spreadsheets
to Data Cubes
„
„
A data warehouse is based on a multidimensional data model which
views data in the form of a data cube
A data cube, such as sales, allows data to be modeled and viewed
in multiple dimensions
„
„
„
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Dimension tables, such as item (item_name, brand, type), or
time(day, week, month, quarter, year)
Fact table contains measures (such as dollars_sold) and keys to
each of the related dimension tables
In data warehousing literature, an n-D base cube is called a base
cuboid. The top most 0-D cuboid, which holds the highest-level of
summarization, is called the apex cuboid. The lattice of cuboids
forms a data cube.
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Cube: A Lattice of Cuboids
all
time
0-D(apex) cuboid
item
time,location
time,item
location
item,location
time,supplier
time,item,location
supplier
location,supplier
item,supplier
time,location,supplier
time,item,supplier
1-D cuboids
2-D cuboids
3-D cuboids
item,location,supplier
4-D(base) cuboid
time, item, location, supplier
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Conceptual Modeling of
Data Warehouses
„
Modeling data warehouses: dimensions & measures
„
Star schema: A fact table in the middle connected to a
set of dimension tables
„
Snowflake schema: A refinement of star schema
where some dimensional hierarchy is normalized into a
set of smaller dimension tables, forming a shape
similar to snowflake
„
Fact constellations: Multiple fact tables share
dimension tables, viewed as a collection of stars,
therefore called galaxy schema or fact constellation
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Example of Star Schema
time
item
time_key
day
day_of_the_week
month
quarter
year
Sales Fact Table
time_key
item_key
branch_key
branch
branch_key
branch_name
branch_type
location_key
units_sold
dollars_sold
avg_sales
location
location_key
street
city
province_or_street
country
(…,Phayathai,BKK,Thailand)
(…,Ratchatavee,BKK,Thailand)
Measures
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item_key
item_name
brand
type
supplier_type
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Example of Snowflake Schema
time
time_key
day
day_of_the_week
month
quarter
year
item
Sales Fact Table
time_key
item_key
branch_key
branch
location_key
branch_key
branch_name
branch_type
units_sold
dollars_sold
avg_sales
Measures
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item_key
item_name
brand
type
supplier_key
supplier
supplier_key
supplier_type
location
location_key
street
city_key
city
city_key
city
province_or_street
country
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Example of Fact Constellation
time
time_key
day
day_of_the_week
month
quarter
year
item
Sales Fact Table
time_key
item_key
item_key
item_name
brand
type
supplier_type
location_key
branch_key
branch_name
branch_type
units_sold
dollars_sold
avg_sales
item_key
shipper_key
location
to_location
location_key
street
city
province_or_street
country
dollars_cost
Measures
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time_key
from_location
branch_key
branch
Shipping Fact Table
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units_shipped
shipper
shipper_key
shipper_name
location_key
shipper_type 18
A Data Mining Query Language,
DMQL: Language Primitives
„
„
„
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Cube Definition (Fact Table)
define cube <cube_name> [<dimension_list>]:
<measure_list>
Dimension Definition ( Dimension Table )
define dimension <dimension_name> as
(<attribute_or_subdimension_list>)
Special Case (Shared Dimension Tables)
„ First time as “cube definition”
„ define dimension <dimension_name> as
<dimension_name_first_time> in cube
<cube_name_first_time>
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Defining a Star Schema in DMQL
define cube sales_star [time, item, branch, location]:
dollars_sold = sum(sales_in_dollars), avg_sales =
avg(sales_in_dollars), units_sold = count(*)
define dimension time as (time_key, day, day_of_week,
month, quarter, year)
define dimension item as (item_key, item_name, brand,
type, supplier_type)
define dimension branch as (branch_key, branch_name,
branch_type)
define dimension location as (location_key, street, city,
province_or_state, country)
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Defining a Snowflake Schema in DMQL
define cube sales_snowflake [time, item, branch, location]:
dollars_sold = sum(sales_in_dollars), avg_sales =
avg(sales_in_dollars), units_sold = count(*)
define dimension time as (time_key, day, day_of_week,
month, quarter, year)
define dimension item as (item_key, item_name, brand, type,
supplier(supplier_key, supplier_type))
define dimension branch as (branch_key, branch_name,
branch_type)
define dimension location as (location_key, street,
city(city_key, province_or_state, country))
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Defining a Fact Constellation in DMQL
define cube sales [time, item, branch, location]:
dollars_sold = sum(sales_in_dollars), avg_sales =
avg(sales_in_dollars), units_sold = count(*)
define dimension time as (time_key, day, day_of_week, month, quarter, year)
define dimension item as (item_key, item_name, brand, type, supplier_type)
define dimension branch as (branch_key, branch_name, branch_type)
define dimension location as (location_key, street, city, province_or_state,
country)
define cube shipping [time, item, shipper, from_location, to_location]:
dollar_cost = sum(cost_in_dollars), unit_shipped = count(*)
define dimension time as time in cube sales
define dimension item as item in cube sales
define dimension shipper as (shipper_key, shipper_name, location as location
in cube sales, shipper_type)
define dimension from_location as location in cube sales
define dimension to_location as location in cube sales
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Measures: Three Categories
„
distributive: if the result derived by applying the function
to n aggregate values is the same as that derived by
applying the function on all the data without partitioning.
„
„
algebraic: if it can be computed by an algebraic function
with M arguments (where M is a bounded integer), each
of which is obtained by applying a distributive aggregate
avg() = sum()/count()
function.
„
„
E.g., count(), sum(), min(), max().
E.g., avg(), min_N(), standard_deviation().
holistic: if there is no constant bound on the storage size
needed to describe a subaggregate.
„
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E.g., median(), mode(), rank().
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A Concept Hierarchy: Dimension (location)
all
all
Europe
region
country
city
office
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Germany
Frankfurt
...
...
...
Spain
North_America
Canada
Vancouver ...
L. Chan
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...
...
Mexico
Toronto
M. Wind
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Multidimensional Data
Sales volume as a function of product, month,
and region
Dimensions: Product, Location, Time
Hierarchical summarization paths
Re
g
io
n
„
Industry Region
Year
Product
Category Country Quarter
Product
Office
Month
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City
total order
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Month Week
Day
partial order
25
1Qtr
2Qtr
3Qtr
4Qtr
sum
Total annual sales
of TV in U.S.A.
U.S.A
Pr
TV
PC
VCR
sum
Quarter
Canada
Mexico
Country
od
uc
t
A Sample Data Cube
sum
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Cuboids Corresponding to the Cube
all
0-D(apex) cuboid
product
product,date
country
date
product,country
1-D cuboids
date, country
2-D cuboids
product, date, country
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3-D(base) cuboid
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Browsing a Data Cube
„
„
„
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Visualization
OLAP capabilities
Interactive manipulation
28
Typical OLAP Operations
„
Roll up (drill-up): summarize data
„
„
Drill down (roll down): reverse of roll-up
„
„
project and select
Pivot (rotate):
„
„
from higher level summary to lower level summary or detailed
data, or introducing new dimensions
Slice and dice:
„
„
by climbing up hierarchy or by dimension reduction
reorient the cube, visualization, 3D to series of 2D planes.
Other operations
„
„
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drill across: involving (across) more than one fact table
drill through: through the bottom level of the cube to its backend relational tables (using SQL)
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Typical OLAP Operations
rool-up on location
(from cities to countries)
location
(cities)
Chicago
440
New York 1560
Toronto
395
location
(countries)
USA
Canada
Vancouver
605
825
14
400
Q1
time (quarters)
time (quarters)
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
2000
1000
Q2
Q3
Q4
Security
Phone
Computer
Home Ent.
Security
Phone
Computer
Home Ent.
item (types)
item (types)
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Typical OLAP Operations
drill-down on time
(from quarters to months)
location
(cities)
Chicago
440
New York 1560
Toronto
395
location
(cities)
Vancouver
605
825
14
400
New York
Toronto
Vancouver
Q2
time (months)
time (quarters)
Q1
Q3
Q4
JAN
150
FEB
100
...
150
item (types)
Security
Phone
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Computer
Home Ent.
Security
Phone
Computer
Home Ent.
DEC
item (types)
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Chicago
31
Typical OLAP Operations
dice for
location
(cities)
(location = “Toronto” or “Vancouver”)
and (time = “Q1” or “Q2”) and
(item = “Home Ent.” or “Computer”)
Chicago
440
New York 1560
Toronto
395
Vancouver
605
825
14
400
location (cities)
Toronto
Q3
Q4
Q1
605
Q2
Computer
Home Ent.
Security
Phone
Computer
Home Ent.
item (types)
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395
Vancouver
Q2
time
(quarters)
time (quarters)
Q1
item (types)
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Typical OLAP Operations
slice for time = “Q1”
location
(cities)
Chicago
440
New York 1560
Toronto
395
Vancouver
605
825
14
400
Q2
New York
Toronto
Home Ent.
Q4
Security
Phone
Computer
Home Ent.
825
14
400
Security
605
Phone
Vancouver
Q3
Computer
time (quarters)
Q1
location (cities)
Chicaco
item (types)
item (types)
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Typical OLAP Operations
pivot
item (types)
location (cities)
Chicaco
New York
Toronto
825
Phone
14
Security
400
Vancouver
Toronto
item (types)
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Computer
New York
400
605
Chicaco
14
Security
Home Ent.
825
Phone
605
Computer
Vancouver
Home Ent.
location (cities)
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Chapter 2: Data Warehousing and
OLAP Technology for Data Mining
„
What is a data warehouse?
„
A multi-dimensional data model
„
Data warehouse architecture
„
Data warehouse implementation
„
Further development of data cube technology
„
From data warehousing to data mining
MIT-652: DM
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Data Warehouse Design Process
„
Typical data warehouse design process
„ Choose a business process to model, e.g., orders,
invoices, etc.
„ Choose the grain (atomic level of data) of the
business process
„ Choose the dimensions that will apply to each fact
table record
„ Choose the measure that will populate each fact table
record
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Multi-Tier Data Warehouse
Architecture
other
Metadata
sources
Operational
DBs
Extract
Transform
Load
Refresh
Monitor
&
Integrator
OLAP Server
Serve
Data
Warehouse
Client
Analysis
Query
Reports
Data mining
Data Marts
Data Sources
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Data Storage
OLAP Engine Front-End Tools
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Three Data Warehouse Models
„
„
Enterprise warehouse
„ collects all of the information about subjects spanning
the entire organization
Data Mart
„ a subset of corporate-wide data that is of value to a
specific groups of users. Its scope is confined to
specific, selected groups, such as marketing data mart
„
„
Independent vs. dependent (directly from warehouse) data mart
Virtual warehouse
„ A set of views over operational databases
„ Only some of the possible summary views may be
materialized
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OLAP Server Architectures
„
„
„
Relational OLAP (ROLAP)
„ Use relational or extended-relational DBMS to store and manage
warehouse data and OLAP middle ware to support missing pieces
„ Include optimization of DBMS backend, implementation of
aggregation navigation logic, and additional tools and services
„ greater scalability
Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP)
„ Array-based multidimensional storage engine (sparse matrix
techniques)
„ fast indexing to pre-computed summarized data
Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP)
„ User flexibility, e.g., low level: relational, high-level: array
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Chapter 2: Data Warehousing and
OLAP Technology for Data Mining
„
What is a data warehouse?
„
A multi-dimensional data model
„
Data warehouse architecture
„
Data warehouse implementation
„
Further development of data cube technology
„
From data warehousing to data mining
MIT-652: DM
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Efficient Data Cube Computation
„
Data cube can be viewed as a lattice of cuboids
„
How many cuboids in an n-dimensional cube with L
levels? ( 2n if no hierarchies associated with each dimension)
all
n
T = ∏ ( Li + 1)
i =1
product
date
country
product,date product,country date, country
( Li = #levels of hierarchy associated with dimension ith)
„
Materialization of data cube
„
„
Materialize every (cuboid) (full materialization), none
(no materialization), or some (partial materialization)
Selection of which cuboids to materialize
„
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product, date, country
Based on size, workload, frequency, access cost, etc.
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Cube Computation: ROLAP-Based Method
„
ROLAP-based cubing algorithms
„
„
„
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Sorting, hashing, and grouping operations are
applied to the dimension attributes in order to
reorder and cluster related tuples
Grouping is performed on some subaggregates as a
“partial grouping step”
Aggregates may be computed from previously
computed aggregates, rather than from the base
fact table
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Multi-way Array Aggregation for Cube
Computation (MOLAP-Based Method)
„
Partition arrays into chunks (a small subcube which fits in memory).
„
Compressed sparse array addressing: (chunk_id, offset)
„
Compute aggregates in “multiway” by visiting cube cells in the order
which minimizes the # of times to visit each cell, and reduces
memory access and storage cost.
C
c3 61
62
63
64
c2 45
46
47
48
c1
30
31
32
c 0 29
B
b3
B13
b2
9
b1
5
b0
1
2
3
4
a0
a1
a2
a3
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14
A
15
16
60
44
28 56
40
24 52
36
20
cuboid ABC
What is the best
traversing order to do
multi-way aggregation?
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Multi-way Array Aggregation for
Cube Computation
C
62
63
64
c3 61
c2 45
46
47
48
c1 29
30
31
32
c0
b3
B13
14
15
16
28
B b2
9
b1
5
b0
1
2
3
4
a0
a1
a2
a3
24
20
44
40
36
60
56
cuboid ABC
52
A
How to compute chunk
b0c0 of cuboid BC ?
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Multi-way Array Aggregation for
Cube Computation
AC
a0c0
C c2 c345 61
BC
c1 29
c0
B
b3 13
b0c0
30
46
14
62
31
15
47
63
32
48
64
16
28
B b2
9
b1
5
b0
1
2
3
4
a0
a1
a2
a3
24
20
44
40
36
60
ABC
56
52
A
AB
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a0b0
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Multi-Way Array Aggregation for
Cube Computation (Cont.)
„
„
Method: the planes should be sorted and computed
according to their size in ascending order.
„ Idea: keep the smallest plane in the main memory,
fetch and compute only one chunk at a time for the
largest plane
Limitation of the method: computing well only for a
small number of dimensions
„ If there are a large number of dimensions, “bottomup computation” and iceberg cube computation
methods can be explored
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Indexing OLAP Data: Bitmap Index
„
„
„
„
„
Index on a particular column
Each value in the column has a bit vector: bit-op is fast
The length of the bit vector: # of records in the base table
The i-th bit is set if the i-th row of the base table has the value
for the indexed column
not suitable for high cardinality domains
Base table
Cust
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Region
Asia
Europe
Asia
America
Europe
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Index on Region
Index on Type
Type RecIDAsia Europe America RecID Retail Dealer
Retail
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
Dealer 2
2
0
1
0
1
0
Dealer 3
3
0
1
1
0
0
Retail
4
1
0
4
0
0
1
5
0
1
0
1
0
Dealer 5
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Indexing OLAP Data: Join Index
„
„
Traditional indices map the values in a given column to a
list of rows having that value.
In data warehouses, join index relates the values of the
dimensions of a star schema to rows in the fact table.
„ E.g. fact table: Sales and two dimensions location and
item
A join index on item maintains for each distinct item
„ A list of the tuples recording the Sales for that items
Join indices can span multiple dimensions
„
„
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Indexing OLAP Data: Join Index
sales
location
T57
Main Street
T238
item
Sony-TV
T459
T884
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Efficient Processing OLAP Queries
„
Determine which operations should be performed on the
available cuboids:
„
transform drill, roll, etc. into corresponding SQL and/or
OLAP operations, e.g, dice = selection + projection
„
Determine to which materialized cuboid(s) the relevant
operations should be applied.
„
Exploring indexing structures and compressed vs. dense
array structures in MOLAP
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OLAP Queries: An Example
location
item
country
type
province
city
street
brand
item_name
„
the query will be processed on
{brand,province_or_state}
„
the selection constraint “year = 2000”
„
Materialized cuboids
„
cuboid1: {item_name,city,year}
„
cuboid2: {brand,country,year}
„
cuboid3: {brand,province_or_state,year}
„
cuboid4: {item_name,province_or_state}
where year = 2000
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Data Warehouse Back-End Tools and
Utilities
„
Data extraction:
„
„
Data cleaning:
„
„
convert data from legacy or host format to warehouse
format
Load:
„
„
detect errors in the data and rectify them when
possible
Data transformation:
„
„
get data from multiple, heterogeneous, and external
sources
sort, summarize, consolidate, compute views, check
integrity, and build indicies and partitions
Refresh
„
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propagate the updates from the data sources to the
warehouse
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Chapter 2: Data Warehousing and
OLAP Technology for Data Mining
„
What is a data warehouse?
„
A multi-dimensional data model
„
Data warehouse architecture
„
Data warehouse implementation
„
Further development of data cube technology
„
From data warehousing to data mining
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Discovery-Driven Exploration of Data
Cubes
„
Hypothesis-driven: exploration by user, huge search space
„
Discovery-driven (Sarawagi et al.’98)
„
pre-compute measures indicating exceptions, guide user in the
data analysis, at all levels of aggregation
„
Exception: significantly different from the value anticipated,
based on a statistical model
„
Visual cues such as background color are used to reflect the
degree of exception of each cell
„
Computation of exception indicator (modeling fitting and
computing SelfExp, InExp, and PathExp values) can be
overlapped with cube construction
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Examples: Discovery-Driven Data Cubes
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Chapter 2: Data Warehousing and
OLAP Technology for Data Mining
„
What is a data warehouse?
„
A multi-dimensional data model
„
Data warehouse architecture
„
Data warehouse implementation
„
Further development of data cube technology
„
From data warehousing to data mining
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Data Warehouse Usage
„
Three kinds of data warehouse applications
„
Information processing
„
„
„
Analytical processing
„
multidimensional analysis of data warehouse data
„
supports basic OLAP operations, slice-dice, drilling, pivoting
Data mining
„
„
„
supports querying, basic statistical analysis, and reporting
using crosstabs, tables, charts and graphs
knowledge discovery from hidden patterns
supports associations, constructing analytical models,
performing classification and prediction, and presenting the
mining results using visualization tools.
Differences among the three tasks
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From On-Line Analytical Processing
to On-Line Analytical Mining (OLAM)
„
Why online analytical mining?
„
„
„
„
„
High quality of data in data warehouses
„ DW contains integrated, consistent, cleaned data
Available information processing structure surrounding data
warehouses
„ ODBC, OLEDB, Web accessing, service facilities, reporting
and OLAP tools
OLAP-based exploratory data analysis
„ mining with drilling, dicing, pivoting, etc.
On-line selection of data mining functions
„ integration and swapping of multiple mining functions,
algorithms, and tasks.
Architecture of OLAM
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An OLAM Architecture
Mining query
Mining result
Layer4
User Interface
User GUI API
OLAM
Engine
OLAP
Engine
Layer3
OLAP/OLAM
Data Cube API
Layer2
MDDB
Meta Data
Filtering&Integration
Database API
Multidimensional
DB
Filtering
Layer1
Databases
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Data cleaning
Data
Data integration Warehouse
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Data
Repository
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Summary
„
Data warehouse:
„
„
„
„
A subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and nonvolatile
collection of data in support of management’s decisionmaking process
A multi-dimensional model of a data warehouse
„
Star schema, snowflake schema, fact constellations
„
A data cube consists of dimensions & measures
Concept Hierarchies: organize the value of attributes
or dimensions into gradual levels of abstraction
OLAP operations: drilling, rolling, slicing, dicing and
pivoting
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Summary
„
„
OLAP servers: ROLAP, MOLAP, HOLAP
Efficient computation of data cubes
„
„
„
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Partial vs. full vs. no materialization
Multiway array aggregation
Bitmap index and join index implementations
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