Download Module 25 - Pioneer Student

Module 25
Human Needs and Motivation:
Eat, Drink, and Be Daring
Chapter 8, Pages 308-322
Essentials of Understanding Psychology- Sixth Edition
PSY110 Psychology
© Richard Goldman
November 1, 2006
Weight
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2/3rds of Americans are overweight
1/3rd of Americans are obese
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Body Mass Index (BMI) >30 (BMI=W lbs/H in2  703)
Considered overweight if >20% above normal
Excess weight is a major health risk
Healthy weight may differ from our perception of the
most attractive weight.
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Cultural standards
Personal perception
Hunger & Satiation
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Biological
 Full stomach
 Blood sugar level
 Hypothalamus monitors glucose level and controls appetite
 Weight Set Point – Weight level that the body tries to maintain
 Genetic
 Set Point
 Metabolism – Rate that food is converted to energy
Habit
 We normally eat at the same time each day
 When the clock strikes noon we get hungry (Classical Conditioning)
Social
 We eat to be polite
 Celebration
 Rewards
 Solace
Pleasure
 It tastes good and feels good (Operant Conditioning)
Causes of Obesity
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Poor eating habits
Environment
Ignorance
Indifference
Affluence
Poor diet
Low willpower
Overly sensitive to food-related cues
High homeostatic set point
Genetics
High levels of leptin (hormone that helps regulate
appetite and metabolism)
Low metabolism
Large number of fat cells
Disease
Eating Disorders
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Anorexia Nervosa – Fear of becoming fat
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Refusal to eat adequate amount of food
Excessive exercise
Usually young women
10% starve to death
Bulimia – Food craving coupled with fear of
becoming fat.
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Binge eating followed by purging (Induced
vomiting or diarrhea)
Also - normal eating followed by purging
Maintaining Your Correct Weight
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Do not diet
Eat a sensible diet (requires a life style change)
Exercise regularly
Get a good night’s sleep every night
Manage stress
Sexual Motivation
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Biological
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Begins at puberty with the increase of sex hormones
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Boys – Androgen – Produced in testes
 Primary Secondary sex characteristics
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Large increase in body hair
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Deeper voice
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Increase sex drive
Girls – Estrogen & Progesterone – Produced in ovaries
 Primary Secondary sex characteristics
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Moderate increase in body hair
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Breast development
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Increase sex drive
Psychological
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Visual, auditory, olfactory, taste, and tactical stimuli play important roles in
human sexual arousal.
Almost any neutral stimuli can become a learned arousal stimuli
(Classical Conditioning)
Fantasies are common
Masturbation
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Previously condemned and thought to cause
insanity and other maladies
Currently viewed as a normal, healthy, legitimate,
harmless, and important sexual activity (by most
experts)
Practiced by almost all men and most women
Many people still tend to have a sense of guilt about
masturbating
Restrictions on masturbation remain in some
religions
Heterosexuality
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Premarital Sex
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Increased dramatically since the 1970’s
More acceptable for women
Marital Sex
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Wide variations in frequency
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Sever times a day to no sex at all
Average is a few time per month
Extramarital Sex
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15% of women
25% of men
Viewed as wrong by most everyone
Homosexuality
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5-10% of the population
Cause is unknown – Some suggestions are:
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Genetic
Hormones
Brain Structure
Child Rearing
Learning (Operant Conditioning)
Female Circumcision
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Surgical removal of clitoris
Eliminates ability to experience sexual
pleasure
80,000,000 women currently circumcised
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Cultural custom
Mostly in Africa and Asia
>90% of Nigerian women
Illegal in the United States
Need for Achievement
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High Achievers:
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Strong secondary drive
Learned characteristic
Seek competitive, challenging situations
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Need to keep proving themselves
College students
Low Achievers
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Seek to avoid failure
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Not too easy or not too hard
Easy tasks or one that do not have any negative consequences
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – Used to measure
achievement motivation
Need for Affiliation
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Desire to establish and maintain relationships
with others
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Stronger in women
Stronger when stressed
Need for Power
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Desire to impact, control, or influence others
Stronger in men
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Aggressive
Heavy drinkers
Sexually exploitive
Participate in competitive sports
Prestigious possessions
Extravagant, flamboyant behavior
Women display power needs with more constraint
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Socially responsible activities
Highly nurturing behavior