Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
BIO 137 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY HISTOLOGY LAB Mary Catherine Flath, Ph.D. Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath “You’ve got to be careful if you don’t know where you’re going, because you might not get there.” ~Yogi Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Berra~ Histology: The Microscopic Study of Tissues A tissue is a group of similar cells (usually organized into a layer), which performs a common function. Four adult human tissues: – – – – Epithelium (ET) covers and lines; Connective Tissue (CT) provides support; Muscle Tissue (MT) allows for movement; Nervous Tissue (NT) controls. Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Epithelial Characteristics Cellular – All cells with little intercellular material Polar – Top layer; apical – Bottom layer; basal Apical modifications – Cilia; moves debris out of trachea – Microvilli; increase intestinal surface area Cell junctions – Desmosomes hold adjacent cells together in all ET’s – Tight junctions prevent intercellular leakage in kidney tubules Basement membrane – Attaches layer to underlying connective tissue Avascular Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Classification of ETs Number of Layers – Simple – Stratified Shape of Cells – Squamous – Cuboidal – Columnar Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath TYPES OF EPITHELIUM (organ viewed in lab) Simple Squamous ET (lung air sacs) Simple Cuboidal ET (thyroid gland) Simple Columnar ET (duodenum) Pseudostratified Columnar ET (trachea) Stratified Squamous ET (studied during Integumentary System Lab) Transitional ET (ureter) Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Please refer to your textbook re: Epithelial Tissues, pages 147-151. Simple Squamous Epithelium A single layer of flattened cells Locations: – Lining air sacs (in lungs) – Lining capillaries Function: – Adapted for diffusion (exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes) Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Simple Cuboidal Epithelium A single layer of cube-shaped cells with large prominent nuclei Locations: – Glands (*) – Lining kidney tubules Functions: – Secretion (*only function) – Absorption Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath THYROID GLAND Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Simple Columnar Epithelium A single layer of elongated cells, whose nuclei are located near the basement membrane Surface Modifications: – Goblet cells – Microvilli Location: Lining intestine Function: – Protection – Absorption – Secretion Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET: DUODENUM~LOW POWER~ INTESTINAL VILLI Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET: DUODENUM ~OIL IMMERSION~ GOBLET CELLS IN SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Also see the model of the intestine wall with the lab set-up The pink tissue represents –Simple Columnar Epithelium lining the intestine Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium A single layer of elongated cells whose nuclei are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm Surface modifications: – Cilia – Goblet cells Location: Lining of trachea Functions: – Secretion – Protection Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR ET : TRACHEA ~HIGH POWER ~ CILIA Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR ET: TRACHEA ~OIL~ PSCET CELLS GOBLET CELL BASEMENT MEMBRANE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Stratified Squamous Epithelium Many layers of flattened cells Locations: – Epidermis (if keratin is present) – Openings of mucous membranes; no keratin (i.e. mouth, throat, anus, vagina) Function: Protection Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Transitional Epithelium Many layers of cells that change shape due to pressure Locations: – Lining of Urinary bladder – Lining of Ureter Function: – distensibility Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath TRANSITIONAL ET: URETER ~LOW POWER~ TRANSITIONAL ET SMOOTH MUSCLE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath EMPTY/RELAXED BLADDE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath FILLED BLADDER Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath TYPES OF EPITHELIUM (organ viewed in lab) Simple Squamous ET (lung air sacs) Simple Cuboidal ET (thyroid gland) Simple Columnar ET (duodenum) Pseudostratified Columnar ET (trachea) Stratified Squamous ET (studied during Integumentary System Lab) Transitional ET (ureter) Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Connective Tissues: Characteristics All arise from mesenchyme Vary in structural components: – Cells – Matrix Components: Fibers Ground substance Vary in vascularity Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Cells in Connective Tissues Fibroblast (in CT proper) White blood cells – Macrophages – Mast cells Primary Cells – Osteocytes – Chondrocytes Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath CT Matrix Components Fibers – Collagen (stain pink) – Elastic (stain purple) – Reticular (collagenous fibers) Ground Substance – Amorphous material that fills spaces between cells and fibers – Acts as molecular sieve (passage of nutrients) Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Please refer to your textbook re: Connective Tissues, pages 157-162 Loose Connective Tissues Loose Areolar CT Adipose Tissue Reticular Tissue (not studied in lab) Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Loose Areolar Connective Tissue Cells: Fibroblasts Fibers: – Collagen (stained pink) – Elastic (stained purple) Ground Substance Location: beneath epithelium – As epithelial membranes Functions: soppy tissue that lubricates & nourishes epithelial tissue; – Cushioning Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Loose Areolar Connective Tissue Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath LOOSE AREOLAR CT~HIGH POWER~ FIBROBLAST ELASTIC FIBERS COLLAGEN FIBERS Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath GROUND SUBSTANCE LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Adipose Tissue Cells: Adipocytes filled with fat globules Locations: – Subcutaneous layer – Breasts – Around kidneys and eyeballs Functions: – Energy Store – Protection – Cushion Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath ADIPOSE TISSUE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Dense Connective Tissues Dense Regular CT (i.e. White fibrous CT) Dense Irregular CT – Dermis (discussed in detail in Chapter 6) Elastic CT (not studied in lab) Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Dense Regular Connective Tissue Matrix of collagen fibers Locations: – Tendons – Ligaments Function: – Attachment/ High tensile strength Lacks direct blood supply Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath DENSE REGULAR CT ~LOW POWER~ Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath DENSE REGULAR CT ~HIGH POWER~ COLLAGEN FIBERS NUCLEI OF FIBROBLASTS Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Randomly arranged collagen fibers (in whorled patterns) Location: Dermis of Skin – (discussed in greater detail in Chapter 6) Functions: provides high tensile strength Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath DENSE IRREGULAR CT Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Cartilages Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage (studied in skeletal system) Fibrocartilage (studied in skeletal system) Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Hyaline Cartilage Cells: Chondrocytes (in lacunae) Matrix: Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine in amorphous mix Locations: – Wall of trachea and larynx – Embryonic Skeleton Function: Structural and flexible support No direct blood supply Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath HYALINE CARTILAGE~LOW POWER~ CHONDROCYTES IN LACUNAE MATRIX Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath HYALINE CARTILAGE ~HIGH POWER~ CHONDROCYTES IN LACUNAE MATRIX of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath HYALINE CARTILAGE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Elastic Cartilage Chondrocytes surrounded by matrix filled with elastic fibers Locations: – Auricle or Pinna of External Ear – Epiglottis Function: – Flexibility with maintenance of shape Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath ELASTIC CARTILAGE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Fibrocartilage Chondrocytes in jelly-like matrix with collagen Locations: – Intervertebral discs – Symphysis pubis Functions: – Cushions (acts as a shock absorber) – Allows for slight movement Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath FIBROCARTILAGE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Blood Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes in matrix of plasma Location: within heart and blood vessels Function: transport Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath HUMAN BLOOD SMEAR RED BLOOD CELLS WHITE BLOOD CELLS Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath HUMAN BLOOD SMEAR Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath HUMAN BLOOD SMEAR Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Bone (compact) Osteocytes (in lacunae) surrounded by matrix of calcium phosphate and collagen Location: bones of skeleton Functions: – Support – Protection – Movement – Hematopoiesis – Calcium (mineral) Store Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath COMPACT BONE~LOW POWER~ Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath COMPACT BONE~HIGH POWER~ OSTEOCYTES IN LACUNAE MATRIX OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE AND COLLAGEN Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath COMPACT BONE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Also see the model of compact bone with this lab set-up Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Muscle Tissues Long, thin fibers that shorten and contract allowing for movement Three types: – Skeletal muscle – Smooth muscle – Cardiac muscle See pages 162-163 in text. Will be studied in greater detail during the muscular system Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Nervous Tissue Neurons with multiple extensions surrounded by neuroglial cells. Locations: – Brain and spinal cord (CNS) – Nerves (PNS) Function: Integration of all body parts No reproduction of cells. See page 165 in text. Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath NERVOUS TISSUE ~HIGH POWER~ NEUROGLIAL CELLS NEURON Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath NERVOUS TISSUE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Let’s take a HISTOLOGY PRACTICE QUIZ Name the pink tissue in this field (be specific). Name the pink tissue in this field (be specific). Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Simple squamous epithelium NAME THE FOAMYLOOKING CELL. *** Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Goblet cell NAME THE PROJECTIONS ON THESE CELLS *** Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath cilia NAME THE LOCATION OF THIS TISSUE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Ureter or urinary bladder NAME THE MAJOR FUNCTION OF THIS TISSUE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Energy store NAME THE TISSUE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath DENSE IRREGULAR CT: DERMIS Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath NAME THE TISSUE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath HYALINE CARTILAGE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath NAME THE TISSUE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath NAME THE TISSUE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath NAME THE TISSUE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath NERVOUS TISSUE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath NAME THE TISSUE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath COMPACT BONE Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath Name one reason why connective tissues are so diverse. They vary in their structural components and vascularity