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Cancer
What Is Cancer?
• Cancer is the second most common cause of death after heart
disease
• Responsible for 1:4 deaths, claiming 1500 lives every day in the United
States
• Cancer is the abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells
• A tumor (neoplasm) is a mass of tissue that serves no
physiological purpose
• A benign tumor is composed of cells that are enclosed,
preventing them from spreading to other tissues
• A malignant tumor is cancerous and capable of spreading
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Percentage of all cancer deaths linked to
risk factors
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How Cancer Spreads: Metastasis
• Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from one part of the
body to another
• They break away and can pass through:
• Blood vessels
• Lymphatic system
• This form of traveling can result in secondary tumors or
metastases
• (a seeding process)
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Common Cancers
• Lung Cancer
• A carcinogen is any substance that causes
cancer
• Colon and Rectal Cancer
• Breast Cancer
• Prostate Cancer
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Cancer cases by site and sex
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Lung Cancer
• Lung Cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in the
United States
• The chief risk factor is smoking
• Accounts for 90% of lung cancer deaths
• It is responsible for about 157,000 deaths per year
• Symptoms do not usually appear until after the disease has
advanced to the invasive stage
• Treatment involves a combination of surgery, radiation, and
chemotherapy
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Colon and Rectal Cancer
• Also known as colorectal cancer, it is the third leading
cancer death cause
• Age and lifestyle are risk factors
• Polyps, which are small growths, develop and cause
bleeding from the rectum which is a strong warning
sign
• The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that
regular screening be started at age 50
• Stool blood test
• Colonoscopy
• Surgery is the primary method of treatment
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Breast Cancer
• Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women
• Risk factors include:
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Genetic factors
Early-onset menstruation
Having no children or having the first one after age 30
Currently using HRT (hormone replacement therapy)
Obesity
Alcohol consumption
• Prevention involves lifestyle modification
• Detection includes:
• Mammograms
• Clinical breast exams
• Self breast exams
• Treatment is surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation treatment
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Prostate Cancer
• Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and second to
lung cancer in the number of cancer deaths among men
• Risk factors
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Age (strongest predictor)
African American ethnicity
Heredity
Lifestyle factors
• Diet may be an important factor of preventing this cancer
• Detection is by a rectal exam or a prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
blood test
• Treatment includes:
• Surgical removal
• Radiation treatment
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract
• Cervical Cancer
• Most cases of cervical cancer stem from HPV (Human
Papillomavirus) infection
• Screenings are usually performed by pap test via a pelvic
exam
• All sexually active women and women between ages of 18-65
should be tested
• If abnormal cells are found, they are surgically removed
• HPV is usually transmitted during unprotected sex
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract
• Uterine or Endometrial Cancer
• This is cancer of the lining of the uterus and
mostly occurs after the age of 55
• Risk factors similar to those for breast
cancer
• Usually detected by pelvic examination
• Treatment includes surgery possibly
combined with radiation and chemotherapy
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract
• Ovarian Cancer
• Considered rare compared with other
reproductive cancers
• Risk factors are similar to breast and endometrial
cancer
• Symptoms: bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain,
difficulty eating or feeling full quickly, and
urinary problems.
• Ovarian Cancer is treated by surgical removal of
the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, and the uterus
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Skin Cancer
• Skin Cancer is the most common type of cancer
when cases of the highly curable forms are
included
• Primary risk factor is exposure to ultraviolet (UV)
radiation
• UVA = longer wavelength; damages connective
tissue, leads to premature aging of the skin, causes
skin cancer
• UVB = shorter wavelength; causes sunburn,
damages eyes and immune system, causes skin
cancer
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Types of Skin Cancer
• There are 3 main types of skin cancer, named for the
type of skin cell from where they develop
• Basal cell carcinoma develops in the deepest layers
of the skin
• Squamous cell carcinoma develops on the surface
layers of the skin
• Melanoma is a malignant tumor of the skin that
arises from pigmented cells, usually a mole; is
considered the most dangerous form of skin cancer
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Preventing Skin Cancer
• Wear long-sleeved shirts,
long pants, hats
• Use a broad-spectrum
sunscreen with a high SPF
(30+)
• Apply sunscreen 30
minutes before sun
exposure, 15–30 minutes
after exposure begins, and
frequently
• Avoid sun exposure
between 10 AM and 4 PM
• Check UV index
• Avoid tanning salons
• Examine your skin on a
regular basis
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The ABCD Test for Melanoma
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Head and Neck Cancers
• Cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and nasal
cavity
• Primary causes are cigarette, cigar, pipe smoking, spit
tobacco, and excessive alcohol consumption
• Males are at twice the risk than women
• Chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery are the primary
treatments
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Testicular Cancer
• Testicular Cancer is relatively rare,
accounting for only 1% of cancers in men
• More common in white Americans than
other ethnic groups
• Age 20-35
• Self-exams help with early detection
• Treatment includes:
• Surgical removal of tumors
• Chemotherapy
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Other Cancers
• Pancreatic cancer
• Brain cancer
• Fourth leading cause of • Leukemia
cancer deaths
• Bladder cancer
• 4 times more common
in men
• Kidney cancer
• Cancer of WBC
• Lymphoma
• Hodgkin’s
• Non-Hodgkin’s
• Smoking and obesity are
mild risk factors
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The Causes of Cancer
• The Role of DNA
• DNA Basics
• Genetics
• Oncogenes
• BRACA1
• Cancer promoters
• Tobacco Use
• Dietary Factors
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Fat and meat
Alcohol
Fried foods
Fiber
Fruits and vegetables
• Inactivity and Obesity
• Metabolic syndrome
• Figure 12.5
• Carcinogens in the
Environment
• Ingested chemicals
• Environmental and
industrial pollutants
• Radiation
• Microbes
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Body weight and cancer mortality
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Detecting and Treating Cancer
• Detecting Cancer
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Self-monitoring
Knowing risk factors
Immediate family’s cancer history
Your own history
Doctor routine cancer checkups
• Treating Cancer
• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation
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Preventing Cancer
• Avoid tobacco
• Control diet and
weight
• Exercise
• Protect skin
• Avoid
environmental and
occupational
carcinogens
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