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• DNIS
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Prednisone
'Prednisone' is a synthetic
corticosteroid drug that is particularly
effective as an immunosuppressive
drug|immunosuppressant drug. It is
used to treat certain inflammatory
diseases (such as moderate allergic
reactions) and (at higher doses) some
types of cancer, but has significant
adverse effects. Because it suppresses
the immune system, it leaves patients
more susceptible to infections.
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Prednisone - Pharmacology
Prednisone has no substantial biological
effects until converted via hepatic metabolism
to
prednisolone.[http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drug
portal/ProxyServlet?mergeData=trueobjectHa
ndle=DBMaintAPPLICATION_NAME=drugpo
rtalactionHandle=defaultnextPage=jsp/drugp
ortal/ResultScreen.jspTXTSUPERLISTID=00
00053032QV1=PREDNISONE Medline drug
information for prednisone]
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Prednisone - Medical uses
Prednisone is used for many different
indications including: asthma, COPD,
CIDP, rheumatic disorders, allergic
disorders, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's
disease, adrenocortical insufficiency,
hypercalcemia due to cancer, thyroiditis,
laryngitis, severe tuberculosis, urticaria
(hives), lipid pneumonitis, pericarditis,
multiple sclerosis, nephrotic syndrome,
lupus, myasthenia gravis, poison oak
exposure, and as part of a drug regimen
to prevent rejection post organ transplant.
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Prednisone - Medical uses
Retrieved 9-11-2010 Prednisone is
important in the treatment of acute
lymphoblastic leukemia, Non-Hodgkin
lymphomas, Hodgkin's lymphoma,
multiple myeloma and other hormonesensitive tumors, in combination with
other anticancer drugs.
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Prednisone - Medical uses
Prednisone is also used for the
treatment of the Herxheimer reaction,
which is common during the
treatment of syphilis, and to delay the
onset of symptoms of Duchenne
muscular dystrophy and also for
uveitis. The mechanism for the delay
of symptoms is unknown. Because it
suppresses the adrenals, it is also
sometimes used in the treatment of
congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
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Prednisone - Medical uses
1
Prednisone is also used to
treat sarcoidosis and lupus.
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Prednisone - Medical uses
Prednisone can also be used in the
treatment of decompensated heart
failure to potentiate renal
responsiveness to diuretics, especially
in heart failure patients with refractory
diuretic resistance with large dose of
loop diuretics. The mechanism is
prednisone, as a glucocorticoid, can
improve renal responsiveness to atrial
natriuretic peptide by increasing the
density of natriuretic peptide receptor
type A in the renal inner medullary
collecting duct, inducing a potent
diuresis.
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Prednisone - Side-effects
Short-term side-effects, as with all
glucocorticoids, include high blood glucose
levels (especially in patients with diabetes
mellitus or on other medications that
increase blood glucose, such as tacrolimus)
and mineralocorticoid effects such as fluid
retention.http://www.gihealth.com/html/ed
ucation/drugs/prednisone.html
gihealth.com The mineralocorticoid effects
of prednisone are minor, which is why it is
not used in the management of adrenal
insufficiency, unless a more potent
mineralocorticoid is administered
concomitantly.
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Prednisone - Side-effects
1
Additional short-term side-effects can
include insomnia, euphoria and, rarely,
mania (in particular, in those suffering
from bipolar disorder). It can also cause
Depression (mood)|depression or
depressive symptoms and anxiety in
some
individuals.[http://www.drugs.com/pre
dnisone.html Prednisone Information
from
Drugs.com][http://www.nlm.nih.gov/m
edlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601102.htm
l#side-effects Prednisone: MedlinePlus
Drug Information]
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Prednisone - Side-effects
1
Long-term side-effects include Cushing's
syndrome, steroid dementia syndrome,
truncal weight gain, osteoporosis,
glaucoma and cataracts, type II diabetes
mellitus, and Depression
(mood)|depression upon dose reduction or
cessation.
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Prednisone - Major
1
* Increased blood sugar for
diabetics
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Prednisone - Major
* Unusual Fatigue
(physical)|fatigue or
weakness
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Prednisone - Major
1
* Mental confusion /
indecisiveness
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Prednisone - Major
* Memory and attention
dysfunction (Steroid dementia
syndrome)
1
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Prednisone - Major
* Painful Hip
(anatomy)|hips or
shoulders
1
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Prednisone - Major
1
* Avascular necrosis
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Prednisone - Minor
1
* anxiety|Nervousness
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Prednisone - Minor
1
* Frequent urination
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Prednisone - Minor
1
* Reduced intestinal flora
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Prednisone - Dependency
1
This weaning process may be over a
few days, if the course of prednisone
was short, but may take weeks or
months if the patient had been on
long-term treatment
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Prednisone - Dependency
For this reason, glucocorticoid
analogue drugs such as prednisone
down-regulate the natural synthesis of
glucocorticoids
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Prednisone - Industry
1
The pharmaceutical industry uses
prednisone tablets for the calibration
of dissolution testing equipment
according to the United States
Pharmacopeia (USP).
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Prednisone - History
1
The same process was
used to prepare
prednisolone from
hydrocortisone.H.L
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Prednisone - History
1
The enhanced adrenocorticoid activity of
these compounds over cortisone and
hydrocortisone was demonstrated in
mice.H.L. Herzog et al Science, Vol. 121,
p 176 (1955).
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Prednisone - History
Prednisone and prednisolone were
introduced in 1955 by Schering and
Upjohn, under the brand names
Meticorten and Delta-Cortef,
respectively.[http://www.accessdata.fda.go
v/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm
Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug
Products] These prescription medicines
are now available from a number of
manufacturers as generic drugs.
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Methylprednisolone
'Methylprednisolone' is a synthetic
glucocorticoid or corticosteroid drug. It is
marketed in the USA and Canada under
the brand names Medrol and SoluMedrol.[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/s
ummary/summary.cgi?cid=6741
Methylprednisolone - Compound
Summary] PubChem It is also available as
a generic drug.
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Methylprednisolone - Uses
The list of medical conditions for which
methylprednisolone is prescribed is rather
long, and is similar to other corticosteroids
such as prednisolone
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Methylprednisolone - Uses
1
Methylprednisolone is also prescribed for
nonpenetrating spinal cord injuries. It has
been shown that a dose of 30mg/kg IV
followed by IV drip at 5.4mg/kg/h for 23
hours improves sensory and motor
recovery if given within eight hours of the
injury.
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Methylprednisolone - Uses
1
It is also used for vestibular neuritis.
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Methylprednisolone - Uses
After egg retrieval for a cycle of in
vitro fertilization, methylprednisolone
may be prescribed to prevent the body
from rejecting the embryos being
transferred, up to the time of
implantation.
1
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Methylprednisolone - Side effects
1
The most serious side effect occurs
after the adrenal glands cease natural
production of cortisol, which
methylprednisolone will replace
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Methylprednisolone - Side effects
1
Additionally, the administration of live,
attenuated vaccines is contraindicated
for individuals taking
immunosuppressive doses of
methylprednisolone
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NDFor|prisons in India|List of prisons in IndiaIDNISRITAJAPLAOMWISee
also|Malawi Prison SystemMLTMEXMARNEDNZLPRKSee
also|Human_rights_in_North_Korea#The_prison_system|l1The North Korean
prison systemNORPAKROMRUSsee also|Gulag|list of Soviet Union prison
sites that detained PolesSAUSGPSee also|List of prisons in
SingaporeSVKESPSWECHEFor|prisons in Switzerland|List of prisons in
SwitzerlandSYRTHATURUKFor|prisons in the UK|List of prisons in the United
1
*Phú Quốc Prison
(during
Viernam
War,prisons|List
it was of
KingdomUSAFor|prisons
in the United
States|List
of U.S. federal
United States stateas
prisons|List
of U.S. military
reconstructed
a memorial
workprisonsVNM
for visitors)
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West syndrome - Prednisone
*Prednisone - The NINDS Infantile
Spasms Information Page (published by
the National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
states that Treatment with corticosteroids
such as prednisone is standard, although
serious side effects can occur.
1
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DNIS
1
'Dialed Number Identification Service' (DNIS)
is a service sold by telecommunications
companies to corporate clients that lets them
determine which telephone number was
dialed by a customer. This is useful in
determining how to answer an inbound call.
The telephone company sends a DNIS
number to the client phone system during the
call setup. The DNIS number is typically 4 to
10 digits in length.Waite, Andrew. A Practical
Guide to Call Center Technology. p315.
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DNIS
1
Any DID (Direct inward dial) number
will have a DNIS. This is the number
sent from the central office to the PBX
(Private branch exchange) or key
system, telling the telephone system
which number was dialed.
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DNIS
For example, a company may have a
different toll-free telephone number for
each product line it sells. If a call center
is handling calls for multiple product
lines, the Telephone exchange|switch
that receives the call can analyze the
DNIS and play an appropriate recorded
greeting. A company may also use
multiple toll free numbers for
multilingual customer support, for
which each support language is
associated with a dedicated toll free
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DNIS
1
The DNIS is what distinguishes these lines
from each other and hence the 'IVR' will
know which service to provide to the caller.
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Automatic number identification - DNIS
1
For example, toll-free service can be
configured to send a specific DNIS
number that is assigned to callers from
geographic regions based on city, area
code, state, or country.
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Aditi Phadnis
1
'Aditi Phadnis' is a political writer and
editor from India. Along with various
columns in newspapers and
magazines, she has also published
books on the subject of Indian politics.
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Aditi Phadnis - Career
Phadnis graduated from the Miranda
House from the University of Delhi. She
was the president of Student's Union for
the year 1982-83. She started her career
in journalism from 1983 after graduating.
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Aditi Phadnis - Career
1
Phadnis worked with various newspaper
and magazine publishers like The
Independent (India)|The Independent, The
Indian Post and Newstime. Later she
worked for the news magazine Sunday. ,
since 2000, she has been working with
Business Standard.
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Aditi Phadnis - Career
1
She was a Jefferson Fellow at the East–
West Center in the year 2006. She is the
winner of the Ramnath
Goenka|Ramnath Goenka Excellence in
Journalism Award for the year 20082009 in the Political Reporting (Print)
category. She shared this award with
Pranab Dhal Samanta of The Indian
Express.
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Aditi Phadnis - Works
1
* Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings,
Business Standard Books, 2009. ISBN
8190573543
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Prednisolone
'Prednisolone' is a synthetic
glucocorticoid, a derivative of
cortisol, which is used to treat a
variety of
inflammation|inflammatory and
auto-immune conditions. It is the
active metabolite of the drug
prednisone and is used especially in
patients with hepatic failure, as these
individuals are unable to metabolise
1
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Prednisolone - Uses
Prednisolone exerts late mitogenic
and biphasic effects on resistant acute
lymphoblastic leukemia cells:
Relation to early gene expression
1
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Prednisolone - Uses
'Prednisolone acetate' ophthalmic
suspension (eye drops) is an
adrenocortical steroid product, prepared
as a sterile ophthalmic suspension and
used to reduce swelling, redness, itching,
and allergic reactions affecting the eye.
1
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Prednisolone - Uses
1
Prednisolone can also be used as an
immunosuppressive drug for organ
transplants and in cases of adrenal
insufficiency (Addison's disease).
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Prednisolone - Uses
Corticosteroids inhibit the
inflammatory response to a variety of
inciting agents and, it is presumed,
delay or slow healing. They inhibit the
edema, fibrin deposition, capillary
dilation, leukocyte migration,
capillary proliferation, fibroblast
proliferation, deposition of collagen,
and scar formation with
inflammation.
1
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Prednisolone - Mechanism of action
1
They induce synthesis of some proteins, and inhibit
synthesis of others.Prednisolone
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Prednisolone - Mechanism of action
Anti-inflammatory and
immunosuppressive actions:
1
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Prednisolone - Mechanism of action
*Inhibition of gene transcription for
Cyclooxygenase-2|COX-2, cytokines, cell
adhesion molecules, and inducible NO
synthase
1
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Prednisolone - Mechanism of action
*Blockage of Vit D3mediated induction of
osteocalcin gene in
osteoblasts
1
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Prednisolone - Mechanism of action
1
*Increase synthesis Annexin A1|annexin-1,
important in negative feedback on
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
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Prednisolone - Mechanism of action
1
Regulation of gene suppression leads
to systemic suppression of
inflammation and immune response.
This is of clinical usefulness but
ultimately leads to gluconeogenesis,
proteolysis and lipolysis. Gene
transcription returns to normal after
cessation, but sudden stoppage can
cause Addison's disease. Osteoporosis
is permanent.
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Prednisolone - Adverse effects
Possible side-effects include Water
retention (medicine)|fluid retention of
the face (moon face, Cushing's
syndrome), acne, constipation, and
mood swings.
1
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Prednisolone - Adverse effects
1
A lengthy course of prednisolone can
cause bloody or black tarry stools
from bleeding into the stomach (this
requires urgent medical attention);
filling or rounding out of the face;
muscle cramps or pain; muscle
weakness; nausea; pain in back, hips,
ribs, arms, shoulders, or legs;
reddish-purple stretch marks on
arms, face, legs, trunk, or groin; thin
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Prednisolone - Adverse effects
1
Prolonged use of prednisolone can lead to
the development of osteoporosis which
makes bones more fragile and susceptible
to fractures. One way to help alleviate this
side effect is through the use of calcium
and vitamin D supplements.
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Prednisolone - Adverse effects
Prednisolone can
cause increased blood
sugar levels for
diabetes|diabetics.
1
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Prednisolone - Adverse effects
Other effects include decreased or
blurred vision, increased eye
pressure, increased thirst, cataract
formation, confusion, rare cases of
dementia in otherwise-healthy elderly
patients, and nervousness.
1
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Prednisolone - Adverse effects
1
Loteprednol is an analog
drug that has reduced
adverse ocular effects.
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Prednisolone - Adverse effects
Prednisolone may cause serious
mental health problems, these affect
around 5% who take such steroids.
Symptoms include:
1
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Prednisolone - Adverse effects
* Depression
(mood)|depression,
including suicidal
thoughts
1
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Prednisolone - Adverse effects
* visual hallucinations|visual, Auditory
hallucination|auditory or tactile hallucinations
1
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Prednisolone - Adverse effects
* having strange and frightening thoughts,
changing behaviour or having feelings of being
alone
1
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Prednisolone - Adverse effects
1
Nasal septum perforation and bowel
perforation are also notable adverse
effects that restrict steroids' use in
some pathologic
conditions.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pmc/articles/PMC1347010/
Bowel Perforation in Steroid-Treated
Patients][http://www.rhinologyjourna
l.com/Rhinology_issues/128_132_Cre
vin.pdf Intranasal steroids and
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Prednisolone - Adverse effects
1
Withdrawal from prednisolone can be
problematic after taking large doses
or over more than two weeks. This is
caused by prednisolone inhibiting the
natural production of corticosteroids
in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal
Axis (HPAA)
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Prednisolone - Banned status in athletics
1
As a glucocorticosteroid, unauthorized or
ad-hoc use of prednisolone during
competition via oral, intravenous,
intramuscular or rectal routes is banned
under World Anti-Doping Agency|WADA
anti-doping rules. The drug may be used
in competition with a TUE (Therapeutic
Use Exemption), in compliance with
WADA regulations. Local or topical use of
prednisolone during competition as well as
any use out of competition is not
regulated.
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Chloroprednisone
The acetate ester prodrug,
chloroprednisone 21-acetate, was sold
under the brand name 'Topilan' as an antiinflammatory agent.Merck Index, 11th
Edition, '2157'
1
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Chloroprednisone
There is little published about
chloroprednisone. This may be due to
limited activity topically because the
skin lacks the necessary activating
enzyme 11-Beta hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase. Systemically, this
agent's activity on Glucocorticoid
receptors may not have competed with
agents like Fludrocortisone or
Dexamethasone.
1
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Methylprednisolone aceponate
1
'Methylprednisolone
aceponate' is a
glucocorticosteroid.
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Meprednisone
1
'Meprednisone' is a glucocorticoid. It is a methylated
derivative of prednisone.
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Prednisone - Major
1
* Osteonecrosis- same as
avascular necrosis
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Prednisone - Withdrawal
The magnitude and speed of dose
reduction in corticosteroid withdrawal
should be determined on a case-by-case
basis, taking into consideration the
underlying condition that is being treated,
and individual patient factors such as the
likelihood of relapse and the duration of
corticosteroid treatment. Gradual
withdrawal of systemic corticosteroids
should be considered in those whose
1
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Prednisone - Withdrawal
1
· received more than 40 mg prednisolone (or
equivalent) daily for more than 1 week;
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Prednisone - Withdrawal
1
· recently received repeated courses (particularly if
taken for longer than 3 weeks);
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Prednisone - Withdrawal
1
· taken a short course within
1 year of stopping long-term
therapy;
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Prednisone - Withdrawal
1
· other possible causes of
adrenal suppression.
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Prednisone - Withdrawal
1
Systemic corticosteroids may be stopped
abruptly in those whose disease is unlikely
to relapse and who have received
treatment for 3 weeks or less and who are
not included in the patient groups
described above.
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Prednisone - Withdrawal
1
During corticosteroid withdrawal the
dose may be reduced rapidly down to
physiological doses (equivalent to
prednisolone 7.5 mg daily) and then
reduced more slowly. Assessment of
the disease may be needed during
withdrawal to ensure that relapse does
not
occur.http://www.medicinescomplete
.com/mc/bnf/current/PHP4341withdrawal-of-corticosteroids.htm
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Manjari Fadnis
1
'Manjari Fadnis' (born 10 July 1984) is
an Indian film actress, who has
appeared in Hindi, Telugu, Bengali,
Malayalam, Kannada and Tamil
language films. She is best known for
her performance in the 2008 Hindi
film Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na.
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Manjari Fadnis - Career
1
Manjiri Fadnis started her career with Rok
Sako To Rok Lo in 2004, but her big break
was Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na (2008) as
the lead actor's girlfriend. Earlier she was
part of the National Film Award
(India)|National Film Award-winning
Bengali feature film Faltu and the highly
unsuccessful Mumbai Salsa (film)|Mumbai
Salsa.
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Manjari Fadnis - Career
In 2008, her Telugu debut film Siddu
From Srikakulam released, following
which her first Tamil language|Tamil
film Muthirai got released. Both
performed poorly at the box office.
Notably, she had sung a song under the
direction of Yuvan Shankar Raja for
Muthirai.
1
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Manjari Fadnis - Career
Fraud, which will mark her Malayalam
debut and Wah
Taj.http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/enter
tainment/malayalam/movies/news-andinterviews/I-got-M-Town-film-after-beingspotted-on-the-ramp-ManjariPhadnis/articleshow/31109409.cms
1
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Manjari Fadnis - Personal life
Manjari was born in Mumbai, but
grew-up in Pune. She is from a
completely non-filmy background —
her father was in the Indian Army and
she has traveled throughout the
country because of his transferable
job. She is a typical Maharashtrian
girl from Pune who never expected to
make a career in films.
1
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion
1
'Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion' () is located
in the Odessa Oblast of Ukraine. Its
administrative center is the town of
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi.
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
1
'Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi' (), formerly known
as 'Akkerman' (see naming section below),
is a regional city and port situated on the
right bank of the Dniester Liman (on the
Dniester estuary leading to the Black Sea)
in the Odessa Oblast (Oblast|province) of
southwestern Ukraine, in the historical
region of Bessarabia. The city serves as
an administrative center of the BilhorodDnistrovsky Raion and a big Bilhorodhttps://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - Nomenclature
The city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi is also
referred to by alternative transliterations
from Ukrainian as 'Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky' or
'Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyy'. Dnistrovsky was
added to differentiate it from
Belgorod|Bilhorod that was part of the
Sloboda Ukraine and carried a similar
name.
1
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - Nomenclature
1
;Previous names
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - Nomenclature
1
* 'Ophiusa' (Οφιούσα),
Phoenician colony
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - Nomenclature
* 'Album Castrum'
(White Castle), Roman
Empire|Latin name
1
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - Nomenclature
* 'Asprokastron' (, White Castle), Greek
language|Greek name in Antiquity and the
Middle Ages
1
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - Nomenclature
* 'Maurocastrum|Maurokastron'
(Μαυρόκαστρον, Black Castle), Greek
name of a Roman/Byzantine fort on
the site in Late Antiquity
1
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - Nomenclature
1
* 'Moncastro', Italian corruption of
Maurokastron used by Republic of
Genoa|Genoese traders and during
Genoese rule (14th–15th centuries)
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - Nomenclature
Since 1944 the city is known as
'Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi' (БілгородДністровський), while on the Soviet
geography maps often translated into
its Russian language|Russian
equivalent of 'Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy'
(Бе́лгород-Днестро́вский), literally
white city on the Dniester.
1
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - Nomenclature
1
The city is known by translations of white
city or white rock in a number of
languages including Белгород
Днестровски (Belgorod-Dnestrovski) in
Bulgarian language|Bulgarian, Akerman
(Акерман) in Gagauz language|Gagauz,
Białogród nad Dniestrem in Polish
language|Polish, and Dnyeszterfehérvár in
Hungarian language|Hungarian.
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - Nomenclature
1
In Western European languages, including
English, the city has typically been known
by the official name of the time or a
transliteration derived from it.
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - History
In the 6th century BC, Milesians
(Greek)|Milesian colonists founded a
settlement named Tyras on the future
location of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, which
later came under Roman Empire|Roman
and Byzantine Empire|Byzantine rule
1
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - History
1
In 1391, Cetatea Albă was the last city on
the right bank of the Dnister to be
incorporated into the newly established
Moldavia|Principality of Moldavia, and for
the next century was its second major city,
the major port and an important fortress.
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - History
1
In 1420, the citadel was attacked for the
first time by the Ottoman
Empire|Ottomans, but defended
successfully by Moldavian List of rulers of
Moldavia|Prince Alexandru cel
Bun|Alexander the Kind.
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - History
1
In the 15th century, the port saw much
commercial traffic as well as being
frequently used for passenger traffic
between central Europe and
Constantinople. Among the travellers
who passed through the town was
John VIII Palaiologos. Following the
Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans
in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II brought in
colonists from Asprokastron to
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - History
1
In 1485, along with Kilia, Ukraine|Kilia,
it was the last of the Black Sea ports to
be conquered by the Ottomans
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - History
1
It was established as the fortress of
Akkerman, part of the Ottoman
defensive system against PolishLithuanian Commonwealth|PolandLithuania and, later, the Russian
Empire. Major battles between the
Ottomans and the Russians were
fought near Akkerman in 1770 and
1789. Russia conquered the town in
1770, 1774, and 1806, but returned it
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - History
1
On 25 September 1826, Russia and the
Ottomans signed here the Convention of
Akkerman|Akkerman Convention which
imposed that the hospodars of Moldavia
and Wallachia be elected by their
respective Sfatul boieresc|Divans for
seven-year terms, with the approval of
both Powers.
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - History
1
During the Russian Revolution, Akkerman
was alternatively under the control of the
Ukrainian People's Republic and troops
loyal to the government of Soviet Russia
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - History
According to the
[http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/ 2001
Ukrainian census], the majority of the city's
population are Ukrainians (63%). Other
important communities include Russians
(28%), Bulgarians (3.7%) and Moldovans
(1.9%). The language situation is notably
different, with Russian language|Russianspeakers representing a majority (54%),
followed by speakers of Ukrainian
language|Ukrainian (42%), Bulgarian
language|Bulgarian (1.6%) and Moldovan
language|Moldovan (1.3%).
1
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - Jewish history
In Jewish sources, the city is referred as
Weissenburg and Ir Lavan (both meaning white city)
1
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - Demographics
1
As of 1920, the population was estimated
at 35,000. 8,000 were Romanian
people|Romanian, 8,000 were Jewish
people|Jewish, and 5,000 were German
people|German. Additional populations
included Turks, Greek people|Greeks,
Bulgarian people|Bulgarians and Russian
people|Russians.
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - Government
1
Serving as the administrative center
of the Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion
(Raion|district), BilhorodDnistrovskyi itself is a Administrative
divisions of Ukraine|city of oblast
subordinance, thus being subject
directly to the oblast authorities rather
to the raion administration housed in
the city itself. The city also
administers two towns Serhiyivka and
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - People from Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
1
* Nicolae Văcăroiu, former Prime Minister of
Romania and the former President of Romania
(interim)
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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi - People from Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
1
* Porfiriy Stamatov (1840–
1925), Minister of Justice of
Bulgaria (1881)
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen
1
'Alliance '90/The Greens' () is a Green
politics|green List of political parties
in Germany|political party in
Germany, formed from the merger of
the German Green Party (founded in
West Germany in 1980) and Alliance
90 (founded during the Revolutions of
1989|Revolution of 1989–1990 in
German Democratic Republic|East
Germany) in 1993
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Former names and variants in the states
1
The party used to be called The Greens
since its foundation in 1980 until its
unification with Alliance '90 in 1993.
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Former names and variants in the states
1
Grüne Liste Umweltschutz (green list
for environmental protection) were the
names of some branches in Lower
Saxony and other states in the Federal
Republic of Germany. These groups
were founded since 1977 and took part
in several elections. Most of them
merged with The Greens in 1980.
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Former names and variants in the states
The West Berlin state branch of The
Greens was founded as Alternative Liste,
or precisely, Alternative Liste für
Demokratie und Umweltschutz (AL;
alternative list for democracy and
environmental protection) in 1978 and
became the official West Berlin branch of
The Greens in 1980. In 1993 it renamed to
Alliance '90/The Greens Berlin after the
merger with East Berlin's Greens and
1
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Former names and variants in the states
The Alliance '90/The Greens
Hamburg|Hamburg state branch of
the Green Party was called GrünAlternative Liste Hamburg (GAL;
green-alternative list) from its
foundation in 1982 until 2012. In 1984
it became the official Hamburg
branch of The Greens.
1
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - January 13, 1980 - Foundation congress
1
In the 1970s, environmentalists and
peace activists politically organised
amongst thousands of action groups
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - January 13, 1980 - Foundation congress
1
It was at this congress, that the Greens
lay their ideological foundations,
proclaiming the famous Four Pillars of
the Green Party:
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - January 13, 1980 - Foundation congress
1
* Social justice
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 1980s: Parliamentary representation on the federal level
1
In 1982, the conservatism|conservative
factions of the Greens broke away to form
the Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP)
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 1980s: Parliamentary representation on the federal
level
After some success at States of
Germany|state-level elections, the
party won 27 seats with 5.7% of the
vote in the Bundestag, the lower house
of the German parliament, in the West
German federal election, 1983|1983
federal election
1
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 1980s: Parliamentary representation on the federal level
Until 1987, the Greens comprised a
faction involved in pedophile
activism, the SchwuP short for
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Schwule,
Päderasten und Transsexuelle (approx
1
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 1990s: German reunification, fall out of parliament
In the German federal election,
1990|1990 federal elections, taking
place post-German
reunification|reunified Germany, the
Greens in the West did not pass the 5%
limit required to win seats in the
Bundestag
1
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 1998ndash;2002: Greens as governing party, first
term
1
Almost immediately the party was plunged
into a crisis by the question of German
participation in the NATO actions in
Kosovo
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 1998ndash;2002: Greens as governing party, first
term
1
In 2001, the party experienced a further
crisis as some Green Members of
Parliament refused to back the
government's plan of sending military
personnel to help with the War in
Afghanistan (2001–present)|2001 invasion
of Afghanistan. Chancellor of
Germany|Chancellor Gerhard Schröder
called a vote of confidence, tying it to his
strategy on the war. Four Green MPs and
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 1998ndash;2002: Greens as governing party, first
term
On the other hand, the Greens
achieved a major success as a
governing party through the 2000
decision to phase out the use of
nuclear energy
1
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 2002ndash;2005: Greens as governing party, second term
1
Despite the crises of the preceding
electoral period, in the German
federal election, 2002|2002 federal
election, the Greens increased their
total to 55 seats (in a smaller
parliament) and 8.6%
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 2002ndash;2005: Greens as governing party, second
term
One internal issue in 2002 was the
failed attempt to settle a long-standing
discussion about the question of
whether members of parliament
should be allowed to become
members of the party executive
1
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 2002ndash;2005: Greens as governing party, second
term
1
The only party convention in 2003 was
planned for November 2003, but about
20% of the local organisations forced
the federal party to hold a special party
convention in Cottbus early to discuss
the party position regarding Agenda
2010, a major reform of the German
welfare programmes planned by
Chancellor Schröder.
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 2002ndash;2005: Greens as governing party, second
term
1
The November 2003 party convention was
held in Dresden and decided the election
platform for the 2004 European Parliament
elections
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 2002ndash;2005: Greens as governing party, second
term
The Greens gained a record 13 of
Germany's 99 seats in these elections,
mainly due to the perceived competence
of Green ministers in the federal
government and the unpopularity of the
Social Democratic Party of
Germany|Social Democratic Party.
1
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 2002ndash;2005: Greens as governing party, second term
In early 2005, the Greens were the
target of the German Visa Affair 2005,
instigated in the media by the
Christian Democratic Union
(Germany)|Christian Democratic
Union (CDU). At the end of April 2005,
they celebrated the decommissioning
of the Obrigheim nuclear power
station. They also continue to support
a bill for an Anti-Discrimination Law
(:de: Allgemeines
Gleichbehandlungsgesetz) in the
1
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 2002ndash;2005: Greens as governing party, second
term
In May 2005, the only remaining statelevel red-green coalition government lost
the vote in the North Rhine-Westphalia
state election, 2005|North RhineWestphalia state election, leaving only the
federal government with participation of
the Greens (apart from local governments)
1
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 2005ndash;present: Greens back in opposition
For almost two years after the federal
elections in 2005, the Greens were not
part of any government at the state or
federal level. In June 2007, the Greens in
Bremen entered into a coalition with the
Social Democratic Party (SPD) following
the Bremen state election, 2007|2007
Bremen state election.
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 2005ndash;present: Greens back in opposition
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In April 2008, following the Hamburg
state election, 2008|2008 Hamburg
state election, the Green-Alternative
List (GAL) in Hamburg entered into a
coalition with the Christian
Democratic Union (CDU), the first
such state-level coalition in Germany
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 2005ndash;present: Greens back in opposition
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Following the Saarland state election,
2009|Saarland state election of August
2009, The Greens held the balance of
power after a close election where no
two-party coalitions could create a
stable majority government
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 2005ndash;present: Greens back in opposition
In June 2010, in the first state election
following the victory of the CDU/CSU and
FDP in the German federal election,
2009|2009 federal election, the blackyellow CDU-FDP coalition in North RhineWestphalia under Jürgen Rüttgers lost its
majority
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 2005ndash;present: Greens back in opposition
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The Greens founded the first international chapter of
a German political party in the U.S
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - 2005ndash;present: Greens back in opposition
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In 2011, the Greens made large gains in
Rhineland-Palatinate state election,
2011|Rhineland-Palatinate and in
Baden-Württemberg state election,
2011|Baden-Württemberg
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Energy and nuclear power
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From the inception of the party, they have
been concerned with the immediate halt of
construction or operation of all nuclear
power stations. As an alternative, they
promote a shift to alternative energy and a
comprehensive program of energy
conservation.
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Energy and nuclear power
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In 1986, large parts of Germany were
covered with radioactive
contamination from the Chernobyl
disaster and Germans went to great
lengths to deal with the
contamination. Germany's antinuclear stance was strengthened.
From the mid-1990s onwards, antinuclear protests were primarily
directed against transports of Highlevel radioactive waste
management|radioactive waste in dry
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Energy and nuclear power
After the Chernobyl disaster, the
Greens became more radicalised and
resisted compromise on the nuclear
issue. During the 1990s, a reorientation towards a moderate
program occurred, with concern about
global warming and ozone depletion
taking a more prominent role. During
the federal red-green government
(1998–2005) many people became
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Energy and nuclear power
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Energy policy is still the most important cross-cutting
issue in climate and economic policies
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Environment and climate policy
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The central idea of green
politics is sustainable
development
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Environment and climate policy
Climate change is at the center of all
policy considerations. This includes
environmental policy and safety and social
aspects. The plans of the Alliance 90/The
Greens provide a climate change bill
laying down binding reductions to
greenhouse gas emissions in Germany by
2020 restricting emissions to minus 40
percent compared to 1990.
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Transport
A similarly high
priority is given to
transport policy
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Electorate
The Infratest Dimap political research
company has suggested the Green voter
demographic includes those on higher
incomes (e.g
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Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Electorate
The Greens have a higher voter
demographic in urban areas than rural
areas, except for a small number of rural
areas with pressing local environmental
concerns, such as strip mining or
radioactive waste deposits
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