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International
Environmental Policy
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF:
INDONESIA
HARI SRINIVAS
ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406
Indonesia: Geography
 Indonesia is located in the tropical belt, is the largest
and widest archipelago country in the world, consist
of 17,508 big and small islands, there are 5 big
islands : Sumatera, Java, Borneo, Celebes and West
Irian
 There are two season in Indonesia , May to October
is dry season and October to April is rainy season
 Second world’s longest coast line (81.000 km)
Map of Indonesia
Demographic Picture of Indonesia
 Based on demography
survey in 2000, the total
population was 206
million, representing the
fourth largest country in
the world
 Population growth rate
was 1.49 percent.
 Estimate population in
2010 was 250 million.
Environmental Problems
Over-exploitation of
Natural Resources
and Environment in
the last 3 decades
Negative impacts on the
environmental quality
and long term
sustainability
5
Environmental Problems
Rice, pulp and paper, and palm oil are among other key trade
commodities, not only for Indonesia, but for most of countries in the
ASEAN region
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
•
•
•
•
•
Increase in Land Conversion (land use shifting)
Decrease chemical fertilizer/pesticides use
Haze pollution
Marine pollution
Lost of biodiversity
Environmental Problems
(UN, 2000)
 Deficient urban infrastructure

water supply and sanitation, waste management
 Deforestation and biodiversity loss

average deforestation rate 1.8 per cent
 Degradation of the marine environment


rapid coastal population growth (103 % increase 19802000)
overfishing, water pollution, aquaculture
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Environmental Problems
 Forest fires


clearing land by fire
significant transboundary air pollution problems
 Atmospheric pollution

urban air pollution
 Land degradation

soil erosion (water erosion) and contamination
2
Indonesia - Climate Change Impacts
 Deforestation rate (2000 – 2005) -> 2.8 Million





Ha/year & Forest fire (West Borneo in 2006) ->
loss of $91 Million
Flood (February 2007) result in $8 Billion loss
Landslide -> $80 Million per year
Human health : Dengue, Malaria, Diarrhea
Rise of Sea Level
Droughts result in loss of $8.6 Million
Indonesia - Climate Change Impacts
Sea Level Rise
Ocean Warming
Disappearing Small Islands
Salt Water Intrusion
Decline in Fisheries Harvest
Loss of Biodiversity
Increased
Temperature
Increased Fire Risk
Increased Disease Risk, Range
Increased Rainfall
Increased
Evaporation
Increased Tropical
Storms
Floods and Land Slides
Changes in Planting Season
Drought, Food Security
Transport Vulnerability
Food and Water Scarcity
Water Availability
 The availability of water is very dependent on the climate, due to the
limited supply of water (only covers about 37% of urban population and
8% of rural population)
 This causes people and industries to use deep groundwater resources
 Such exploitation results in land subsidence and droughts
Disappearing Islands!
 The disappearing of small Island -> within 2005 –
2007, 24 small islands disappear, the location:





3 island in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD)
3 island in Papua
5 island in Riau
2 island in west sumatera
7 island in the coastal area of Jakarta
(source: Ministry of Oceanary & Fishery)
Sources of Green House Gases
Transportation
Industry
Forestry
Agriculture
Sources of Non-Fossil Fuel Energy
Resources
Equivalent
Value
Existing
Utilization
Hydro
845.00 juta BOE
75.67 GW
4.2 GW
Geothermal
219.00 juta BOE
27.00 GW
0.8 GW
Mini/Micro Hydro
0.45 GW
0.45 GW
0.084 GW
Biomass
49.81 GW
49.81 GW
0.3 GW
Solar
-
4.80 kWh/m2/day
0.008 GW
Wind
9.29 GW
9.29 GW
0.0005 GW
24.112 ton* e.q. 3 GW
for 11 years
-
-
Types
Uranium
* Resources only exist in Kalan region – West Kalimantan
CO2 Emissions by Indonesia
Indonesia has become one of three largest emitters
in the world, which occurs from:
 Deforestation
 Temperature increasing 0,3% per
 Forest Fires

 Peatland Degradation

 Energy

 Industrial

year
More rainfall per year, with risk of
flooding
Decreased food security
Increasing the mean sea level,
which will impact coastal
livelihoods
The warming of ocean water
Indonesia - Vulnerabilities
Sea level rise & land inundation in coastal zones
North coast Java, south Kalimantan, west Sumatra
Water
 changed water balance leading to droughts
and floods – regionally differentiated
Agriculture
 food security threatened, and declining
productivity in particular rice cultivation
Health
  spread of diseases correlated to effects of climate
change (malaria, dengue, cholera, diarrhea etc)
Current Emissions
 LULUCF + Peat burning: 866,254
+/- Stable
 Energy: 333,540 Gg
 Industry: 34,197 Gg
 Agriculture: 75,419 Gg
 Waste: 151,578 Gg
TOTAL: 1,415,988 Gg
National Priority and Action Plan
11 National
Priorities Indonesian Cabinet
2010-2014
1
Bureaucracy Reform and Good Governance
2
Education
3
Health
4
Poverty Alleviation
5
Food Security
6
Infrastructure
7
Investment Climate
8
9
Energy
Environment and Disaster Management
(incl. Climate Change)
10
Disadvantaged, Borders and Post-Conflict Areas
11
Culture, Creativity and Technology Innovation
National Priority and Action Plan
PRIORITY
FOOD SECURITY
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
AND DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
FOCUS
•Land, Area Development & Agriculture Spatial Plan
•Infrastructure
•Research and Development
•Investment, Finance and Subsidy
•Food and Nutrition
•Adaptation to Climate Change
•Policy
•Restructuring of State Enterprises
•Energy Capacity
•Alternative Energy
•Oil and Gas Derivative Production
•Gas Conversion
•Climate Change
•Environmental Degradation Control
•Early Warning System
•Capacity Building on Disaster Mitigation & Forest Fire
Climate Change Roadmap
CLIMATE CHANGE ROADMAP
Current Status
Policy
instrument
and
regulation
Program
Project
Funding
scheme
Priority Sectors
1. Agriculture
2. Coastal, ocean and fishery
3. Energy
4. Forestry
Secondary Sectors
1. Health
2. Transportation
3. Infrastructure
4. water
5. Industry
Cross Cutting Issues
1. Research and Technology
2. National security
3. Biodiversity
4. Poverty
Capacity
building
Objectives 
Mainstreaming
climate change
into
development
planning
Major Cities in Indonesia
8,000
2
Population ('000)
7,000
6,000
1.5
5,000
4,000
1
3,000
2,000
0.5
1,000
0
0
Jakarta
Surabaya
Medan
Bandung
Palembang
Semarang
City
Population in 2000
Annual Growth Rate Per Annum, 1990-2000 (%)
Average Annual Growth Rate (%)
2.5
9,000
Urban Economies – Jakarta
The “informal sector” is outside
the official system, usually
family based.
Government
Sector
Formal
Sector
Informal
Sector
Domestic
Sector
It has flexible hours and
variable payments.
Most enterprises are small
scale.
Example: Environmental Compliance
Market Instrument (Cleaner Production, Soft Loan)
1986
1990
1999
2002
Clean River
Program
Clean Air Program
(Blue Sky)
Environmental
Impact Assessment
Licensing
System
Hazardous Wastes
Control
Water Pollution
Compliance
Public Disclosure
1995
Economic Crisis
1998 - 2002
Environmental Law Enforcement
Multimedia
Environmental
Compliance
Public Disclosure
Example: Compliance Rating System
Color Coded Rating
Performance Assessment
Compliance
Level
Above
Compliance
Rating
Alternative
Gold
A
Green
B
Area
Environmental Management
System
Resources Conservation and
Reuse, Recycle, and Recovery
of Wastes (3R)
Type of
Compliance
Method
Effort
Oriented
Voluntary
CSR: Community
Development
Comply
Water and Sea Water Pollution
Blue
Non
Compliance
C
Red
D
Black
E
Air Pollution
Hazardous Waste
Management
Implementation of EIA
Result
Oriented
Obligatory
Example: Benefits to Stakeholders
Government
Cost effective for compliance
perforamance
Tool to measure
environmental management
program
Company
Benchmarking for non
financial performance
Intangible Value Added
Better Company Image
Investors and Public
Clearing house for
targeted company
performance
Driver for Eco Efficiency
Instrument to drive beyond
compliance program
Improving communication
between government and
company
Room for public
participation in
environmental
management
Contact me …
Class website:
http://www.gdrc.info/iep
Prof. Hari Srinivas
Room: I-312
Tel: 079-565-7406
Email: [email protected]