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ZOOLOGY RNDr. Oldřich Sychra, Ph.D. Doc. MVDr. Jiří Klimeš, CSc. Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases VFU Brno Attention This file contains images from the Internet and books obtained without the approval of copyright holder for publication. It is therefore intended only for internal use by VFU Brno students during their preparation for credits in zoology. Further dissemination of this file is forbidden. Phylum: Rotifera Phylum: Rotifera mikroscopic, planctonic Spiny-headed worms (Acanthocephala) • rotifers adapted to parasitism • 1150 species • endoparasites of GIT - fish, waterfowl etc. • proboscis, tegument, GIT lost • gonochorists, • larvae - acanthor, cystacanth • intermediate hosts - crustaceans, beetles Phylum: Mollusca Phylum: Mollusca 50000 species; head, foot, visceral mass with mantle, which encloses the mantle cavity with gills or lungs; it secretes the shell (calcareous with conchiolin) Circulatory system open or closed NS: ganglia excretion: metanephridia GIT: radula - rasping organ metanephridia head-food portion cross section Phylum: Mollusca Class: snail & slugs (Gastropoda) • 40000 species; body asymmetrical, usually in a coiled shell (uncoiled or absent in some); herbivorous, carnivorous, planktonic feeders • Repro.: hermafrodites (proteandric); direct (no larva) or indirect development (larva veliger) Important as intermediate hosts of flukes and as seafood (abalone) Prosobranchiata mostly marine Opisthobranchiata sea slugs, sea butterflies Pulmonata: terrestrial or limnic Roman snail African land snail (Achatina) rock snail applesnail limpet sea hare abalone pond snail cone shell grove snail cowry slug ramshorn snail scallop Phylum: Mollusca Class: mussels (Bivalvia) 9450 species; body laterally compressed, enclosed in two valves, with dorsal hinge; head reduced, foot usually wedge shaped; mostly sedentary filter feeders sexes usually separate, indirect development larva larva Imporatnt as seafood; pearl production glochidium Giant clam (Tridacna) length: 1,5 m, weight: 225 kg veliger oyster blue mussel swan mussel pearl oyster cockle painter´s mussel freshwater pearly mussel Phylum: Mollusca Class: squids & octopuses (Cephalopoda) 550 species; shell often reduced or absent; active predators – chamber eyes; radula and beak; arms or tentacles; foot modified into siphon (= reactive movement); chromatophores circulatory system closed NS: nervous system centralized to form a brain Repro.: gonochorists, internal fertilization; no larvae (hectocotylus arm – spermatophore), maternal care Imporatnt as seafood. Giant squid - 18 m; 450 kg Nautilus pompilius cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) squid (Loligo) Octopus Phylum: segmented worms (Annelida) Phylum: segmented worms (Annelida) 15000 species homonomous metamerism body cavity: coelom (hydrostatic skeleton) epidermis: chitinous setae circular & longitudinal muscles circulatory system closed NS: ladder-like ES: metanephridia R: asexual, sexual direct or indirect development - larva trochofora food – predators, ectoparasites; saprotrophs, decomposers = GIT: chloragogen tissue („liver“), typhlosole (increasing intestine surface area) blood vessels ventral nerve cord pair of coelomic compartments nonchitinous cuticle with chitinous setae Phylum: segmented worms (Annelida) Class: marine worms (Polychaeta) 10000 species; pelagic or sessile (calcareous tubes); most segments with parapodia bearing tufts of many setae & gills gonochorists larva trochofora Samoan palolo worm Phylum: segmented worms (Annelida) Class: Clitellata protandrous hermafrodites – prevention of self-fertilization; no larva clitellum – glandular section that secretes (1) slime for transport of sperms and (2) viscid sac in which the eggs are deposited (cocoon) Subclass: earth & freshwater worms (Oligochaeta) - 3000 species; Important as decomposers, food of fishes; paratenic hosts of parasites Lumbricus terrestris vesiculae seminales – own sperm receptaculum seminis – mate´s sperm Tubifex tubifex Phylum: segmented worms (Annelida) Class: Clitellata Subclass: leeches (Hirudinea) 2000 species; freshwater, terrestrial predators, ectoparasites (oral & posterior suckers, hirudin with a blood anticoagulant property) Piscicola geometra - transmission of fish protozoan infections „medicinal leech“ (Hirudo medicinalis) Phylum: roundworms (Nematoda) Phylum: roundworms (Nematoda) BILATERIA – TRIBLASTICA PROTOSTOMIA Superphylum ECDYSOZOA ♂ 30 000 species free-living (aquatic, terrestrial) & parasitic, body elongated vermiform, body cavity pseudocoel Epidermis with collagenous noncellular cuticle (sometimes molted = ecdysis) Muscles only longitudinal (thrashing, not crawling movements) GIT: digestive tract complete (mouth-to-anus) excretion: protonephridial canals or renettes (gland cells) NS: ganglia, nerve ring and cords R: gonochorists, rarely hermafrodites or partenogenesis, Indirect developmnent: 3-5 juvenile stages separated by moulting with (biohelminths) or without intermediate host (geohelminths) ♀ Phylum: roundworms (Nematoda) Class: Adenophorea = Aphasmida Order: Trichocephalida = Enoplida Trichuris = Trichocephalus - geohelminth Trichuris egg trichina worm or porkworm (Trichinella spiralis) biohelminth juveniles in muscle, adults in intestine rat-pig (human) or (now more frequently) wild boar, wild carnivores, dog (human) excretion: only gland cells Phylum: roundworms (Nematoda) Class: Secernentea = Phasmida Order: hookworms (Strongylida) gapeworm (Syngamus trachea) Ancylostoma duodenale ♂ excretion: protonephridialcanals ♀ Order: Rhabditida Caenorhabditis elegans – experimental model – 3 Nobel prices hermafrodite, eutely = constancy in number of cells/nuclei Phylum: roundworms (Nematoda) Order: Ascaridida – geohelminths Large roundworm of human (Ascaris lumbricoides) pinworms (Oxyuris, Enterobius) Enterobius vermicularis organ migration – substitution for the absent intermediate host, autoinfection impossible No organ migration; autoinfection possible (anal pruritus in children) 4-6 hours 2-3 weeks Phylum: roundworms (Nematoda) Order: Spirurida - biohelminths Wuchereria bancrofti – elephantiasis, intermediate host - mosquitos; larvae = microfilariae (filarial worms) Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) intermediate host – copepods eradicated in Asia Phylum: Arthropoda Phylum: Arthropoda about 1.000.000 species vertebrates 47.000 invertebrates without arthropods 150.000 Viruses 1.000 arthropods without insects 120.000 insects 900.000 Procaryotes 4.800 Fungi 69.000 Algae 26.900 plants 248.400 Protozoa 30.800 Phylum: Arthropoda cladogram Hexapoda Crustacea Myriapoda Chelicerata Trilobites (Trilobitomorpha) • heteronomous metamerism and tagmatization • jointed (segmented) appendages head thorax abdomen hypotethic ancestor biramous uniramous coxa cephalothorax Chelicerata trochanter femur Crustacea trunk patela tibia Myriapoda tarsus Hexapoda • sclerotised exoskeleton (chitin) • growth – moulting (ecdysis) - controlled by hormone ecdysone • open circulatory system – hemolymph, dorsal heart • NS: ganglionic ladder-like – ventral nerve cord M. Malpighi (1628-1694) • excretion modified metanephridia (paired) antennal, maxillar glands (Crustacea) coxal glands (spiders) Malpighian tubules (insects, spiders) • respiration body surface (small mites, small crustaceans) gills (crustaceans) book lungs (spiders) tracheae (insects, spiders, myriapods) Subphylum: Chelicerata Former class: Merostomata – subclass: Xiphosurida 5 species; „living fossils“ Horseshoe crabs (Limulus spp.) – littoral, some appendages with gills Limulus test detects the presence of bacterial endotoxin in intravenous solutions. larva (trilobite-like) Class: Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, mites about 80.000 species body tagmata - cephalothorax and abdomen head appendages - chelicerae and pedipalps (claws and fangs) cephalothorax bears four pairs of legs spinning glands predators - venom to kill their prey (black widow) Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, mites spiders (Araneida) • fang-like chelicerae, poison glands • silk glands (liquid that hardens into a firm silk thread) • extracorporal digestion • pedipalps greater in males (sperm transfer) • direct development (no larva) Tarantulas or bird spiders (Orthognatha) spiders (Labidognatha) Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, mites scorpions (Scorpionida) • tropical, subtropical, arid regions, nocturnal, • predaceuous – pedipalps (prey capture), chelicerate (feeding) • stinger on the last abdominal segment • viviparous, mother´s care • captivity, age up to 15 years pedipalp chelicerae Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, mites Ticks and mites (Acari, Acarina) Highest diversity (40000 species) and importance, small, in soil, water, parasites, allergies, storage and agricultural pests science – acarology gnathosoma idiosoma prosoma opisthosoma proterosoma hysterosoma Indirect development larva (3 pairs of legs) nymph (4 pairs of legs) – proto-, deut(er)o-, tritonymph → imago Castor-bean tick (Ixodes ricinus) Family: „hard ticks“ (Ixodidae) • hypostome (modified mouthparts) • sexual dimorphism (dorsal shield), only ♀ sucks blood • vector of endemic infectious diseases (encephalitis, Lyme disease, tularemia) male female hypostome Castor-bean tick (Ixodes ricinus) a three-host tick: 1) larva („mice“) 2) nymph (hare) 3) imago (deer, dog, man) female Red (roost) mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) ectoparasite of birds (poultry) nocturnal - sucks blood at night in crevices by day vector of many infectious agents Varroa destructor (formerly V. jacobsoni) • most important bee parasite • sucks hemolymph • has spread from South Asia • sexual dimorphism (♀ > ♂) Acarapis woodi parasite, tracheae of bees Hair-follicle mite (Demodex spp.) • smallest mites (100 µm), in domestic animals, man • hair follicles, sebaceous glands → easy diagnosis • in immunocompromised dogs, „red mange“ Itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) • cause of scabies or sarcoptic mange of animals, man • burrows in epidermis, intense pruritus • proof in multiple skin scrapings → difficult diagnosis scaly leg in fowls Many other genera of veterinary importance: Knemidokoptes, Notoedres, Psoroptes, Chorioptes, Otodectes Storage pests Storage mites (Acaridae) Acarus siro Tyrophagus spp. Glyciphagus destructor Allergies House dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae) etc. Beetle mites (Oribatida) Free-living intermediate hosts of the tapeworms Moniezia spp. etc. Subphylum Myriapoda body tagmata - head and trunk, all appendages uniramous; about 13.000 species Class Dipopoda - millipedes body almost cylindrical; usually two pairs of legs to a somite; usually herbivorous Julus Class Chilopoda - centipedes dorsoventrally flattened body; 1 pair of legs on each segment; usually carnivorous predators Lithobius Scolopendra Subphylum Crustacea - Aquatic mandibulates about 40.000 species body tagmata - cephalothorax and abdomen. head appendages - 2p.antennae, 1p. mandibles, 2p. maxillae. biramous appendages Development: direct Class Maxilopoda zoea (a) planktonic: copepods or larva nauplius or zoea nauplius Class Branchiopoda fairy shrimp brine shrimp clam shrimps tadpole shrimps (b) parasitic: fish lice, (c) sedentary barnacles (c) water fleas Class Ostracoda – ostracods (a) (b) often microscopic forms that drift as plankton in oceans or in lakes important food source for many other animals Subphylum Crustacea - Aquatic mandibulates Class Malacostraca about 20.000 species Amphipoda Decapoda Isopoda - isopods a few terrestrial species woodlouse, pill bug important edible species also planctonic hermit crab crayfish common spiny lobster shrimp crab aquatic sowbug lobster krill Subphylum Hexapoda- Terrestial mandibulates Springtails (Collembola) Edaphon (soil, leaf litter) Class Insecta - insects Class: Entognatha Subclass: Apterygota Subclass: Pterygota Class: Insecta, Ectognatha Subphylum Hexapoda- Terrestial mandibulates Class Insecta - insects about 900.000 species body tagmata - head, thorax, abdomen four types of mouthparts (1) chewing, (2) piercing-sucking, (3) sucking, (1) (4) sponging thorax bears three pairs of jointed legs and two pairs of wings (x primary wingless) (2) (3) elytrae (4) silverfish secondary wingless METAMORPHOSIS Hemimetabola Holometabola (88% species) eliminates intraspecific competition (larva x imago) Class Insecta - insects about 900.000 species hemimetabolous metamorphosis - nymphs are similar to adults Odonata Ephemeroptera Mantodea Blattodea Orthoptera Phasmatodea Dermaptera Psocoptera Phthiraptera Plecoptera Isoptera Hemiptera Thysanoptera Heteroptera Homoptera Class Insecta - insects about 900.000 species holometabolous metamorphosis - egg - larva - pupa - adults Megaloptera Raphidoptera Neuroptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Trichoptera Coleoptera Strepsiptera Diptera RELATIVITY OF „BENEFIT“ AND„HARM“ – • harmful insects – only 0,5 % species • ectoparasites, vectors of diseases • intermediate hosts of endoparasites Anopheles sucking lice • storage pests fleas • pollination – in US annual benefit worth of 19 billion dollars • honey, beeswax; silk from silkworms Honeybee (Apis mellifera) cocroaches Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) Granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius) mill moth (Ephestia kuehniella) silkworms • predators, parasitoids • pet animals • laboratory experiments • source of food for animals and also for people tse-tse fly (Glossina) Drosophila + ladybug sabre wasp Thank you for your attention