Download Trachoma

Biology 402
Daniella DiNizo
What is Trachoma?
 Infectious eye disease
 Leading cause of
blindness globally
 Disease of poverty
 Neglected tropical
disease
History of Trachoma
 One of the earliest




recorded eye afflictions
Soldiers
Immigrants through Ellis
Island
Disappeared from the
industrial world
Still plagues poorest
regions of developing
world
Epidemiology
 84 million infected
 8 million visually impaired
 1995 – 15% of blindness;
2002 – 3.6% of blindness
 Most common among pre-school
children
Causes
 Chlamydia trachomatis
 Associated factors
 Access to water
 Access to bathrooms
 Sanitation/ Hygiene
 Flies
 Overcrowding
 Poverty
Transmission
 Primary
 Person to person
 Direct contact with
ocular, nasal, and
respiratory
secretions
Transmission
 Secondary
 Insect Vectors
The Eye
Stages 1 and 2 – Active Trachoma
TF - Trachomatous
inflammation follicular
TI – Trachomatous
inflammation intense
Infection – Stage 3
 Trachomatous Scarring
(TS)
 Scarring of the tarsal
conjunctiva
 Eyelids turning inward
may begin
Infection – Stage 4
 Trachomatous trichiasis
(TT)
 Ingrown eyelashes
touching the cornea
Infection – Stage 5
 Corneal opacity (CO)
 Clouding over of the
cornea
 Blindness
Social Implications
 Global loss of
productivity
 Women
 Cooking
 Water
 Family
 Effect on children
 Cycle of poverty
Treatment
 Azithromycin
 Tetracycline ointment
 Eyelid Surgery
 Resistance?
SAFE strategy – Surgery/ Antibiotics
 Surgery
 People with risk of
blindness
 Reduce discomfort
 Improve vision
 Antibiotics
 For active infections
 Who?/ When?
SAFE Strategy - Facial Cleanliness/
Environmental Changes
 Facial Cleanliness
 Good facial hygiene
 Washing daily
 Environmental Changes
 Water
 Bathrooms
 Flies
 Interventions have not
been as successful as
expected
Future Directions
 Global Elminiation of blinding Trachoma by 2020
(GET2020)
 Emphasis on FE of SAFE strategy
 Research
 Global Awareness
 Without these steps Trachoma will continue to be a
major cause of blindness in the developing world.
 http://www.typesofbacteria.co.uk/trach
oma-blindness.html
 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/disea
seinfo/trachoma_t.htm
 http://images.google.com/imgres?imgur
l=http://webpages.scu.edu/ftp/mrzhao/i
mages/trachoma1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://
webpages.scu.edu/ftp/mrzhao/trachoma
splashpage.html&usg=__8o18TNsjnRZX
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23&hl=en&start=2&sig2=im4vg70W2Flx
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Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IESearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7GGLL_en%26tb
s%3Disch:1&ei=go6vS9mDIYP48AbOpI
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 http://proctor.ucsf.edu/internationalstu
dies2.html
 Images:
 http://www.ellisisland.se/english/ellisisl
and_immigration3.asp
 http://gamapserver.who.int/mapLibrary
/Files/Maps/global%20active%20may%2
02006.jpg
 http://www.cartercenter.org/health/trac
homa/index.html
 http://www.pba.org/blogs/entries/categ
ory/from-georgia-to-ethiopia
 http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforu
m/atlas/pages/trachoma-trichiasis-andtylosis-pachyblepharon.html
 http://digitalrabbit.org/wordpress/categ
ory/waterborne-diseases/
 http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/
archives/fdaDrugInfo.cfm?archiveid=7111
 http://medicalecology.org/water/tracho
ma/trachoma.htm#sect3