Download the appendicular myology of the sandhill crane, with comparative

THE APPENDICULAR
WITH COMPARATIVE
MYOLOGY OF THE SANDHILL CRANE,
REMARKS ON THE WHOOPING CRANE
BY ANDREW
U
J. BERGER
recently, very little had been published on the myology
NTIL
cranes. Fisher and Goodman (1955)
of the
described in detail the myology of
the Whooping Crane (Grus americana) ; they also dissected one Little Brown
Crane (G. c. canadensis). I began a myological study of the Sandhill Crane
(G. canadensis tabida)
at the suggestion of Dr. L. H. Walkinshaw,
whose
interest in the biology and taxonomy of the cranes is well known. For the first
specimen of this subspecies, I am indebted to Dr. Wallace Grange of Babcock,
Wisconsin.
After the death of this captive bird, it was frozen immediately;
I
dissected it during the month of April, 1955. During February, 1956, two additional frozen specimens became available.
These birds were killed by hunt-
ers during the latter part of October, 1955, in Jasper County, Indiana.
these specimens, I am indebted to Dr. Charles Kirkpatrick
For
of Purdue Uni-
versity and to Russell Mumford of the University of Michigan.
Through the generosity of Dr. Fisher, I was permitted to study the Whooping Crane manuscript before I began my first dissection. After I had completed this work, Dr. Fisher and I discussed differences in interpretation
of
certain muscle complexes. Th ese differences will be explained in the descriptions of the individual muscles, inasmuch as it was too late to make changes
in the Whooping Crane manuscript.
There are two sets of muscle terminology currently in use in this country,
that of Hudson (1937) and Hudson and Lanzillotti (1955) and that of Fisher (1946) and Fisher and Goodman (1955) ; I have included both sets of
names. The muscles are discussed in the sequence used by Fisher and Goodman; they accepted Montagna’s (1945) conclusions on the numbering of the
hand digits,
and, consequently, proposed new names for certain muscles
(1955 :39).
MYOLOGY
M.
TENSOR
Fisher
PATAGII
and
from the dorsal
state
(p. 42)
“comes
1955:
Fig.
one, to my knowledge,
are separate
origin”
surface
17).
(e.g.,
Fiirbringer
biceps
and German
the cuckoos),
only distally.
and Gadow
. . . .”
either
In
ornithologists,
believed
arising
brevis and
is that which
of the traditional
I believe
that
longus
it is
(Fisher
that both the tensor patagii
of M. deltoideus
is a derivative
major;
no
of 111. biceps brachii.
In
the two tensors have a common
origin
In some birds, the two muscles are separate
282
belly”
longus
view
as M. tensor patagii
brevis muscles were derivatives
has suggested that
triangular
of the tensor patagii
of M.
by the British
“elongately
solely to M. tensor patagii
to consider the slip from M. biceps brachii
and Goodman,
birds
the
as belonging
only muscular
the antero-palmar
longus and the tensor patagii
many
hlgus)
interpret
end of the furculum
of this complex
misleading
(prOpatagi&
(1955 :43)
that “the
from
treatment
LONGUS
Goodman
WING
OF THE
and the bellies
throughout.
Andrew .I.
Rerger
MYOLOGY
Thus, there
interpret
patagii
OF SANDHILL
are two possible interpretations
the
belly
arising
from
the
only muscular
origin
an academic
such differences
of interpretation
eous taxonomic
What
question,
bellies
and Goodman
longus is that derived
but it is important
I prefer
of Mm.
to
tensores
patagialis”) . If one does
1901: 641, “deltoides
in myological
283
in the cranes.
to be the fused
then it is true, as Fisher
for the tensor patagii
This is, in part,
of this complex
furculum
longus et brevis (see also Mitchell,
not agree with this interpretation,
CRANE
stated, that the
from M. biceps brachii.
that the taxonomist
recognize
studies so that these are not given erron-
significance.
Fisher
and Goodman
call the belly
of M.
tensor
patagii
longus is actually
the
biceps slip, a muscular slip widely used in taxonomic diagnoses. The biceps slip of Beddard is the biceps propatagialis of Gadow and Selenka (1891:255)
and the tensor accessorius of Parker
In the Sandhill
and Haswell
Crane,
(1947 :441),
the origin
that described
for the Whoopin g Crane
(6-7 cm. long)
arises from the coracoidal
and inserts
both the tensor
propatagialis,
to the deltoid
patagii
(2 cm.)
envelope
neurosis fuses with
bases of the alula
in the W’hooping
from
aponeurosis,
quills
tendon
of M.
A second origin
brevis muscles.
of M.
TENSOR
PATAGII
coverts.
belly
extends
to the middle
of the furculum,
longus is on the extensor
Fisher
tensor
and Goodman
alae digiti
II
longus.
This
patagii
(=
extending
(1955:68)
abductor
The main
band
M.
tendon
as described
extensor
the
humerus,
(1 cm. wide)
the forearm,
nare.
Fisher
which
metacarpi
is not true in the Sandhill
to the elbow;
adjacent
sending
the
anterior
carpi
ulnaris.”
toward
and then passes proximad
to attach
to the distal
of pars anconalis.
over the forearm
(1955%)
part
state that
M.
rest
of the
distally,
to insert
flexor
ventrad
forearm.
through
or flexor
the
it attaches
“the
ulnaris,
and
which
their
coverts
are located
to insert
tendon
length
wide
on the tendon
digitorum
of
end of
of
to the OS ul-
sublimusl
does not do so in G. c. tabida and it is difficult
secondaries
carpi
brevis
the entire
in G. c. canadensis
of the wing
I=
The
muscles and extends
see how the brevis tendon, located on the dorsal surface of the forearm,
sublimus
into a thin
of pars anconalis
superficial
tendon
Its
from the deltoid
the elbow and expands
slips to the bases of the feathers;
and
process of the scapula.
slips arising
of origin
over the surface
The
to the acromion
the
from the dorsal end
the tendon
to the origin
and Goodman
posteriorly
such branches
and Goodman.
It arises primarily
above, by tendinous
fuses, in part, with
passes posteriad
continues
wide
crest.
passes distad
radialis,
that
arises
of M. pectoralis.
of insertion
(2 cm. wide),
stated
pollicis)
brevis)
of the deltoid
crest and from pars propatagialis
process of
having a belly about 9 cm. long and 2 cm. wide;
but has a small attachment
main tendon is reinforced,
apo-
longus and brevis.
of the longus tendon
developed,
This
brevis and gives rise
into the manus to fuse with its fascia and with the
(propatagialis
BREVIS
This muscle is weakly
of
pars
of the superficial
pectoralis.
were found in G. americana, but not in G. c. cunadensis, by Fisher
M.
is a
M. pectoralis,
is a continuation
of the tensor patagii
a part of M. abductor
I found no branches
biceps slip
becomes tendinous,
to the tendons of insertion
the insertion
of the tensor patagii
and their
the same as
The fleshy
longus tendon.
which
surrounds
but slips extend
Crane,
the inserting
Crane.
patagii
both of the tensor patagii
area of insertion
the carpometacarpus,
and Goodman.
crest, which contributes
which
and others.
longus is essentially
tendon of M. biceps brachii,
the distal end of the belly
to parts of the tendons
main
(1950:427),
longus and the tensor patagii
is a wide
of the fascial
The
by Fisher
on the elastic part of the tensor
small tendon, attached
layer
Young
of M. tensor patagii
tendon
of origin
of M.
of
flex.
for me to
could pass postero-
on Mm.
on the posteroventral
flexor
digitorum
surface
of the
THE WILSON BULLETIN
Fisher
“M.
and Goodman
is single.”
strong
(1955:43)
...
tens. pat. brevis
Unilaterally
components
ponents,
in
process)
of the h
‘ umerus
carpi radialis)
aponeurotic
flexor
triceps
to the lateral
epicondyle
metacarpi
to the OS ulnare.
The
extensor
of M. extensor
expands
digitorum
origins
of Mm.
of M.
extensor
extends
meta-
into a broad
communis
to the tendon
aponeurosis
com-
(ectepicondylar
and
scapulodigitorum
the entire
length
to the origin
of its fleshy fibers.
of the three
components
of M. extensor
metacarpi
of the
brevis
radialis,
about
PECTORALIS
Crane,
into
Crane
In the Sandhill
carina,
nearly
this is a single muscle and is not divided,
superficial
however, do insert
from
and deep layers.
by a broad
Crane,
M. pectoralis
the posterior
the entire
length
1890:70).
above
Pars
Fasciculi
aponeurosis
arises from
of the clavicle.
propatagialis
from
as in the Whooping
deep surface
of origin
approximately
of the belly,
of M. biceps brachii.
the inferior
third
parts of the body of the sternum,
I found no origin
surface of the deltoid
is entirely
from the “tracheal
crest (pectoral
aponeurotic;
its
of the
and from
enclosure.”
crest of Shufeldt,
attachments
were
described
(p. 283).
M.
SIJPRACORACOIDEUS
M.
STERNOCORACOIDEUS
CORACOBRACHIALIS
POSTERIOR
All are similar
and Goodman,
LATISSIMUS
There
Crane,
in origin
In
in this complex
the origin
arises from
1955: 48).
fibers
differences
the latter,
pars anterior
by fleshy
to these muscles in the Whooping
(all?)
In the Sandhill
from the neural
between
captive
bird)
head;
at midlength.
beginning
the “thoracic”
(=
spines of the first
head (=
Pars posterior,
of the last three
tached
small,
(Nos.
tendon,
Crane,
4, 5, and 6)
iliotibialis
=
immediately
insertion
and
and
pars anterior
(2 cm. in the
(5 cm. wide)
of the deltoid
to the humeral
(Fisher
(anteriorly)
on the
crest and the artic-
attachment
of M. tri-
M. triceps scapularis).
arises by an aponeurosis
dorsal
vertebrae,
anterior
proximal
the Whooping
and about 3 cm. wide
has a fleshy
posterior
edge of the ilium.
portion
In
vertebrae
four dorsal vertebrae;
to the junction
is immediately
in the Sandhill
to the anterior
flat
anterior
M. scapulotriceps
edge of M. extensor
to the uppermost
Pars
dorsal)
Crane, it arises by an aponeurosis
about 4 cm. distal
this insertion
ceps, scapular
terior
(Fisher
G. americana and G. cana-
seems to be less extensive.
is a thin fleshy band, about 5 cm. wide at its origin,
humerus,
Crane
DORSI
are a few minor
Goodman,
and insertion
1955:46-48).
densis tabida.
ular
the
on the tendon
and anterolateral
The muscle inserts on the ventral
M.
The latter
the
most distal
of pars anconalis
In the Sandhill
M.
the tendon
three
fascia, sends slips to the bases of the feathers,
on the tendon
1 cm. proximal
with
This
Crane
has three
of the
epicondyle
band.
proximally
(between
radialis).
proximal
lateral
over Mm.
fuses with the antebrachial
inserts
most
on the
and has attachments
of the Whooping
in the other birds the tendon
of G. c. tabidu, the tendon
The
being connected
passes posteriorly
and extensor
and attaches
M.
fascia.
to insert
(without
radialis,
of the forearm,
tendon
in one specimen
of insertion;
and, in part, fuses with the middle
sheet, which
and
by weak
passes proximad
metacarpi
communis
that
tendon
in one of my specimens
connected
part,
noted
has a divided
Deeemher
1956
Vol. 68, No. 4
(=
Pars
from
sartorius),
posterior
to the insertion
of the scapulotriceps
anchor.
from the neural
the fascia
covering
and by an aponeurosis
inserts
on the humerus
of pars anterior,
In
spines
the anat-
by a
and posterior
G. americana pars posterior
Andrew
Berger
J.
MYOLOGY
“attaches
to the deep side of the anterior
the fleshy insertion
Fisher
component
(1955:&l)
bilaterally
of the Sandhill
SUPERFICIALIS
in
from
five dorsal
the first
entire
state that the dermal
ET
two muscles are similar
less extensive
M. cucullaris,
hals pt..”
M.
rhomboideus
Fisher
M. rhomboideus
spines of the last cervical
unilaterally
(M.
Crane.
latissimus
I found
dorsi
a minute
in a second specimen,
but not
Crane.
the
origins
superficialis
but
arises
and Goodman
of this muscle “is a caudal
of the scapula in the Sandhill
beneath
PROFUNDUS
vertebrae.
of origin
on the humerus
component
in the Whooping
in the two cranes,
G. c. tabida.
aponeurosis
but also inserts
in one specimen,
specimen
RHOMBOIDEUS
These
part
CRANE
portion.”
may or may not be present
at all in a third
MM.
of the anterior
and Goodman
metapatagialis)
dermal
OF SANDHILL
Crane.
superficialis
and insertions
(1955:51)
extension
are
by an aponeurosis
point
out that
the
of the aponeurosis
of
inserts on all but the caudal 3 cm.
M. rhomboideus
profundus
and the six dorsal vertebrae;
arises from the neural
it inserts
on the caudal
10 cm.
of the scapula.
In
both
cranes, an unusual
M. rhomboideus
M.
CORACOBRACHIALIS
This
pect of the shoulder;
mostly
by fleshy
sertion
M.
In
fibers
rhomboideus
G. americana,
M.
canal
of the coracoid
margin
muscle
(about
6 cm. long)
surface
by Fisher
and Goodman
deltoideus
minor
by two heads:
G. c. tabida,
on the ventral
membrane;
as-
It arises
anterior
to
The in-
(The
fibers
insert
(scapulohumeralis
of Mm.
it arises in-
process (procora-
a dorsal head from
ventral
distal
present in some birds;
and posterior
on the
tendon
the
head corresponds,
such an
inserts on the tendon of M. supracoracoideus.)
minor conceals anterodorsally
PROSCAPULOHUMERALIS
in G. c. tabida
head from the medial
process of the scapula.
none of the
M. deltoideus
See the descriptions
to the insertion
of that
muscle.
In
of M.
As
in G.
the tendon of M. supracoracoideus.
anterior)
subscapularis
and “proscapulohumeralis
brevis.”
SUBSCAPULARIS
The
muscle
that
Fisher
proscapulohumeralis
M.
subscapularis
structure
tween
surface
and Goodman
is actually
is similar
in all genera
pars externa
of the
scapula,
The
external
beginning
head arises from
Insertion
is on the capital
for G. americana
PROSCAPULOHUMERALIS
As Fisher
the medial
and Goodman
caudal
surface
groove
(1946:584)
external
of M.
and, in fact, exhibits
tendon
immediately
5 cm. long.
and Fisher
(pars
In G. c. tubida
Th e inserting
arises from
in detail
head
in the two cranes
is larger,
(as described
(1955:52-53)
external
I have dissected.
and pars interna.
the two heads.
the
head, which
“M.
than
(1955:51).
has a single head;
a ventral
the two heads fuse and insert
supracoracoideus;
M.
located
edge of the humerus.
of the head of the coracoid,
and from the coracoclavicular
of the acromion
accessory head, when present, however,
M.
is larger
and from the deep surface of the biceps tendon.
in part, to a small accessory head of M. supracoracoideus
americana,
profunclus
MINOR
side the triosseal
ventral
fleshy
from the dorsal
is as described
coid)
M.
the belly does not cover the anterior
of M. biceps brachii,
DELTOIDEUS
is that
ANTERIOR
is a well developed
the origin
feature
superficialis.
of M.
serratus
M.
the same general
it arises by two typical
anterior
heads:
passes be-
an area 3 cm. long on the lateral
to the glenoid
of the scapula
and internal
by Fisher
call
subscapularis.
lip.
tuberosity
and Goodman,
The
internal
over an area about
of the humerus
1955:53).
BREWS”
(1955:
53)
state, this muscle is “very
easily
overlooked,
for
December1956
Vol. 68. No. 4
THE WILSON BULLETIN
it lies between
scapular
“was
the posterior
head of M.
not found
one specimen
edge of M. delt. major
triceps.”
uniformly
Furthermore,
in the Whooping
of the Sandhill
Crane,
mutilated
separate
muscle was involved
In the Sandhill
2 mm. wide.
fossa and
Crane
of insertion
(=
(p.
proscapulohumeralis
to the origin
the internal
these
muscle
may
G~ZLS. He
the
external
(1901644;
1915 :415)
M. humerotriceps
that
(=
(=
and illustrated
in the pneumatic
imal
and/or
fossa.
anterior
M.
either
the
birds,
and
on the
In
to agree
that
with
brevis”
origin
Fiirbringer
the origin
previously
The
muscle
in other
M.
which
Fisher
M. DORSALIS
SCAPULAE
in origin
(serratus
POSTERIOR
In the origin
of this complex
Crane,
and a deep layer.
primarily
and
for example,
of
a
in development
the genus
forked
anchor”
Figs.
in which
in the
insertion
origin”
of
He noted
of M. scap-
58%260)
also
it does not insert
the muscle inserts proxIt seems likely,
and Goodman
Its
area
hut its insertion
of origin
differs
there-
call “M.
proseems
slightly
from
proscapulohumeralis
In G. c. tabida
(see also M. expansor
brevis”
in the
it arises from the pos-
secundariorum
and Fig. 1.)
posterior)
there are minor
and, in the latter,
differences
between
the Whooping
the muscle is not separated
in the Whooping
Crane.
Crane
into a superficial
In the Sandhill
Crane,
the
in shape, being about 3 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide at its origin,
from the shafts and uncinate
origin
“M.
posterior)
superficialis
It is so divided
main belly is rectangular
is some fascial
the
group.
and insertion.
terior 9 cm. of the blade of the scapula.
and the Sandhill
called
in that
(scapulohumeralis
muscle is typical
SERRATUS
the
to the humeral
(1902:547
proscapulohumeralis.
(1946:587)
is M. proscapulohumeralis
M.
In
reported.
Cathartidae
This
proname
it arises pos-
No muscle
the
variation
“near
in genera
birds,
M.
fossa of the hum-
or
of M. humerotriceps.
gruiform
area
the
he did not investigate
humerus
and Pelecanus,
is actually
call
Thus,
most genera,
fore, that in the genus Grus, the small muscle which Fisher
scapulohumeralis
Goodman
as I have seen it in other genera.
to most of the origin
of M.
. The
of M. proscapulohumeralis
considerable
though
proscapulohumeralis
In Ciconia
origin
fossa of the humer-
humerotriceps.
the
and is attached
scapularis).
fibers,
muscle discussed here.
orders.
heads of M.
anconaeus humeralis),
anconaeus
to the
humeralis)
and inserts in the pneumatic
inserts
to the glenoid
by fleshy
subscapularis.
the relationships
discussed
this muscle
Fisher
of M.
of other
in gruiform
also that “in Otis it is much reduced,
ulotriceps
a
muscle.
However,
phylogenetically.
stated
that
about 0.5 cm. proximal
of the pneumatic
which
head
and external
migrate
caudal
It inserts
triceps
for the rudimentary
specifications.
proscapulohumeralis
it
in
by shot or be so
not be aware
and lateral
heads =
margin
the muscle
in representatives
meets
described
pars posterior,
of M. scapulotriceps
erus, between
Mitchell
285),
is available
cranes
be destroyed
one might
on the humerus
and external
this muscle does not exhibit
as I have seen them
that
scapulotriceps.
Crane,
dorsi,
internal
is actually
cranes, however,
of M.
of M.
to the humerotriceps
above
scapulohumeralis
terior
origin
latissimus
lateral
As mentioned
of the
that
in a second, and not at all in a third.
that it might
edge of the scapula just
is on the plane of the inferior
us, but is entirely
part
5, 1955)
I found this muscle bilaterally
specimen
as in the Whooping
triceps,
May
band of fleshy fibers 3 cm. long and only about
the ventral
to the
of M.
humerotriceps
preserved
this is a minute
anteroventral
to the insertion
however,
(letter,
at all.
It arises from
and not by a tendon
M.
a poorly
in handling
wrote
Cranes.”
unilaterally
The muscle is so small and delicate,
and the most proximal
Fisher
processes of true ribs numbers
also from rib number
6. The insertion
3, 4, and 5; there
is almost exclusively
by an
Andrew
Berger
J.
MYOLOGY
aponeurosis
Crane,
on the ventral
the superficial
external
layer
of intercostal
The
humeral
belly
tract.
face of M. expansor
This
is similar
the
arising
fascia
upward
by three
between
two
and Sandhill
covering
In
arising
the posterior
continues
margin
distad
of the
along the sur-
fleshy
the Sandhill
it arises by fleshy
1, 2, and 3, and
vertebra.
there
are minor
In the latter,
slips, one each from
The
muscles.
the two heads of M.
Crane
of true ribs numbers
anterior)
muscles,
cranes.
the intercostal
differences
the serratus
the first
three
dense aponeurosis
suhscapularis
and inserts
in origin
anterior
true
be-
is a small
ribs
and from
of insertion
on the ventral
passes
edge of
a short distance caudal to the glenoid lip.
muscle has a single belly
ular-shaped
of Mm.
surface
BICEPS
This
the
of the coracoid,
subcoracoideus
and in one wing
M.
belly
the same relative
(about
near
radius
and ulna.
The
14 cm. long)
the distal
larger
(see M. tensor patagii
DELTOIDEUS
(Fisher
the humerus.
tendon
inserts
on the humerus,
In G. c. tabida
in the two cranes.
proximal
two-thirds
of the arm.
but not at the insertions
on the radius.
The
The
on the
biceps slip is present
major
is about
The
fibers
12 cm. long and extends
of insertion
The primary
from
the blade
Crane.
posterior
fibers
and Goodman
TRICEPS
(triceps
This complex
connection
the scapular
lip
of M.
Crane, this aponeurosis
of M.
I
scapulae.
did not mention
did
slightly
posteriorly
of the deltoideus
is a secondary
and the origin
dorsalis
origin,
less than
with
major
for G.
the latter,
the humeral
is on the dorso-
and Goodman
is attached
scapulotriceps,
the
half way
by a flat aponeurosis
by Fisher
not find
described
In
(7
for the
about 3 cm. caudal
and dorsal
to the an-
an OS humeroscapulare
and
it.
brachii)
is similar
or anchor
head
are in contact
origin
of the scapula as described
In the Sandhill
glenoid
component
is absent in G. c. tabida.
1955:57)
surface of the scapula, and there
mm. wide)
Fisher
The tendons
to each other
in the two species, but the dermal
anchor of M. scapulotriceps.
teriormost
development
lies in the
end of the humerus,
and Goodman,
down
to the
adjacent
from the an-
MAJOR
of deltoideus
Whooping
insert
at its origin
of that bone.
longus).
muscle is similar
belly
lateral
width
to the middle
they fused at the insertion.
is ossified
americana
In G. c. tabida it is a very small triang-
BRACHII
tendon
This
just dorsal
and subscapularis
muscle exhibits
small
in the cranes.
muscle, 4 cm. long and 1 cm. in maximum
teromedial
M.
metapatagialis)
4 and 5 and from the intercostal
SUBCORACOIDEUS
This
M.
superficialis
tendon
the angle,
superficialis
preceding
the scapula, beginning
M.
surface, near
(serratus
of the
the Whooping
muscle
the
almost to the elbow.
process of the last cervical
ANTERIOR
is true
tween
In the Whooping
arises from ribs 4, 5, and 6.
opposite
this area, a fibrous
in the two cranes.
from the lateral
SERRATUS
As
M. serratus
in the metapatagium
From
secundariorum
from the transverse
M.
end of the scapula.
4, 5, 6, and 7 and from fascia overlying
The deep layer
(=
287
PROFUNDUS
complex
fasciculi
CRANE
surface of true ribs numbers
terminates
feather
SERRATUS
muscles.”
component
from the lateral
fascia.
M.
edge of the posterior
layer arises from “ribs
I found a large dermal
primarily
OF SANDHILL
(z
(1.5
in the two cranes.
cm. long
In G. c. tubida there is a strong aponeurotic
and 1.5 cm. wide)
M. scapulotriceps)
between
and the humerus.
the anterior
The humeral
this band begins about 3 cm. distal to the head of the humerus
surface
attachment
and lies immediately
of
of
an-
terior
to the insertion
from
the entire
tinctly
of pars anterior
inferior
divided
bicipital
into
almost
to the level
exclusively
margin
latissimus
margin
dorsi.
head.
by a wide tendon.
end of the humerus,
The tendon of insertion
arises
and is not dis-
A few fasciculi
of M. dorsalis scapulae.
of the belly near the middle
of the distal
M. humerotriceps
fossa of the humerus
and an internal
to the area of insertion
discussion of M. anconaeus
arise
from
the
An ossified tendon
of the arm.
Fleshy
but the insertion
does not contain
fibers arise
on the ulna is
a sesamoid.
(See
coracoideus.)
BRACHIALIS
This muscle is typical
M.
EXPANSOR
Fisher
and Goodman
did not mention
G. c. tabida, M. expansor
In
bow.
This
numbers
relations,
muscle about
is a smooth
17 through
band, connected
over one-third
the dorsal
origin
secundariorum
which
the
layer
way
up the
tendinous
fibers
about 2 cm. from the insertion
corner
er, dorsal branch
passes dorsomesiad
the
procoracoid.
the scapula to the sternum
ton
(1896:
M.
ANCONAEUS
This
6081 called
discussion
Crane
(Fig.
which
of M.
by Fiirbringer
coracoideus
of M.
dorsalis
the tendon
scapulae,
bifurcates
about
at-
the small-
called
the
tendon
internurn”
extending
ligament;
New-
ligament.”
of M. anconaeus
tendon
of M.
and earlier
muscle
the proximal
resents one tendon
In
the
near
For
a
Sandhill
1 mm. in
secun-
gives rise to a second tendon,
the distal
noted by Fiirbringer.
Fisher
end of the humerus.
and Goodman
do not
Crane.
RADIALIS
in the two cranes.
(about
surface
a part of the tensor
tendons,
papers).
(1956:159).
tendon of M. expansor
coracoideus
scapulotriceps
muscle, as previously
METACARPI
Two
(1902:576,
see Berger
of this muscle is about 4.5 cm. long, but only about
muscle is similar
anconalis.
at the apex of the belly
edge of the scapula, near its
(1902:572)
described
the belly
on the
spindle-shaped
where
of the
has not been
process of the sternum;
the “sterno-scapular
this muscle in the Whooping
EXTENSOR
from
epicondyle
apparently,
skin
of origin.
of the tendon has its major
It arises by a tendon from the “scapular”
Distally
inserts
This
branch
to the ventral
anconaeus
11, the belly
width.
This is a striated
mention
to attach
to the
that skin fold and pierces the
as a pulley)
ventral
a fibrous
16. The belly
CORACOIDEUS
recent
dariorum.
is formed
through
In the axilla,
Fiirbringer
of secondaries
attached
to the medial
the “Sternocoraco-scapulare
it simply
muscle was first
maximum
function
are
tri-
to the el-
has two tendons
this origin,
of the sternocoracoidal
articulation
calami
to number
fasciculi
A second tendon
The larger,
attaches
attached
runs proximad
(which
on the
muscle
brevis;
of that muscle.
to the pulley.
to the medial
pulley,
band
of M. pronator
This tendon
semitendinous
roughly
several of the distal tertials;
The
for the cranes previously.
from
primarily
where
described
with
inserts
arm,
is by a flat
in the metapatagium.
1) is a well developed,
of the metapatagium.
distal to the origin
3 cm. proximal
(Fig.
to the humero-ulnar
humerus,
lowermost
must be present and
10 cm. long and 3 cm. wide at its base posterior
muscle,
primarily
forming
distal
this muscle, but it certainly
23 and on the skin containing
extends
tachment
and insertion.
in G. americana.
angular-shaped
The
in origin,
SECUNDARIORUM
well developed
M.
of M.
of the pneumatic
an external
crest anterior
forms on the ventral
M.
December
1956
Vol. 68, No. 4
THE WILSON BULLETIN
288
6.5 cm. long),
of the olecranon
patagii
whose
fleshy
Crane,
fibers
process and about
brevis tendon
interconnected
of insertion
In the Sandhill
fuses with
brevis;
about
1 cm. distal
the tendon
by fascia, are present.
of M. tensor patagii
pars anconalis
begin
The
the posterior
to the area
of origin
anterior
is a
5.5 cm.
of pars
tendon
tendon,
rep-
the ori-
MYOLOGY
OF SANDHILL
CRANE
289
FIG. 1. Ventral view of certain muscles in the proximal region of the wing of Grus
tabida to show relationships of Mm. expansor secundariorum and anconaens
coracoideus. The distal end of the humerus is distorted in order to show the triceps
tendon and the origin of forearm muscles. Not shown is the fascial extension of the
flexor digitorum sublimus tendon, which invests the superficial surface of M. flexor
carpi ulnaris. Explanation of symbols: Ant., anconaeus coracoideus; Dor. scap., dorsalis
scapulae; Exp., expansor secundariorum; Flex. c. u., flexor carpi ulnaris (humeroulnar pulley not shown) ; Flex. dig., tendon of origin of flexor digitorum sublimus;
Met., metapatagium; Pro. brev., pronator brevis; Pro. long., pronator longus; T. hum.,
camdensis
humerotriceps;
T. scap., scapulotriceps.
gin of pars anconalis. Both tendons are attached to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
Pars palmaris is developed as illustrated for the Whooping Crane by Fisher and Goodman (1955: Fig. 16). The fleshy belly is about 7.5 cm. long. Pars anconalis and pars
palmaris each give rise to separate tendons, which fuse to form a single ossified tendon
of insertion. In addition to the usual insertion on the extensor process of the carpometacarpus, part of the tendon fuses with the tendon of M. extensor longus digiti II (= extensor pollicis longus), as in the Whooping Crane.
M.
EXTENSOR
DIGITORUM
COMMUNIS
In the Sandhill Crane, this is a small, spindle-shaped muscle (8-9 cm. long), which is
located in a little more than the proximal third of the forearm. The tendon bifurcates
near the base of the pollex. The shorter branch inserts on the posterodorsal edge of digit
II (= pollex), about 0.5 cm. from the proximal end of that bone. Fisher and Goodman
THE WILSON
(1955:
Fig. 20)
as inserting
illustrated
and Goodman),
I found
no branch
Whooping
Crane
&I. SUPINATOR
There
this
corner
In
II
differences
Sandhill
from
the lateral
RADIALIS
(c?XteIISor
METACARPI
exhibits
small,
similar
spindle-shaped
width.
to, the anconeus tendon.
M.
;
It
muscle
superficial
space
origin.
arises from
the
the tendon
but
10 cm. long)
distal
Fleshy
extends
more
less than
than
beginning
one-third
tabida
EXTENSOR
LONGUS
it arises
distance
of
insertion.
from
only
The
proximal
and posteriorly.
DIGIT1
there
In
the Sandhill
about
Crane
0.5 cm. in
in common
is an aponeurotic
(pronator
with,
and
attachment
than
sublimus and pronator
to
profundus)
as in G. americana.
M. pronator
M.
(belly
pronator
M.
longus
brevis
pronator
it inserts
end of the radius
pronator
II
(f?XkIISOr
the radius
brevis
primarily
longus
8 cm. long),
extends
slightly
by an aponeurosis,
and extending
to within
13.5 cm.
cm about the same areas in G. c.
over
an
area
about
7 cm. long;
M.
The
a distance
ulnar
(about
1OIlgUS)
development
origin
begins
tendon
II
length)
distally,
is ossified,
metacarpi
and
but
except
near
radialis;
much
The
the
distal
(for
in
about
where
tendon
a
biceps
muscle-sheet
the insertion,
the common
ulna
to the
is located
is a flat
the
proxiit fuses
inserts
on the
(I).
belly
in the two species.
larger
than
(about
the
In the Sandhill
tendons
13 cm. long)
of Mm.
extends
extensor
distad
Crane
it arises by a very
digitorum
slightly
more
of the ulna, and thus inserts on somewhat more than the proximal
M. EXTENSOR
Relative
In the Sandhill
from
immediately
13 cm. in overall
it is rounded
of M. extensor
in the two birds.
of 6 cm.)
(RIICOIIReuS)
tendon,
supinator.
pOlli&
(for
The
belly
muscle is similar
length
also
near the base of the intermetacarpal
the forearm.
the same relative
process of metacarpal
ANCONEUS
large
fibers
communis.
but it is only
The two muscles insert
of the forearm;
the tendon
This
The muscle
some fleshy
end of the humerus
of the radius;
M.
2 cm.).
small
half
extensor
M.
brevis.
one-
uhrk)
Crane,
further
the proximal
muscle exhibits
Crane,
with
of
about
fibers arise from this tendon 5 to 6 cm. from
LONGUS
way down
length
G. americana:
development
extends
brevis over an area 4 to 5 cm. long.
This
mally
distad
end of that bone.
and
pronator
M.
half
the
4 cm. from
of the distal
for the
is ossified.
M. PRONATOR
extends
species in the
in the two cranes.
These two muscles have the same relationships
(belly
and
pulley.
and illustrated
8 cm. long)
digitorum
The muscle inserts
of insertion
BREVIS AND
two
13 cm. long,
As in the Whooping
end of the ulna.
PRONATOR
a fibrous
20).
of the humerus;
Carpi
relationships
maximum
the proximal
and in-
(of Montagna
as far distad as M. pronator
iV1. FLEXOR
its humeral
III
as described
it (p. 60)
is ossified
passing through
(about
epicondyle
of M. extensor
it is a very
of digit
and Fig.
the
rhe belly
of origin
muscle
(I)
between
Crane
arise from the tendon
This
after
(1955:60
of the radius, i.e., nearly
arises by a tendon
but described
tendon
(SLIpiIIatOr)
the
third the length
Crane,
phalanx
(of Hudson),
and Goodman
are no important
muscle.
II
on metacarpal
by Fisher
BREVIS
of the proximal
or digit
inserting
in the Whooping
In G. c. tabida the longer
finger.”
serts on the anterobasal
Fisher
this branch
on the “third
December l!JSO
Vol. 6% No. 4
BULLETIN
LONGUS
DIGITI
III
(extensor
to the size of G. americana
muscle
in genera
sidered
rudimentary
spindle-shaped
of other
belly
families,
in the cranes.
12 cm. long
M.
indicis
communis
than
half
half of that bone.
longus)
and G. c. tabida and to the development
extensor
longus
In the Sandhill
but only
or
the
about
digiti
Crane
III
might
almost
of this
be con-
this muscle has a very small,
3 mm. in maximum
width.
It
arises
Andrew
J.
MYOLOGY
Berger
from
the posterior
surface
and from the “middle
1955:64).
It
M.
DIGITORUM
FLEXOR
tion
extends
is ossified
manus;
it inserts
this muscle
torum
sublimus.
M.
FLEXOR
and
“anterior
inserts
and
cranes,
it definitely
complex
is tendon
Fisher
extensive
in
small
rudimentary,
limus
;
not found
ulnaris
and
manus,
where
the
fleshy
from
the
families
FLEXOR
to the
carpi
and
The
ulnaris
flexor
it
as the
(1946:598)
part”
is the flexor
rudimentary
by
in
the
the
distal
in
edge
of this
deep
begin
of the
which
on the
The
sublimus
tendon
The
III
of the
tendon
muscle
anterior
passes distad
tendon,
and
and Fig.
13.
part
M.
digitorum
the
the
anterior
edge, about
midto the
has a more distal
Goodman
discussion of the “anterior
1946:606
carpi
into
continuation
therefore,
Fisher
of the
and is
flexor
and
along
on the anterior
tendon.
is entirely
as it passes
of M.
muscle)
deep
to the
edge
fibrous
tendon
but there is a fascial
sublimus
profundus
the
of this complex
sublimus
The
sub-
4 cm. distal
becomes
to the
primarily
(II),
in their
tendon
(anterior
palmar
digitorum
and from
sublimns
inserts
inserts,
has several
on the
flexor
by
but
G. c. tabida.
about
an accessory insertion
ulnare
but
fascia
and
of the
a thin
the tendon
aponeurosis
fibers
humerus,
Crane
tendon,
distally,
the
of the
of insertion
of the
(OS cuneiform),
G. americana
fleshy
end
for the Whooping
part”
(1955:66
of M.
flexor
ULNARIS
and
the anterior
(1955:65567),
G. c. tabida.
(=
passes through
flexor
this muscle exhibits
In
Gras
arises by a very strong tendon
immediately
digi-
and as it is described
to the ulna;
surface
The
digitorrrm
digitorum
from
10 cm. long)
and inserts
this insertion
and Goodman
G. americana
the
(II).
because most of the muscle-
as described
to fuse with
ossified.
of digit
see also Fisher,
one excludes
Fisher
describe
“anterior
is confused
both
accessory
it becomes
the flexor
CARPI
III
flexor
and Fisher
be considered
OS ulnare
tendon,
of the
phalanx
also described
If
of M.
they
genera
posterior
(about
tendon
of birds.
surface
tip of that phalanx.
manus
represents
of the carpometacarpus
M.
might
to attach
anterior
attachment
again
ulnaris;
though
This
the
found
(humeral)
of the distal
carpi
of
of inser-
of digit
to the insertion
manner.
arises
of the
tendon.
surface
67)
The tendon
phalanx
(1890:141)
it
1)
belly
ossified
main
posterior
than
brevis.
half
of M. brachialis;
end of the ulna and into
of the distal
muscle,
longus,
From
are
humeral
anterior
(Fig.
corner
length,
insertion
ulnaris
Shufeldt
situation
passes posteriad
small,
the
in all
the
The
pass into
the latter
around
this
Though
(1955:66).
arises
from
of the insertion
the distal
proximal
ulnaris.
pronator
relationships
The
separate
ulnare
of M.
anterobasal
of the main
humerus.
discuss
of origin
bipinnate,
muscle
surface
corner
in a similar
is present.
Goodman
These
margin
carpi
poorly developed
to less than the proximal
and aponeurosis.
slips, which
surface.
flexor
phalanx
(1891:278).
tendon
on the
of M.
carpi
complex
aponeurosis
part,
is limited
it passes around
do not
to the origin
and
Crane
and Goodman,
(II).
muscle as I have seen it in other
Selenka
strong
posterior
(Fisher
in the two species. The relatively
at the inferior
on that
flexor
this
sublimus
Gadow
III
in the Sandhill
Crane
SUBLIMUS
of M.
also interpreted
digitorum
origin
where
Goodman
part”
of the radius
of digit
Crane
on the anteroventral
DIGITORUM
Fisher
The
relationships
to the origin
except
Thus,
phalanx
in the Sandhill
It has a V-shaped
the origin
half
PROFUNDUS
(10 cm. long)
the ulna.
the distal
CRANE
of this bone in the Whooping
on the distal
This muscle has similar
belly
of about
third”
inserts
OF SANDHILL
a strong
and apparently
sublimus)
about
by
in
in all
from the medial
humero-ulnar
as described
the same development
other
(internal)
pulley.
birds,
humeral
I have never
M.
flexor
condyle
seen any
THE WILSON
292
departure
from
this
relationship.
The
bulk
of the belly
developed.
third
of the
almost
the
forearm,
though
to the distal
anterior
the
“attaches
thirds
of the ulnar
(about
length”
(Fisher
M.
This
and
muscle,
the palmar
M.
DIGITI
II
head.
belly
In
M.
from
become
surfaces.
On
The
inserts
This
II,
muscle
fibers
DIGITI
is well
II
DIGIT1
this
is a strong
tendon
on both
then
its dorsal
over the
of
head arises
insertion
of
fans
to
out
and palmar
two heads
arise from
“the
tendon
of the
the tendon
of
cranes
METACARPI
(pollex).
edge of digit
cranes.
from
In
the
metacarpal
III
surface
brevis digiti
is composed
III
Hudson
II
palmar
process;
it
head inserts
in its basal half.
(II).
Crane
The
II
it
bulky
arises
by a
belly
passes
(pollex).
In the Sandhill
Crane
the belly
is
III)
of connective
it would
be better
part of the preceding
digiti
tissue
(Fisher
to consider
and
this not
muscle.
II)
In all birds
the carpometacarpus
with
that
digit
I have dissected,
this structure
is
III.
BREVIS
is absent
in G. americana
and in G. c. tabida.
suggest that this name “be dropped
represents
the extensor
The
Sandhill
of digit
mostly
that
as a distal
(abductor
seen such a muscle.
and 43)
arises from
II
III)
(flexor
IV
DIGITI
connecting
muscle
the
inserting
the palmar
There
radialis.
arises from
0.5 cm. wide.
muscle, but simply
muscle
II
muscle in the cranes.
I agree with
MINOR
I have never
(1955:35
DIGITI
in the
1955:68).
as a separate
This
the
I have dissected,
metacarpi
the
Crane:
manus
Crane
of the ulna.
pollicis)
in the
digiti
developed
BREVIS
M. FLEXOR
genera
this head
from
but
half
profundus.
extensor
of this muscle
on the anterior
1 cm. wide
(flexor
Iv
structure
a ligament
a
each it has both a palmar
passes superficially
on most of the posterior
is a weakly
M. ABDUCTOR
In
radialis.
alae digiti
(adductor
developed
about
to insert
Goodman,
two-
Crane,
In the Sandhill
other
fibers
corner of the base of digit
3 cm. long and less than
This
in the Sandhill
digitorum
of M.
process,
of the
fascia
head of the abductor
ALAE
RI. FLEXOR
metacarpi
deep fascia
ulnaris
proximal
on the base of the ulnare.
in G. americana
but none of the fibers
and tendinous
FLEXOR
This
of insertion
extensor
this
;
carpi
the
longus.
aponeurosis
anteriad
the
the
from
than the distal
as in all
by “tendinous
extensor
on
surfaces,
on the anterior
BI. ADDUCTOR
iv.
both
anconal
by fleshy
flat
with
alae digiti
patagii
of M.
longus
continuous
abductor
tensor
patagii
more
This is not true for the Sandhill
the tendon
tensor
and
M.
ventralis)
of M. flexor
Crane,
state that
process”
tens. pat. longus.”
only
1955:67)
in the two cranes.
slightly
the tendon
of
arising
in the two cranes.
(1955:68)
extensor
As in the Whooping
is similar
Sandhill
on
and second fourths
flexor
pollicis)
the
tendon
forms
part”
and also inserts
to the origin
the
of insertion
of the ulnare.
(abductor
arises from
and Goodman
base of the
arises from
apparently,
an anconal
Fisher
muscle, similar
relationships
ALAE
belly
poorly
in the proximal
accompanies
tendon
of the first
feathers
(ulnimetacarpalis
BREVIS
12.5 cm. long)
ABDUCTOR
portion
posterior
and Goodman,
this posterior
ULNARIS
It has the typical
the
is relatively
is located
fibers
ossified
the junction
over the bases of the
forms from
CARP1
of
the belly
15 cm.)
of fleshy
strong,
at about
fasciculus
This is a well developed
belly
bundle
The
Crane
about
it inserts on the posterobasal
to the fascia
M. rrkxcm
Sandhill
length
a small
of the belly
“superficial
small tendon
the
end of the ulna.
surface
of the forearm;
Crane,
In
(total
Deeember 1956
Vol. 68, No. 4
BULLETIN
a distal
head
of M.
extensor
from
Hudson
and Lanzillotti
the literature”
indicis
longus
inasmuch
(extensor
as
longus
MYOLOGY
digiti
III).
Data
which
use in some families.
flexor
M.
metacarpi
hrevis
INTEROSSEUS
This
I have
I think,
obtained
suggest
therefore,
CRANE
that
this
that it would
for indicating
the
presence
head
may
he convenient
he of taxonomic
to retain
or absence of this
the name
small
muscle.
DORSALIS
muscle is similar
on the
OF SANDHILL
in the two cranes.
base of the distal
phalanx
In the Sandhill
of digit
III
;
(II)
Crane,
a small
it inserts
tendon
primarily
continues
to the
tip of the digit.
M.
INTEROSSEUS
In
three-fourths
phalanx
of digit
The
Crane
DIGITI
though
pollicis
about
III
(abductor
in
the
(1955:
species.
a few fleshy fasciculi
at about
the junction
insertion
is typical.
II
(fleXOr
the
FLEXOR
and Goodman
in the two cranes,
This
same
Sandhill
insertion
base of the
distal
as illustrated
for the
18).
the
Sandhill
Crane,
the
muscle
of the proximal
The
very
and middle
small,
deep
is
process.
thirds
head,
of
described
in G. c. tabida.
is present
pollkk)
base of the carpometacarpus
M.
is developed
Fig.
In
the
in
to the
2, about
The
arise at the level of the pisiform
forms
Similar
of phalanx
1955:69).
indicis)
two
tendon
DIGIT1
aspect
brevis)
1.5 cm. long)
carpometacarpus;
FLEXOR
posterior
and Goodman,
is also anchored
and Goodman
DIGITI
is similar
tendinous,
the tendon
(belly
for G. americana by Fisher
M.
on “the
(Fisher
(extensor
II
by Fisher
MAJOR
muscle
ossified
the
VOhrk)
inserts
(II).
BREWS
ABDUCTOR
This
mostly
III
very small muscle
Whooping
M.
muscle
of the way out its length”
EXTENSOR
This
(iIItWOSSf?Us
this
in G. c. tabida, but
is similar
M.
VENTRALIS
G. americana
this
small
(1.5
and inserts
cm. long),
fleshy
on the posterobasal
muscle
corner
arises from
of digit
II
the
(pollex)
Crane.
METACARPI
is a poorly
relationships
(ulnimetacarpalis
POSTERIOR
developed
muscle with
as described
G. c. tabida the two smaller
by
dorsalis)
a belly
Fisher
3.5 cm. long.
and
heads are mostly
Goodman
tendinous
In
general,
(1955:70),
it has the
except
that
in
bands.
MYOLOGY OF THE LEG
M.
EXTENSOR
This
ILIO-TIBIALIS
extensive
muscle
by an aponeurosis
of the
posterior
throughout
Goodman
is similar
from the entire
iliac
a thin
(iliotibialis)
LATERALIS
crest.
in the two cranes.
anterior
Some
of the
(1955 :76)
pointed
out, “the
part of the muscle is aponeurotic
ilio-tibialis
of M.
Mm.
M.
lateralis
extensor
flexor
EXTENSOR
In
the
lateralis
ILIO-TIBIALIS
Sandhill
of M.
and
anterior
from
the
muscle
the
Crane,
the
5 cm.
posteriorly
Crane
is by fleshy
edge is the thickest.
in the center
edges.”
superficial
cruris
dorsi
of
it arises
fibers.
It
As Fisher
is
and
of the muscle are less than
The distal
half of the central
muscles.
view the anterior
The extensor
and superior
half
the bellies
of
medialis.
(SRrtOriuS)
muscle
is no origin
same
Sandhill
biceps femoris) , but it does not conceal
and flexor
latissimus
there
exhibits
(=
this
the
and is fused with the underlying
ANTERIOR
Crane,
pars posterior
Whooping
fibers
and posterior
muscle conceals from
ilio-fibularis
cruris
origin
sheet of muscle, but the posterior
half as long as those of the anterior
In
iliac crest and from all but the caudal 1 cm.
arises
from
the
primarily
the
median
by an aponeurosis
spine of the last dorsal
dorsal
ridge
of the
from the last dorsal vertebra.
configuration
in
shared
neural
the
two
cranes.
synsacrum.
In
In
general,
the
Little
with
vertebra
In
the
however,
Brown
THE WILSON
Crane,
Hudson
(1937:17)
The insertion
M.
found
in the Sandhill
(gluteus
PIRIFORMIS
medius
As stated by Fisher
but it is “more
the origin
Crane
by a flat
(1955:79),
developed”
trochantericus
'M.
M.
(=
M.
this
area
muscle
specimen
trochantericus
anterior
this complex
femur
just
continuous
There
however,
M.
belly
FLEXOR
Crane
about
of that
ilio-
to
et
29 and 30.)
69)
reported
tabida.
muscle and M.
This
the
bellies
dissections.
toward
are parallel.
The
(biceps
fibers
fused,
so
the same area,
fusion
tendon
posterior.
of these two
inserts
Though
arise
on the
there
are
muscles, there is an almost
(femoritibialis
complex
insert
the ilio-
of muscles which
common
of 3 cm., beginning
on the trochanter.
externus
between
externus”
from
The
fusion
iliotrochantericus
in this
and
are completely
arising
uni-
iliotrochan-
fuse distally
muscles
it in
and
hip of one specimen,
muscle-mass,
other
femoritibialis
found
in two specimens
medius
MEDIALIS
that they did not
(1955:123)
and medius)
the
two
cranes;
see,
below.
femOriS)
from
all
In
the Sandhill
but
the
Crane
posterior
the well
developed
1 cm. of the
posterior
4 cm. distal to the proximal
articular
bone.
exhibits
crest.
The
continues
to become
the middle
(semitendinosus
a similar
muscle
raphe
and accessorius semitendinosi)
configuration
arises from
which
downward
continuous
with
separates
between
in
two
cranes.
of that
In
the posterior
the semitendinosus
pars media
the tendon
is accompanied
the
approximately
of the belly of M. gastrocnemius.
muscle, the raphe
head of Fisher
dorsal
medius
iliotrochantericus
Figs.
it bilaterally
only;
in the two cranes.
CRTJRIS LATERALIS
iliac
gluteus
to M.
and Goodman
The strong tendon inserts on the fibula
semitendinosus
M.
1955:
(193760,
tendency
of M.
VASTUS
by fleshy
the semitendinosus
cnemius
(=
arise directly
of
for the three iliotrochanterici
of “M.
is similar
complex
posterior
relationships
In the right
in the
general
differences
ILIO-FIBULARIS
of that
This
muscles
for a distance
AND
no significant
arises mostly
surface
origins
by a single
to the insertion
LATERALIS
muscle
Its
Fisher
iliotrochantericus
of the
the discussion
iliac crest.
M.
and
line of insertion
EXTENSOR
This
but
areas and whose fibers
are
origin
and Goodman,
aponeurosis.
tendons of insertion
VASTUS
cranes.
at their
cm.)
by both
distal
two distinct
MM.
(1.5
is an example
adjacent
muscle
the
and Hudson
is represented
occupied
of this
by
of G. canadensis
are separate
wide
from
two
G. c. canadensis. I found
and
anterior
muscles
It inserts on the
profundus
posterior)
(See Fisher
in the genus Grus,
in a third
however,
gluteus
anterior)
(1891:142)
by a common,
that
4 cm. long.
of M.
MEDIUS
and Selenka
G. americana
tericus
in the two cranes,
In G. c. tabida it is a triangular-
and about
pre-empted
in the
below.
ILIOTROCHANTERICUS
this
only.”
(1955 :79).
.
is similar
are described
laterally
being
(iliotrochantericus
muscle
Gadow
find
(origin)
to the insertion
(iliotrochantericus
piriformis)
ILIACUS
medius
anterodistal
PROFUNDUS
acetabulum,
This
and Goodman
this muscle is similar
in G. c. canadensis.
in the two cranes, none of the fibers
minimus
edge of the ilium
by Fisher
posterior).
CLUTEUS
Similar
the
tendon
the “anterior
et minimus)
shaped muscle, 2 cm. wide at its base
femur
from
is as described
and Goodman
strongly
December 1956
Vol. 68, No. 4
BULLETIN
from
and pars interna
muscle;
Sandhill
the accessory
of M.
the raphe
In its course between
by a small fleshy
the
1 cm. of the
gastro-
is ossified
the two heads
belly, the “distal
accessory”
and Goodman.
As in the Whooping
Crane, there are two distinct
parts to the accessory semitendinosus
MYOLOGYOF SANDHILL CRANE
Andrew .I.
Berger
muscle
(Fisher
fibers
(popliteal
flexor
the
region)
tendon
of
in
the
FLEXOR
CRURIS
with
the
just
before
inserts
raphe
the
beginning
found
and
The
the internal
to the proximal
(1955:85
in this complex.
They
and
found
of the Whooping
In one dissection,
arises
they found
is a very
primarily
of the
band
thin,
iliac
three
from
bony
notch
by
a long,
width.
covering
which
is well
and
difference
and illustrated
two
and
of M.
caudofem.”
Goodman’s
Figure
of variation
they
pars iliofemoralis
in a third
in
specimen.
This
Crane.
Pars ilio-
at its base, where
of about
the middle
6 cm. in length.
It inserts
beginning
it
third
by
about
of M. ischiofemoralis.
tendon
tendon
posterior
(3 cm. long, but only 0.5 mm.
muscles
iliac
of the
tail;
passes through
crest;
a fibro-osseous
the tendon
canal.
about
The
I
found
a bony notch
at
is held in the
muscle
3 cm. distal
no
inserts
by
to the trochanter
of pars iliofemoralis.
In
31.
to the
in the
parts
insertion
the
of the
caudofemoralis
and Goodman
no genus
the Sandhill
of M.
relationships
of M.
inserts “posterior
In
In
in these cranes.
by Fisher
state that M. ischiofemoralis
parts
Crane
(ischiofemoralis)
developed
the
and
surface
the depressor
completes
1 cm. proximal
is a striking
described
muscle
belly, 8 to 9 cm. long and only about
It arises by a small
on the pygostyle.
ISCHIOFEMORALIS
ischiofemoralis
The
of the bone.
amount
to the insertion
to the insertion
There
fused
on the tibiotarsus,
surface of the femur,
spindle-shaped
end of the projecting
about
the
Crane.
In the Whooping
end”
the
is approximately
on the lateral
medial
femur
more
to
gastrocnemins,
gastrocnemius.
2 cm. wide
the ventral
and directly
the
The
is intimately
specimens of the Sandhill
(2 cm. long and 2 mm. wide)
muscle
and
femur
and does not
of M.
1.5 cm. wide)
emphasized
and 1 cm. distal
the fascia
a ligament,
FLEXOR
of the
the proximal
tendon
This
birds.
of insertion
pars media
head
flat
M.
to the
passes lateral
but only pars iliofemoralis
from
has a small
attachment
the most caudal
many
head)
end of that bone.
123)
the belly
to the trochanter
6 mm. in maximum
direct
tendon
sheet of muscle,
5 mm. wide)
Pars caudofemoralis
in diameter)
IV,
parts to the muscle.
triangular
crest;
(about
3.5 cm. distal
of Mm.
digiti
attachment
both pars caudofemoralis
Crane,
by an aponeurosis
posterior
a fleshy
origin
as it does in the Whooping
and
from
I found both parts to this muscle in three
femoralis
fleshy
region
(PirifOrmiS)
Goodman
two specimens
by
common
semimembranosus)
pars media,
“some five centimeters
CAUDOFEMORALIS
Fisher
(=
inserts
intercondylar
perforatus
as in
accessory
(2.5 cm. long and about
3 cm. distal
inserts
The
vertical,
semitendinosus
fuses with
aponeurosis
about
the tendon
to the
and flexor
medialis
in the two cranes.
accessory
latter
by a thin
than
part
the
(semimembranosus)
MEDIALIS
of the
and
proximal
III,
(distal
cruris
proximal
pars media.
rather
muscle
gastrocnemius,
muscle is similar
more
condyle
digiti
gastrocnemius,
flexor
of M.
The
medial
immediately
direction,
of M.
the
perforatus
accessorius
on the belly
This
of
femur,
flexor
of M.
of insertion
insert
M.
of the
transverse
part
1955:83).
surface
longus,
of origin
is nearly
tendon
Goodman,
posterior
hallucis
distal
M.
and
on the
295
have
Sandhill
(1955:86
tendons
in
the
(see
illustrated
pars caudofemoralis
on
above).
of insertion
Whooping
the insertions
seen the condition
Crane,
it inserts
of M.
Crane
and Figs. 30 and 31).
to and between
I
Crane
caudofemoralis
as
They
of the two
in
Fisher
inserts
medial
in the two
cranes.
to pars iliofemoralis.
MM.
ADDUCTOR
These
M.
two
adductor
SUPERFICIALIS
muscles
profundus
exhibit
ET
PROFUNDUS
about
is entirely
(adductor
the
same relative
fleshy
at its origin
longus
et brevis)
development
in the Sandhill
Crane
and I did
THE WILSON BULLETIN
December 1956
Vol. 68. No. 4
not find a conspicuous “heavy layer of tendon” covering the medial surface of this
muscle such as Fisher and Goodman (1955:88) described for the Whooping Crane. The
glistening muscular fascia is well developed, however.
M.
AMBIENS
Fisher and Goodman (1955:88-89) called attention to the differences in termination
of the ambiens tendon in G. nmericanu and G. c. can&ens&. In the former, the ambiens
tendon serves as the “principal, if not sole, origin for M. flex. perf. dig. II, although
there is strong fascial interconnection between the origins of Mm. flex. perf. dig. II,
III, and IV, and in one instance there is actually a branch of the main ambiens tendon
that goes to the tibiotarsus.” In the Little Brown Crane, “M. ambiens connected distally
to the small lateral head of M. flex. perf. dig. III. It had little connection with M.
flex. perf. dig. II and none with M. flex. perf. dig. IV.”
In the Sandhill Crane, I found that the ambiens muscle arises primarily by a flat
tendon from the pectineal process. The small, spindle-shaped belly is 6 to 8 cm. long
and less than 1 cm. in maximum width. Distally, a very small tendon (1 mm. wide)
forms and has the usual course through the patellar ligament. The tendon then passes
distad medial to the biceps tendon and serves as the primary origin for the lateral
head of M. flexor perforatus digiti III;
the ambiens tendon does not give rise to any
other muscle.
M.
FEMORITIBIALIS
INTERNUS
There are minor differences between the Whooping and the Sandhill cranes in
development of this muscle mass and I found variation in the pattern in the three specimens I dissected. In one right leg, the muscle was indistinctly divided into two heads.
In another right leg, one long and two short heads were present; each gave rise to a
tendon and the three tendons fused for a common insertion. In the other dissections,
there were two distinct heads. The posterior or long head arises from the posteromedial
surface of the femur, beginning a short distance proximal to the area of insertion of
M. iliacus; the origin is fleshy as far as the medial condyle. The short or distal head
arises from a small area (about 2 cm. long) on the anteromedial surface of the femur,
just above the medial condyle. The small tendon from the latter head fuses with the
patellar ligament and with the tendon of the long head; the combined tendon inserts
on the medial corner of the tibiotarsus at the base of the inner cnemial crest.
“M.
FEMORITIBIALIS
EXTERNUS”
As Fisher and Goodman (1955:89-90) imply, there is some confusion concerning the
muscle they consider under this name and their M. vastus lateralis. Fisher (1946:
Table 42) stated that his M. vastus lateralis was a synonym for M. femoritibialis externus
of Gadow and Selenka (1891:154) and Hudson (1937:20).
This muscle was discussed
earlier by Fisher and Goodman on page 81.
The muscle which Fisher and Goodman call “M femoritibialis externus,” I believe is
simply a distal head of their vastus lateralis (= femoritibialis externus). I considered
this head a part of M. femoritibialis externus in the cuckoos (Berger, 1953:68 and Fig.
6) ; it was illustrated, but not given a special name. Mitchell (1901:647 and Text-fig.
79) also called attention to this distal part in gruiform birds. In the Sandhill Crane,
the distal head of M. femoritibialis externus arises from the posterior and lateral surfaces
of the distal half of the femur, posterior to the more distal origin of Fisher and Goodman’s vastus lateralis. The tendon of the distal head fuses, in part, with the patellar
ligament, but the strongest portion of the tendon passes distad to insert on the outer
cnemial crest of the tibiotarsus.
MYOLOGY
OF SANDHILL
CRANE
297
Fisher and Goodman (LX. cit.) also state that Gadow and Selenka’s (1891:1551 “M.
femoritih. medius is apparently lacking . . . or is fused to M. femoritib. ext.” in the
Whooping Crane. However, Fisher (1946: Table 42) placed his M. vastus medialis in
synonymy with Gadow’s femoritibialis medius, which Fisher and Goodman described on
pages 81 and 82. The discussion by Gadow and Selenka (1891:155) of the origin of
the femoritibialis complex is not entirely clear, but points out that the femoritibialis
medius passes directly to the patella, and, in many birds, the fleshy fibers do insert
on the proximal surface of that sesamoid (see Hudson, 1937:20; Berger, 1953 :68).
M.
OBTURATOR
EXTERNUS
Fisher and Goodman (1955:90) said that “Hudson (1937:28) stated that M. obt. ext.
had two distinct parts in G. canudensis; our dissection of this species showed the separation to be superficial only.”
In the Sandhill Crane, also, this muscle may be a single mass or may be partially
separated into two heads. It is a broad band of fleshy fibers with a nearly continuous
origin from the anterodorsal and anteroventral margins of the obturator foramen. The
belly conceals much of the tendon of M. obturator internus. The externus has a broad
fleshy insertion (1 cm. wide) on both sides (proximal and distal) of the tendon of
M. obturator internus.
M.
OBTURATOR
INTERNUS
This muscle is triangular in shape. It does not arise inside the pelvic cavity, as it
does in Porzana and COZUZ.The fibers converge to a tendon, which emerges through the
obturator foramen and inserts on the posterolateral surface of the femur, less than
1 cm. from the trochanter.
M.
PSOAS
(ikicus)
This is a flat, fleshy band about 4 cm. long and 0.5 cm. wide. It arises from the
ventral edge of the ilium about 1 cm. anterior to the acetabulum. It inserts by fleshy
fibers on the femur for a distance of 1 cm., beginning 1 cm. distal to the neck of the
femur, just proximal and somewhat posterior to the origin of M. femoritibialis internus.
Fisher and Goodman (1955:90) said that “the condition described by Fisher (1946:670)
for the cathartid vultures is found” in the Whooping Crane.
M.
GASTROCNEMIUS
The three heads of this complex are, in general, similar in the two cranes. The
following specific points may be mentioned for the Sandhill Crane.
Pars externa arises from the lateral condyle of the femur, as described by Fisher
and Goodman (1955:91). The tendon of origin is, in part, fused to the biceps loop.
Pars interna has an extensive origin from the medial surface of the inner cnemial
crest and from the patellar ligament. In fact, the fibers of M. sartorius and part of
those of pars interna insert and arise, respectively, from a tendinous raphe separating
the two muscles.
Pars media arises by a flat tendon from the intercondylar (popliteal) area of the
femur, just proximal to the common tendon of origin for the long flexors. Fleshy fibers
begin about 3 cm. from the femoral origin of the tendon. In the left leg of one specimen,
I found an accessory medial head. This head (5 cm. long, but less than 1 cm. wide at
the origin) arises from the posterior surface of the medial condyle of the tibiotarsus.
The b e11y passes lateral to the inserting tendon of M. semimembranosus and anterior
to the tendon of the distal accessory belly of M. accessorius semitendinosi. The belly
tapers to a minute tendon, which fuses with the fascia covering the deep surface of
pars externa (gastrocnemius) in the area where this head fuses with pars media.
THE WILSON BULLETIN
298
M.
PERONEUS
LONCUS
Similar in the two cranes, this is a
M. tibialis anterior. The strong tendon
on the superficial surface of the belly.
perforatus digiti 111, 4 cm. distal to the
Mitchell, 1913:1053.)
M.
TIBIALIS
December 1956
Vol. 68, No. 4
well developed muscle, which conceals all of
of insertion forms as ossified radiating bands
The tendon inserts on the tendon of M. flexor
proximal end of the tarsometatarsus. (See also
ANTERIOR
Similar in general configuration in the two cranes, the femoral head (whose tendon
is ossified) is almost equal in bulk to the tibia1 head in the Sandhill Crane. The
common, ossified tendon bifurcates at the insertion on the tarsometatarsus, about 2 cm.
from the proximal end of that bone, but the two tendons insert adjacent to each other.
M.
FLEXOR
PERFORANS
ET
PERFORATUS
DIGITI
II
In general, this muscle is similar in the two cranes. In one specimen of G. c. tabida,
the belly was not bipinnate. Fisher and Goodman (1955:94) found this muscle “not
clearly bipinnate” on one side of a specimen of G. c. canadensis. The total length of
the belly is about 8 cm.; fleshy fibers extend further distad in the anterior half of
the belly. The tendon of insertion is calcified in the region of the crus and tarsometatarsus, but not over the intratarsal joint. Fisher and Goodman found fusion between
the tendons of Mm. flexor perforans et perforatus digiti II and flexor perforatus digiti II
in G. c. canadensis (see also Mitchell, 1901:653), but not in G. americana. I did not
find such fusion in G. c. tabida. The tendon of M. flexor perforans et perforatus digiti
II perforates the tendon of M. flexor perforatus digiti II and is perforated by the tendon
to digit II of M. flexor digitorum longus, as described by Fisher and Goodman (1955:94).
M.
FLEXOR
PERFORANS
ET
PERFORATUS
DIGITI
III
This muscle has a small (10 cm. long) bipinnate belly. The tendon perforates and
is perforated. Hudson (1937:42) and Fisher and Goodman (1955:97) found a vinculum
connecting the tendon of this muscle with the tendon of M. flexor perforatus digiti III
in G. c. canadensis, but Fisher and Goodman did not find such a vinculum in G. americana. This vinculum is present in G. c. tabida. The vinculum is short (about 0.5 cm.
long), but strong, and is located about 3 cm. from the distal end of the tarsometatarsus.
M.
FLEXOR
PERFORATUS
DIGIT1
IV
The origin and insertion of this muscle in the Sandhill Crane are similar to those
described for the Whooping Crane by Fisher and Goodman (1955:9(i).
My specimens
also exhibited the peculiar lateral head, which passes distad lateral to the biceps tendon
before fusing with the medial head. The bulk of the muscle lies medial to the biceps
tendon. Mm. flexor perforatus digiti IV, flexor perforatus digiti III, and flexor hallucis
longus have a common origin, fleshy and tendinous, from the intercondylar area of the
femur. This common origin is located just distal to the insertion of the accessory semitendinosus muscle and lateral to the origin of pars media of the gastrocnemius.
M.
FLEXOR
PERFORATUS
DIGIT1
III
In the Sandhill Crane, the posterior head arises as described for the Whooping Crane
by Fisher and Goodman. The much smaller lateral head is, in part, a direct continuation of the ambiens tendon, but a long (7 cm.), flat tendinous band, attached proximally
to the head of the fibula, fuses with the ambiens tendon, just proximal to the origin
of the fleshy fibers of M. flexor perforatus digiti III. This tendinous band is intimately
associated with the lateral head of M. flexor perforatus digiti II. The fleshy fibers of
the lateral head of M. flexor perforatus digiti III begin about 8 cm. distal to the
proximal end of the fibola. There is a well developed vinculum between the tendon
MYOLOGY
of this
muscle
tendon
M.
and
the
of insertion
FLEXOR
This
PERFORATUS
Both
cm. long)
band
from
is calcified).
the tendon
inserts
fibers
tendon
FLEXOR
extends
above.
digiti
III.
The
tendons.
The
ligament
and Goodman
lateral
the same length,
of M.
tendon
flexor
of flexor
et perforatus
(about
4.5
and associated
fascia
and
perforatus
II,
phalanx,
with
the ambiens
arises by a flat
perforatus
digiti
(1955:
head
This head is not connected
about
digiti
digiti
although
III
II
of the
is perforated
the bulk
as described
tendinous
(part
by
of the tendon
by Fisher
and
Good-
LONGUS
of this muscle in the Sandhill
described
for the Whooping
differs
aspect of the crus.
in that it does not pass through
;
1937:69)
it
Goodman,
does
pass through
1955 :99).
Fisher
digitorum
Ic.1
longus,
canodensis
(nor
did
;
we)
most of the tendon
digitorum
branch
longus
of the
ensheathed
unable
in
the
hallucis
by the tendon
to demonstrate
the tendon
of flexor
(representing
trated
In
than
the
Sandhill
the belly
were
its
Crane,
of M.
the tendon
Only
connected
longus
by a weak
in the pattern
small
was not
also were
In
to the
vinculum
distal
end
on the hallux.
vinculum
Mitchell
a
did not fuse with
by a strong
inserted
throughout.
a very
in G. americana.
4 cm. proximal
tendon
Crane,
of flexor
and Goodman
tendon
hallucis
as was the
this tendon
were connected
tendon),
integrity
them,
and
in Grus
(2.5
of
In a
cm. long),
(1901:654)
illus-
of these two deep plantar
birds.
the
flexor
belly
hallucis
head is short and small.
(13.5
cm. long)
longus
(15
The tendon
The
of this
cm.).
The
muscle
lateral
is slightly
shorter
head is the larger;
of this muscle alone passes through
insertion
the
is typical.
BREVIS
developed
in the cranes
(see Mitchell,
1913 :1053).
the belly is 13.5 cm. long, but it is less than 0.5 cm. wide.
at the level of insertion
is typical
of flexor
longus
of them
of the Sandhill
hallux;
and
there
LONGUS
This muscle is poorly
hill Crane,
between
Fisher
(Fisher
most birds
hallucis
fusion
tarsometatarsus.
brevis.
they
Crane
fused with
to the
Crane
(see also Hudson,
“in
flexor
not find
of the brevis
variation
bony canal in the hypotarsus.
PERONEUS
of the
of the hallucis
intergeneric
DIGITORUM
of Mm.
a vinculum
directly
but
hallucis
retained
in several gruiform
the medial
single
tendon
out that
longus
hallucis
longus,
of the
the two tendons
hallucis
FLEXOR
flexor
the remainder
the considerable
tendons
one-fourth
digitorum
over half
specimen,
the
hallucis
such a perforation
the tarsometatarsus;
third
only
of G. c. tabida the tendon
second specimen
Whooping
In one of my specimens
continued
of M.
the
did
muscles
in the Sandhill
pointed
tendons
he noted
distal
of insertion
in
have
(1937:48)
of flexor
tendon
tendon
a canal
Cranes.”
(15 cm. long)
but it is one of the best developed
the
Hudson
case in one of our Whooping
however,
such
and Goodman
small belly
a bony canal in the hypotarsus
between”
“but
is the same as Fisher
The relatively
The
and Goodman
is some sort of a connection
flexor
Crane
Crane.
about half way down the tibiotarsus,
on the posterolateral
M.
perforatus
by Fisher
Crane.
the patellar
side of the proximal
HALLUCIS
origin
(1955:98)
M.
from
Crane
Sandhill
of origin
perforans
on the lateral
et
(1955:98).
The
but
in the
The inserting
of flexor
perforans
for the Whooping
or deep, head,
the femoral
flexor
I1
band mentioned
medial,
M.
CRANE
by both of the deep flexor
are present
arises by fleshy
The
tendon
M.
DIGIT1
heads
from the tendinous
tendon.
of
is perforated
muscle is as decribed
97-98).
man
tendon
OF SANDHILL
(see Fisher
of the biceps tendon,
and Goodman,
as in the Whooping
1955:99-100).
In the Sand-
The origin
Crane.
The
begins
insertion
THE WILSON BULLETIN
M.
EXTENSOR
DIGITORUM
December
Vol.
1956
68. No.
4
LONGUS
The belly of this muscle is about 14 cm. long, but only 1 cm. in maximum width at
the head of the tibiotarsus. The tendon of insertion passes through a bony canal at
the distal end of the tibiotarsus, but it is held in place by a ligament on the proximal
end of the tarsometatarsus. The general development is the same as described for the
Whooping Crane by Fisher and Goodman (1955:lOO).
M.
POPLITEUS
Typical in origin and insertion in the Sandhill Crane, this small muscle is about 2 cm.
long and 1.3 cm. wide. It arises on the fibula, inserts on the tibiotarsus.
M.
PLANTARIS
This is a very small muscle in the Sandhill Crane. Its belly is about 7 cm. long, but
only about 0.7 cm. in maximum width at the proximal end of the tibiotarsus. The
minute tendon inserts on the medial corner of the tibia1 cartilage.
The short toe muscles are very poorly developed in the Cranes (Fisher and Goodman,
1955:102), although I found remnants of the following eight muscles in both legs.
M.
EXTENSOR
HALLUCIS
LONGUS
This is relatively a very small muscle, 5 to 6 cm. long and with a maximum width
of but 2 to 3 mm. It seems to arise exclusively from the fascia covering the anteromedial
surface of the intratarsal joint. The tendon inserts on the medial side, and not on
the dorsal surface, of the distal phalanx of the hallux.
M.
EXTENSOR
PROPRIUS
DIGIT1
III
This muscle is rudimentary. I found a few fleshy fibers on the anterior surface of
the distal half of the tarsometatarsus, but much of the muscle seems to be represented
by semitendinous fibers.
M.
EXTENSOR
BREWS
DIGIT1
IV
This muscle also is rudimentary. Tendinous and fleshy fibers arise from about the
distal third of the tarsometatarsus. The tendon is about 1 mm. wide; it passes through
a bony canal between the trochleae for digits III and IV to insert on the medial surface
of the base of the proximal phalanx, digit IV.
111.ABDUCTOR
DIGITI
II
The 3 cm.-long belly is composed of fleshy and tendinous fibers. It arises from the
medial surface of the distal end of the tarsometatarsus. The tendon inserts on the medial
side of the base of the proximal phalanx of digit II.
M.
FLEXOR
HALLUCIS
BREWS
This is a minute muscle, 3 to 4 cm. long and with a maximum width of about 3 mm.
It arises primarily from the medial surface of the hypotarsus. It has a thin, hair-like
tendon about 0.3 mm. wide. It inserts on the base of the hallux and is not perforated
by the tendon of M. flexor hallucis longus.
M.
ADDUCTOR
DIGIT1
II
This muscle is typical in origin and relationships. The belly is 4 cm. long and 4 mm.
in maximum width. It arises at the proximal end of the tarsometatarsus, immediately
inferior to the hypotarsal area. The hair-like tendon is about 0.3 mm. wide. It inserts
on the dorsomedial surface of the base of the proximal phalanx, digit II.
M.
LUMBRICALIS
This muscle shows the poorest development of any of the short toe muscles, and I
did not find it in all dissections. When present, it consists of scattered fleshy and
Andrew J.
MYOLOGY
CRANE
301
tendinous fibers, located at the distal end of the tarsometatarsus.
on the cartilaginous pads for digits III and IV.
These insert primarily
Rerger
M.
ABDUCTOR
DIGIT1
OF SANDHILL
IV
This is another minute muscle, having a length of about 4.5 cm. and a maximum
width of 3 mm. The tendon is less than 0.5 mm. wide, but it expands distally and
inserts on the lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of digit IV.
M.
ADDUCTOR
DIGIT1
IV
This muscle is not present in the Sandhill Crane, nor in the Whooping Crane (Fisher
and Goodman, 1955 :102).
SUMMARY
Only two of the 47 major wing muscles are absent in GFZLS
americana and
in G. canadensis tabida:
Mm. flexor metacarpi brevis (see page 292)
and
entepicondylo-ulnaris.
patagii”
Pars propatagialis M. cucullaris (=
“dermo-tensor
of Shufeldt, 1890, but not of Fisher, 1946: 574) also is absent. The
OS humeroscapulare
similarities
(see page 287)
is absent in both cranes. The following
of wing muscles in the two cranes deserve special mention:
The
biceps slip arises from the coracoidal tendon of M. biceps brachii and has a
typical insertion on the tendon of insertion of M. tensor patagii longus. Mm.
tensores patagii longus et brevis are represented by a single fused belly. M.
scapulotriceps has a strong aponeurotic anchor extending from the anterior
edge of the belly to the humerus. M. flexor digitorum profundus has a more
proximal insertion on digit III (of Fisher) or digit II (of Hudson) than M.
flexor digitorum
sublimus.
The latter muscle, though its belly is very small,
is present and similar in each. M. p roscapulohumeralis is present in both
cranes. M. subcoracoideus has a single head. The tendon of insertion of M.
serratus anterior passes between the two heads (pars externa and pars interna) of origin of M. subscapularis. M. deltoideus major has the usual origin
from the dorsolateral surface of the scapula and also has an accessory tendinous origin from the scapula caudal to the glenoid fossa. M. expansor secundariorum is well developed in G. c. tabida and undoubtedly in G. americana.
The rudimentary
M. anconaeus coracoideus is present in G. c. tabida and
probably in G. americanu. M. adductor alae digiti II (adductor pollicis)
exceptionally
well developed muscle, whereas Mm.
abductor major digiti III
are poorly
developed.
(abductor indicis),
flexor
digiti
IV
is an
(III’),
and flexor metacarpi posterior
M. latissimus dorsi metapatagialis
is inconstant
in
both species.
The following differences between G. americana and G. c. tabida were noted
in the wing muscles: M. pectoralis is divided into a superficial and a deep
layer in G. americana, but not in G. c. tabida. The origins of Mm. latissimus
dorsi, rhomboideus superficialis, and rhomboideus profundus are less extensive in G. c. tabida than in G. americana.
There is a dermal component to M.
deltoideus major in G. americana, but I did not find one in G. c. tabida.
M.
THE
302
WILSON
BULLETIN
deltoideus minor apparently has a single head in G. americana;
heads in G. c. tabida.
it has two
M. serratus posterior is divided into a superficial and
a deep layer in G. americana, hut not in G. c. tabida. There are minor differences in the origins of all three serrati muscles. M. abductor alae digiti II
(abductor pollicis)
has two heads in both cranes;
the anconal head arises
from the extensor process of the carpometacarpus, the palmar head from the
tendon of insertion of M. extensor metacarpi radialis. Fisher and Goodman
(1955:68)
state that in G. americana the palmar head arises, in part, by
“tendinous fibers from the inserting tendon of M. tens. pat. longus”;
it does
not do so in G. c. tabida.
I doubt the existence of any separate muscle which might be called “M.
proscapulohumeralis brevis.”
I agree with Hudson and Lanzillotti
(1955 :43)
that M. flexor brevis digiti IV
(III)
probably is best considered simply a dis-
tal part of M. flexor digiti IV
(III)
; that M. abductor indicis brevis is a deep
(abductor indicis) ; and that M.
fasciculus of M. abductor major digiti III
abductor minor digiti III
(abductor digiti II)
is a ligament-I
know of no
bird in which there is a muscle in this position.
The leg muscle formula in the Sandhill Crane is ABC (t
iliotrochantericus
medius
some specimens. Hudson
(C)
and iliotrochantericus
(1937:69)
) DXYAmV.
anterior
Mm.
are fused in
gave the formula for the Little Brown
Crane (G. c. canadensis) as ABDXYAmV;
I assume that the two iliotrochan-
terici muscles were fused in his specimen. In two specimens of the Whooping
Crane, Fisher and Goodman found the formula to be ABCDXYAm;
though
they added V to the formula on page 124, they stated (page 97) : “we did not
find any vinculum between the tendons of M. flex. perf. dig. III
perf.
et perf.
dig.
III.”
In
a third
Whooping
and M. flex.
Crane, the formula
was
BCDXYAm.
The following features common to the Whooping
deserve mention:
and the Sandhill cranes
The accessory semitendinosus muscle has two well devel-
oped heads. M. iliotibialis has a large aponeurotic portion in the center of its
distal half.
ialis (=
Mm. vastus lateralis (=
femoritibialis
femoritibialis
externus) and vastus med-
medius) are similar in both cranes; M. vastus lateralis
has two distinct heads of origin, one proximal and one distal.
In the Sandhill Crane the tendon of M. ambiens gives rise only to the lateral
head of M. flexor perforatus digiti III; in the Whooping Crane the ambiens
tendon serves as the “principal,
if not sole, origin for M. flex. perf. dig. II.”
In the Sandhill Crane, M. flexor ischiofemoralis inserts on the femur proximal
to the areas of insertion of both parts of M. caudofemoralis.
In the Whooping
Crane M. flexor ischiofemoralis inserts “posterior to and between the insertions of the two parts of M. caudofem.”
(Fisher and Goodman, 1955:86) ;
this is a most unusual relationship for these tendons. Fisher and Goodman
Andrew .I.
BWgW
MYOLOGY
(1955:94)
digiti
II
OF SANDHILL
CRANE
303
found fusion of the tendons of Mm. flexor perforans et perforatus
and flexor perforatus digiti
americana;
II
in G. c. car&e&s,
G. canadensis tabida.
In the Sandhill Crane, only the tendon of M. flexor
digitorum
longus passes through
Whooping
Crane the tendons of flexor digitorum
a bony canal in the hypotarsus;
I found considerable variation
the tendons of Mm. flexor digitorum
page 299).
Unilaterally
in the
longus and flexor hallucis
longus pass through bony canals in the hypotarsus
1955:99).
hut not in G.
I did not find fusion of these two tendons in three specimens of
(Fisher
and Goodman,
in the amount of fusion between
longus and flexor hallucis longus (see
in one Sandhill Crane, I found an accessory medial
head, arising from the proximal
end of the tibiotarsus,
of pars media, M.
gastrocnemius.
LITERATURE
CITED
BERGER,A. J.
1953 On the locomotor anatomy of the Blue Coua, Coua caerulea. Auk, 70:49-83.
1956 The expansor secundariorum muscle, with special reference to passerine birds.
Jour. Morph., 99:137-167.
FISHER, H. I.
1946 Adaptations and comparative anatomy of the locomotor apparatus of New
World vultures. Amer. Midl. Nat., 35~545-727.
FISHER, H. I., AND D. C. GOODMAN
1955 The myology of the Whooping Crane, Grus americana. Illinois Biol. Monog.,
24, 127 pp.
F~~RBRINGER,
M.
1902
Zur Vergleichenden Anatomie des Brustschulterapparates und der Schnltermuskeln. Jena. Zeitschr. f. Naturwiss., 26:289-736.
GADOW, H., AND E. SELENKA
Viigel. In Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs. Leipzig.
1891
H~JDSON,G. E.
1937 Studies on the mnscles of the pelvic appendage in birds. Amer. Midl. Nat.,
18:1-108.
HUDSON, G. E., AND P. J. LANZILLOTTI
1955 Gross anatomy of the wing muscles in the family Corvidae. Amer. Midl.
Nat., 53 :144.
MITCHELL, P. C.
1901 On the anatomy of Gruiform birds; with special reference to the correlation
of modifications. Proc. Zool. Sot. London, 1901:629-655.
1913 The peroneal muscles in birds. Proc. Zool. Sot. London, 1913:1039-1072.
1915
Anatomical notes on the Gruiform birds Aramus giganteus Bonap., and Rhinochetus kagu. Proc. Zool. Sot. London, 1915 :413-423.
MONTACNA, W.
1945 A re-investigation of the development of the wing of the fowl. Jour. Morph.,
76 :87-113.
NEWTON, A.
1896 A dictionary of birds. Adam and Charles Black, London, 1088 pp.
December 1956
Vol. 68, No. 4
THE WILSON BULLETIN
PARKER,
1947
SHLJFELDT,
T.
J., AND W. A. HASWELL
A text-book of zoology. 6th ed., vol. 2. Macmillan
R.
& Co., London, 758 pp.
W.
1890
The myology of the Raven (Corvus coraz sinuutus). Macmillan
don, 343 pp.
YOUNG,
J. Z.
1950 The life of vertebrates. Oxford Univ. Press, London, 767 pp.
DEPARTMENT
OF ANATOMY,
UNIVERSITY
OF MICHIGAN
MEDICAL
& Co., Lon-
SCHOOL,
ANN
ARBOR, MICHIGAN, MARCH 5, 1956
NEW LIFE MEMBER
Karl E. Bartel was born in Blue Island,
Illinois, October 12, 1913, and now is
employed by General Biological Supply
House, Chicago. He has been interested in
natural history since 1928. His bird watching developed into bird banding, and since
1933 he has banded over 30,000 individuals
of 159 species. His interest is shifting now
to wild flower photography, and to the
building up of a series of wild flower
slide lectures for rental purposes.
Mr. Bartel is a member of the American
Ornithologists’ Union, Illinois Audubon Society, Wisconsin Society of Ornithology,
Nature Conservancy, Friends of our Native
Landscape, Eastern, Western, and Inland
Bird Banding associations, Wm. I. Lyon
Bird Banding Council and the Chicago
Ornithological Society. He is now President of the latter organization.
In the
picture he is holding a Red-bellied Woodpecker that he had just banded.