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Ethical Issues
in
Therapeutic Cloning
José Roberto Goldim
January/2003
©Goldim/2003
Complex Bioethics
Facts
+
Circumstances
Principles
Therapeutic
Cloning
Casuistry
Consequences
Alternatives
©Goldim/2003
Principles
Prima facie duties
Beneficence
Benefits
Risks
Precautionary Principle
Respect for person
Privacy
Veracity
Autonomy
Justice
Person and Society
©Goldim/2003
Casuistry
Cloning
Embryonic Stem-cells
1996
Ian Wilmut
1998
James Thomson
Dolly
human embryonic
John Gearhart
human fetal
2001
Robert Lanza
human embryo cloning
for therapeutic purposes
©Goldim/2003
Facts
Therapeutic Cloning
• Cloning of an embryo only for producing
embryonic stem-cells
• Tissue repair without rejection
©Goldim/2003
Circumstances
Scientific Aspects
Knowledge
Generation and Trasposition
Common Sense
Technology
Science
Technology
Technoscience
Technology
Technology
Science
Common Sense
©Goldim/2003
Circumstances
Moral Aspects
Ethics cannot be involved, it must not be
applied to science. For Christianity there
is one ethics. For the Raelian movement
there is another one. Ethics is always a
refrain. There is no room for ethics in
science. Science must be free.
Claude Rael 2003
Something technically possible is not,
simply
because
of
it,
morally
acceptable.
Donum Vitae 1987
Cardeal Joseph Ratzinger
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Circumstances
Moral Aspects
Paradox:
As the embryo is not human it can be
aborted,
Because the embryo is human we
want to use it for research.
Kristina Kercher Kenneally 2002
©Goldim/2003
Circumstances
Moral Aspects
... therapeutic cloning must be considered as a
solidarity duty for future generations...
C. Petitnicolas e M. Perez.
Les Enjeux du clonage thérapeutique. Le Figaro 19/01/2002
Future generations have the right to inherit an
intact planet. They do not have the right for
miraculous healing.
Hans Jonas (1968)
Ética, medicina e técnica.
Lisboa: Veja, 1994:139.
©Goldim/2003
Circumstances
Legal Aspects
Brazil
•Federal Constitution– 1988
•Civil Code – 2003
•Genetic Engineering Act 8974/95
•Technical Directive CTNBIO 08/97
©Goldim/2003
Circumstances
Social Aspects
United States - 2002
56% therapeutic cloning
13% reproductive cloning
United Kingdom - 2002
46% therapeutic cloning
12% reproductive cloning
Porto Alegre - 2001 (ACT)
62% therapeutic cloning
Porto Alegre – 2002 (CLONAID)
25% reproductive cloning
©Goldim/2003
Circumstances
Psychological Aspects
Generate positive expectations without scientific
evidence
Difficulties to apply this technology to health care
in a short period of time
Hypocrisy vs. Demagogy
©Goldim/2003
Consequences
New therapeutic approaches
Unforeseen hazards
unknown risks
Destruction of embryos
Cells and Embryo trading
©Goldim/2003
Alternatives
Stem-cells from outnumber viable embryos
(destructive harvest)
Stem-cells from embryos before implantation
(non-destructive harvest)
Stem-cells from embryos unfit for implantation
(harvest from disposed biological material)
Cord-blood stem-cells
(harvest from disposed biological material)
Adult stem-cells
(harvest from donor or self)
©Goldim/2003
Principles
Respect for Persona
Thoughts on use embryo should not focus on
improving reproductive technologies anymore, but
in their use as mere cell sources.
The challenge is establishing the rights on the very
beginning of life, for embryos and fetuses must
have a status.
Noelle Lenoir
Bioethics and 21st century, viewpoint
of the jurist. Presse Med 2002;31(12):565-70
©Goldim/2003
Ethics
Applied Ethics
Ethics embedded in practice
www.bioetica.ufrgs.br
©Goldim/2003