Download Histology Lab PPT

BIO 137
HUMAN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
HISTOLOGY LAB
Mary Catherine Flath, Ph.D.
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
“You’ve got to be careful if you
don’t know where you’re going,
because you might not get there.”
~Yogi
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Berra~
Histology:
The Microscopic Study of Tissues
A tissue is a group of similar cells
(usually organized into a layer), which
performs a common function.
 Four adult human tissues:

–
–
–
–
Epithelium (ET) covers and lines;
Connective Tissue (CT) provides support;
Muscle Tissue (MT) allows for movement;
Nervous Tissue (NT) controls.
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Epithelial Characteristics

Cellular
– All cells with little intercellular material

Polar
– Top layer; apical
– Bottom layer; basal

Apical modifications
– Cilia; moves debris out of trachea
– Microvilli; increase intestinal surface area

Cell junctions
– Desmosomes hold adjacent cells together in all ET’s
– Tight junctions prevent intercellular leakage in kidney
tubules

Basement membrane
– Attaches layer to underlying connective tissue

Avascular
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Classification of ETs

Number of Layers
– Simple
– Stratified

Shape of Cells
– Squamous
– Cuboidal
– Columnar
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
TYPES OF EPITHELIUM
(organ viewed in lab)
 Simple
Squamous ET (lung air sacs)
 Simple Cuboidal ET (thyroid gland)
 Simple Columnar ET (duodenum)
 Pseudostratified Columnar ET
(trachea)
 Stratified Squamous ET (studied
during Integumentary System Lab)
 Transitional ET (ureter)
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Please refer to your textbook
re: Epithelial Tissues,
pages 147-151.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
A single layer of flattened cells
 Locations:
– Lining air sacs (in lungs)
– Lining capillaries
 Function:
– Adapted for diffusion
(exchange of gases, nutrients,
wastes)

Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
A
single layer of cube-shaped
cells with large prominent
nuclei
 Locations:
– Glands (*)
– Lining kidney tubules
 Functions:
– Secretion (*only function)
– Absorption
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THYROID GLAND
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SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
A single layer of elongated cells,
whose nuclei are located near
the basement membrane
 Surface Modifications:
– Goblet cells
– Microvilli
 Location: Lining intestine
 Function:
– Protection
– Absorption
– Secretion

Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET:
DUODENUM~LOW POWER~
INTESTINAL
VILLI
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SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET
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SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET:
DUODENUM ~OIL IMMERSION~
GOBLET CELLS IN SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Also see the model of the
intestine wall with the lab set-up
 The
pink tissue represents
–Simple Columnar Epithelium
lining the intestine
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
A single layer of elongated cells
whose nuclei are dispersed
throughout the cytoplasm
 Surface modifications:
– Cilia
– Goblet cells
 Location: Lining of trachea
 Functions:
– Secretion
– Protection

Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR ET :
TRACHEA ~HIGH POWER ~
CILIA
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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR ET:
TRACHEA ~OIL~
PSCET CELLS
GOBLET CELL
BASEMENT MEMBRANE
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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Many layers of flattened cells
 Locations:
– Epidermis (if keratin is
present)
– Openings of mucous
membranes; no keratin (i.e.
mouth, throat, anus, vagina)
 Function: Protection

Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Transitional Epithelium
Many layers of cells that
change shape due to pressure
 Locations:
– Lining of Urinary bladder
– Lining of Ureter
 Function:
– distensibility

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TRANSITIONAL ET: URETER ~LOW POWER~
TRANSITIONAL ET
SMOOTH MUSCLE
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TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
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EMPTY/RELAXED BLADDE
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FILLED BLADDER
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TYPES OF EPITHELIUM
(organ viewed in lab)
 Simple
Squamous ET (lung air sacs)
 Simple Cuboidal ET (thyroid gland)
 Simple Columnar ET (duodenum)
 Pseudostratified Columnar ET
(trachea)
 Stratified Squamous ET (studied
during Integumentary System Lab)
 Transitional ET (ureter)
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Connective Tissues: Characteristics
 All
arise from mesenchyme
 Vary in structural components:
– Cells
– Matrix Components:
Fibers
Ground substance
 Vary in vascularity
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Cells in Connective Tissues
Fibroblast (in CT proper)
 White blood cells
– Macrophages
– Mast cells
 Primary Cells
– Osteocytes
– Chondrocytes

Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
CT Matrix Components
Fibers
– Collagen (stain pink)
– Elastic (stain purple)
– Reticular (collagenous fibers)
 Ground Substance
– Amorphous material that fills
spaces between cells and fibers
– Acts as molecular sieve (passage
of nutrients)

Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Please refer to your textbook re:
Connective Tissues,
pages 157-162
Loose Connective Tissues
 Loose
Areolar CT
 Adipose
Tissue
 Reticular
Tissue (not
studied in lab)
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Loose Areolar Connective Tissue




Cells: Fibroblasts
Fibers:
– Collagen (stained pink)
– Elastic (stained purple)
Ground Substance
Location: beneath epithelium
– As epithelial membranes

Functions: soppy tissue that
lubricates & nourishes
epithelial tissue;
– Cushioning
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Loose Areolar Connective Tissue
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LOOSE AREOLAR CT~HIGH POWER~
FIBROBLAST
ELASTIC FIBERS
COLLAGEN
FIBERS
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GROUND
SUBSTANCE
LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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Adipose Tissue
Cells: Adipocytes filled with fat
globules
 Locations:
– Subcutaneous layer
– Breasts
– Around kidneys and eyeballs
 Functions:
– Energy Store
– Protection
– Cushion

Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
ADIPOSE TISSUE
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Dense Connective Tissues

Dense Regular CT (i.e. White
fibrous CT)

Dense Irregular CT
– Dermis (discussed in detail in
Chapter 6)

Elastic CT (not studied in lab)
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Matrix of collagen fibers
 Locations:
– Tendons
– Ligaments
 Function:
– Attachment/ High tensile
strength
 Lacks direct blood supply

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DENSE REGULAR CT ~LOW POWER~
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DENSE REGULAR CT ~HIGH POWER~
COLLAGEN FIBERS
NUCLEI OF
FIBROBLASTS
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DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Randomly arranged collagen
fibers (in whorled patterns)
 Location: Dermis of Skin
– (discussed in greater detail in
Chapter 6)
 Functions: provides high
tensile strength

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DENSE
IRREGULAR
CT
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DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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Cartilages
 Hyaline
Cartilage
 Elastic
Cartilage (studied in
skeletal system)
 Fibrocartilage
(studied in
skeletal system)
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Hyaline Cartilage
Cells: Chondrocytes (in lacunae)
 Matrix: Chondroitin sulfate and
glucosamine in amorphous mix
 Locations:
– Wall of trachea and larynx
– Embryonic Skeleton
 Function: Structural and flexible
support
 No direct blood supply
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
HYALINE CARTILAGE~LOW POWER~
CHONDROCYTES IN LACUNAE
MATRIX
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HYALINE CARTILAGE ~HIGH POWER~
CHONDROCYTES IN LACUNAE
MATRIX of Glucosamine and
Chondroitin Sulfate
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HYALINE CARTILAGE
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Elastic Cartilage
Chondrocytes surrounded by matrix
filled with elastic fibers
 Locations:
– Auricle or Pinna of External Ear
– Epiglottis
 Function:
– Flexibility with maintenance of
shape

Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
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Fibrocartilage
Chondrocytes in jelly-like matrix with
collagen
 Locations:
– Intervertebral discs
– Symphysis pubis
 Functions:
– Cushions (acts as a shock absorber)
– Allows for slight movement

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FIBROCARTILAGE
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Blood
 Erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and
thrombocytes in matrix of
plasma
 Location: within heart and
blood vessels
 Function: transport
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HUMAN BLOOD SMEAR
RED BLOOD CELLS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
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HUMAN BLOOD SMEAR
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HUMAN BLOOD SMEAR
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Bone (compact)
Osteocytes (in lacunae) surrounded
by matrix of calcium phosphate and
collagen
 Location: bones of skeleton
 Functions:
– Support
– Protection
– Movement
– Hematopoiesis
– Calcium (mineral) Store

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COMPACT BONE~LOW POWER~
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COMPACT BONE~HIGH POWER~
OSTEOCYTES IN LACUNAE
MATRIX OF
CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE
AND COLLAGEN
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COMPACT BONE
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Also see the model of compact
bone with this lab set-up
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Muscle Tissues
Long, thin fibers that shorten and
contract allowing for movement
 Three types:
– Skeletal muscle
– Smooth muscle
– Cardiac muscle
 See pages 162-163 in text.
 Will be studied in greater detail
during the muscular system

Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Nervous Tissue
 Neurons
with multiple extensions
surrounded by neuroglial cells.
 Locations:
– Brain and spinal cord (CNS)
– Nerves (PNS)
 Function: Integration of all body
parts
 No reproduction of cells.
 See page 165 in text.
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NERVOUS TISSUE ~HIGH POWER~
NEUROGLIAL CELLS
NEURON
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NERVOUS TISSUE
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Let’s take a
HISTOLOGY PRACTICE QUIZ
Name the pink tissue in this
field (be specific).
Name the pink tissue in this field (be specific).
Copyright 2013 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Simple squamous epithelium
NAME THE FOAMYLOOKING CELL.
***
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Goblet cell
NAME THE PROJECTIONS
ON THESE CELLS
***
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cilia
NAME THE LOCATION OF THIS TISSUE
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Ureter or urinary bladder
NAME THE MAJOR FUNCTION OF THIS TISSUE
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Energy store
NAME THE TISSUE
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DENSE IRREGULAR CT: DERMIS
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NAME THE TISSUE
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HYALINE CARTILAGE
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NAME THE TISSUE
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LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE
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NAME THE TISSUE
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SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
EPITHELIUM
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NAME THE TISSUE
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NERVOUS TISSUE
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NAME THE TISSUE
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COMPACT BONE
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Name one reason why
connective tissues are so
diverse.
They vary in their structural
components and vascularity