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NOUNS Names~ a person (boy, girl, mom, sister, dad, brother, baby) a place (school, house, movies, park, store, ocean) a thing (baseball, cat, desk, pen, pencil, paper, cow an idea (love, honesty, joy willingness, strength) COMMON NOUNS ~ names a GENERAL person, place, things, or idea *sister *composer *lake *team *democracy PROPER NOUNS ~ names a SPECIFIC person, place, things, or idea **Always use CAPITAL LETTERS *Sarah *Beethoven *Michigan *Sox *Democrats/ Republicans COMPOUND NOUNS ~ is made up of 2 or more words that act as a SINGLE noun toothbrush high school football living room baseball sister-in-law Brian Urlacher cottage cheese doghouse COLLECTIVE NOUNS names a GROUP of people or things family team chorus school staff jury company band CONCRETE vs. ABSTRACT CONCRETE NOUNS ABSTRACT NOUNS ~names things you can see or touch ~names things you CANNOT see or touch *friend *notebook *author *pencil *desk *clouds ***Usually only common nouns can be concrete or abstract!!! *emotions, ideas, state of mind, quality *happiness *surprise *imagination POSSESSIVE NOUNS ~ a noun that names who or what has something ~ shows ownership ~ is someone who OWNS SOMETHING An apostrophe and s (‘s) forms the possessive of most singular nouns and of plural nouns that do not end with s. Child - child’s toy Children - children’s bikes Use only an apostrophe (‘) to form the possessive of plural nouns that end with s. girls - girls’ dolls teams - teams’ uniforms It’s is a contraction = it is Its = possessive (no apostrophe) APPOSITIVES ~ a noun or phrase that gives additional information about another noun in a sentence. “extra” information *Mrs. Austin, a teacher, is very nice. *The Bears, a great team, started recently. *We have a great baseball team, the Sox. S es s es s PLURALS The plural form of a noun indicates that more S es s than one person, place, or thing is being named. s es s es Plural forms are either regular or irregular. Regular nouns form their plurals by adding s or es. Most nouns have regular plural forms. S es s es S es s es Plurals Word Ending Rule Examples s, ss, x, z, zz, sh, ch Add es bus - busses mass - masses fox foxes buzz - buzzes crash - crashes punch - punches o - preceded by a consonant Add es tomato - tomatoes Exceptions: solo - solos (and other musical terms) o - preceded by a vowel Add s radio – radios Word Ending y - preceded by a consonant Rule Change y to i and add es Examples party - parties discovery discoveries day - days monkey monkeys y - preceded by a vowel Add s ff Add s bluff - bluffs staff - staffs fe Change f to v and add es knife - knives wife - wives f Add s or change f to v and add es chief - chiefs calf - calves leaf leaves Irregular Plurals Child Mouse Tooth Deer Ox Man Sheep Crisis Datum Syllabi- Irregular Plurals Child - children Mouse - mice Tooth - teeth Deer - deer Ox - oxen Man men Sheep - sheep Crisis - crises Datum - data Syllabi- syllabus When a compound needs to be plural: add the “s” to the word that is plural: Mother-in-law = mothers-in-law Baseball = baseballs Pronouns A word that can take the place of one or more nouns baseball ~ it Without: The firefighters described how the firefighters did the firefighters’ jobs. With: The firefighters described how they did their jobs. Antecedent The word or groups of words the pronoun takes the place of *Aunt Connie is a cook. She bakes pies. *The book lists inventors. It is fascinating. *Mrs. Drews is a great librarian. She works at Liberty. Personal Pronouns Pronouns that refer to a person Bubba ~ he Suzy Q ~ she Personal Pronouns Singular First Person I, me, my, mine, Second you, your, person yours Third person he, him, his she, her, hers it, its Plural we, us, our, ours you, your, yours They, them, Their, theirs *Stacy likes books. She collects mysteries. *These books are rare collectors’ items. _______ can only be found in specialty shops. Three Cases or Categories of Personal Pronouns 1. Nominitive Pronoun/Subject Pronoun: These pronouns will tell WHAT or WHO the sentence is about. (subject in the sentence) Singular: I, you, he, she, it Plural: we, you, they 2. Objective Pronouns: These pronouns are: *direct object–(after verb) *indirect object–(after verb) *object of preposition(after preposition) Singular: me, you, him, her, it Plural: us, you, them *3. Possessive Pronouns: pronouns that show ownership Before Nouns: Singular: Plural: my our your your his, her, its their Stands Alone: Singular Plural: mine ours yours yours his ,hers, its theirs Interrogative Pronoun Introduces an interrogative sentence Who *Who owns that pen? Whom *Which is yours? Whose *For whom is that car? Which Who=subject What Whom=object Demonstrative Pronoun Points out specific things ~ nearby and at a distance (**take the place of the noun) This *This is a good apple. That *Those are new chairs. These Those **If this, that, these, those is used before a noun then it is an adjective and not a pronoun. Indefinite Pronoun Does not refer to a particular person, place or thing Always Singular: Another no one Anybody nothing Anyone one Anything other Each somebody Either someone Everybody something Everyone Everything Little Much Neither Nobody Always Plural: Both Few Many Others Several Can be both Singular or Plural: All Any More Most None Some Reflexive Pronoun Directs the actions back to the subject (after the verb!!!) “self” word *Sara brought herself back to the camp. *I treated myself to a new book. Intensive Pronoun Adds emphasis to a noun/ pronoun already named. “self” word (comes after noun or pronoun) *Steven himself wrote a book. *Would the soldiers themselves save the chiefs? Personal Pronouns and Agreement Personal pronouns MUST agree with their antecedents in person, number, and gender. What is wrong with these sentences? Mary likes cats. Its favorite is Bubba. A teacher likes teaching their students. Mary likes cats. Her favorite is Bubba. A teacher likes teaching his or her students. If using 2 or more singular antecedents joined by OR or NOR – MUST have a singular pronoun. Either Becca or Megan will take her backpack. If compound antecedent is joined by AND – MUST have plural pronoun. Becca and Megan will take their backpacks. Remember all those indefinite pronouns? – You need to know them now! Always Singular: anyone, everyone, someone, anybody, everybody, somebody, each, either Each of the banners is blue. -Everyone in the first five rows was delighted. Some can be singular or plural: all, any, more, most, none, some You need to use context clues to figure it out! Some of the milk is frozen. Some of the cookies are frozen, too. Review Which is the common noun? Marie Jones is a wonderful mimic. A. Marie B. Jones C. wonderful D. mimic Which is the proper noun? Marie can imitate anything from a machine to an animal. A. Marie B. anything C. machine D. animal Which is the collective noun? She is one of the most talented members of our class. A. He B. most C. members D. class Which is the compound noun? One day Marie entertained all her classmates by imitating a pelican. A. One day B. entertained C. classmates D. pelican Which is the appositive phrase? Marie, my friend, can bring any story to life. A. my friend B. can bring C. any story D. to life Choose the correct form of the word: The seventh graders are reading ___ for their book reports. A. biographys B. biographes C. biographies D. biographyes Alan and Sandra have books about American Indian ___. A. chiefs B. chieves C. chiefes D. chiefs’ Lisa, Matt, and Tran have chosen books about famous ___. A. woman B. womans C. womens D. women The best reports will be put up on the two ___ in the hall. A. bulletin boardes B. bulletin boards’s C. bulletin boards D. bulletin boards’ Members of other ___ will be able to read them. A. classes B. class’s C. classies D. class Choose the correct possessive form of the noun: Listening to stories is not just a ___ activity. A. childrens C. children B. children’s D. childrens’ My little brother, my parents, and I all enjoy ___ performances. A. storytellers’ B. storytellers C. storytellers’s D. storyteller’s My youngest ___ favorite story is from a book by Beatrix Potter A. brothers B. brothers’ C. brother’s D. brotheres It tells about two ___ amusing adventures. A. mice’s B. mices’ C. mices D. mices’s My parents and I prefer accounts of ___ exploits. A. hero’es B. heroes’s C. heroes D. heroes’ Which sentence uses the apostrophe correctly? However, van Goghs best-known works are done in brilliant colors. However, van Gogh’s best-known works are done in brilliant colors. However, van Goghs’ best-known works are done in brilliant colors. However, van Gogh’es best-known works are done in brilliant colors. Make the second sentence an appositive in the first sentence. The famous performance artist appeared at the theater yesterday. The artist was Alicia Amber. Ms. Amber put on an exciting and original show. She is a talented performer. Alicia Amber danced to the sounds of airplane engines. She is a classically trained dancer. Her dance suggests the whirling of propellers. It is a combination of rapid spins and leaps. Ms. Amber’s next project will be presented on national television. It is a one-woman play. Replace the underlined word with the correct pronoun. Do you know about any (of) Indian tribes? Stacy was on the soccer team. The Pollards live in California. For each sentence find the correct pronoun and antecedent Jenny enjoys school. ___ favorite subject is reading. Sean and Ty are friends. ___ both enjoy swimming at the pool. The book is about baseball. ___ has several colored pictures. Choose the correct bolded words: I and he / He and I usually roller blade right after school. Golfing is even intriguing to she / her. Both John and she / her are athletes. Replace underlined word with possessive pronoun Sarah’s track record has not been broken. She was able to to speak up for the people’s rights. Write the possessive pronoun My report is about Jane Goodall. The baby recognized her voice. Locate the indefinite pronoun and tell if they are singular or plural. Many have decided to attend study club. All of the students speak Spanish. Each will be given a movie pass. Locate the reflexive pronoun and the noun it reflects back to. I have given myself the task of studying the life of George Washington. Kelly brought herself back to class. Name the intensive pronoun and the word it is modifying Shelley herself moved the television. Would the soldiers themselves free the chief? Does the sentence have a demonstrative or interrogative pronoun? Name the pronoun. What are you doing after school? These were Native American names.