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Warm-Up
Explain how Stalin transformed
the Soviet Union into a
Totalitarian State.
Describe similarities to Mussolini’s
efforts in Italy.
Chapter 16 - The Rise of Totalitarianism
Section 5: Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
Objectives:

Analyze the problems faced by
the Weimar Republic.

Describe the Nazi party’s
political, social, economic, and
cultural policies.

Summarize the rise of
authoritarian rule in Eastern
Europe in the 1920s and 1930s.
How did Hitler and the Nazi party establish and maintain a totalitarian
government in Germany?
Terms and People
•
Chancellor – prime minister
•
Ruhr Valley – a coal-rich valley where German
workers protested French occupation
•
Third Reich – official name of the Nazi party for its regime in
Germany; held power from 1933 to 1945
•
Gestapo – Hitler’s secret police
•
Nuremberg Laws – laws designed by Hitler to deprive Jews of
German citizenship by placing severe restrictions on them
Moderate German leaders created the Weimar
Republic, a democratic government, in 1919.
The Weimar Republic had:
•
A chancellor, or prime minister
•
A constitution
•
A parliamentary system
•
A bill of rights
•
A provision allowing women to vote
The Weimar government came under wide attack.
Communists
demanded
radical changes.
Conservatives
attacked the
government as
too liberal.
Germans of all classes hated the Versailles treaty, which
the Weimar government had signed.
The German people looked for scapegoats for their
troubles. Many blamed German Jews.
In 1923, economic disaster fed the unrest.
•
Germany fell behind in reparation
payments, so France occupied the
Ruhr Valley.
•
When workers in the Ruhr refused to
work, the German government
continued to pay them by printing
huge quantities of money.
•
Inflation spiraled out of control and
the German mark became worthless.
•
Many middle-class families saw their
savings wiped out.
With help from Western powers, Germany began
to recover. But in 1929, the Great Depression hit.
• Germans turned to Adolf Hitler, an
energetic nationalist who promised
to end the economic crisis and
restore German greatness.
• Born in Austria, Hitler had fought in
the German army in World War I.
• By 1919, he was leader of the
National Socialist German Workers,
or Nazi, party and worked against
the Weimar government.
While in prison in for a failed attempt to seize
power, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf in 1923.
Mein Kampf (pronounced [maɪ̯n kampf], "My Struggle"
is an autobiography by the National Socialist leader
Adolf Hitler, in which he outlines his political ideology
and future plans for Germany.
Hitler listed principles
behind Nazi ideology:
Hitler blamed German
defeat in WWI on
•
Extreme nationalism
•
Marxists
•
Anti-Semitism
•
Jews
•
Germans as a
superior “master race”
•
Corrupt politicians
•
Business leaders
•
Racism
Hitler urged Germans everywhere to unite
into one great nation under his leadership.
•
At the beginning of the Great Depression the Nazi
party grew to almost a million.
•
Hitler promised to create jobs, end reparations,
and defy the Versailles treaty by rearming
Germany.
Hitler was appointed chancellor in 1933, and
within a year he was dictator of Germany. He
demanded unquestioning obedience.
Hitler planned a Third Reich that
would dominate Europe for a thousand years.
To achieve his goals, he organized an efficient but
brutal totalitarian rule enforced by the Gestapo.
In 1935, he set out to deprive Jews of German
citizenship through the Nuremberg Laws.
The Nuremberg
Laws restricted
Jewish life in
Germany. Jews:
•
Could not marry non-Jews
•
Could not attend or teach school
•
Were banned from government
jobs
•
Were banned from practicing
law or medicine
•
Could not publish books
Many German Jews fled, seeking refuge in other countries.
On November 9 and 10, 1938, Hitler used a minor
incident as an excuse to stage an attack on all Jews.
•
On the night known as
Kristallnacht – “The Night of
Broken Glass”, Jewish
communities were attacked all
over Germany, Austria, and
Czechoslovakia.
•
Hitler and his henchmen
began making plans for a
“Final Solution” in which all
Jews would be exterminated.
Outside a Berlin store a sign is posted: "Deutsche! Wehrt Euch! Kauft nicht bei Juden!"
("Germans! Defend yourselves! Do not buy from Jews!").
The Nazis indoctrinated young
people with their ideology.
• Children joined the “Hitler
Youth.” They pledged
absolute loyalty to Germany
and vowed to destroy its
enemies.
• School courses and
textbooks were rewritten to
reflect Nazi racial views.
Hitler and the Nazis also sought to “purify”
German culture.
•
They condemned jazz and
modern art.
•
They sought to replace
Christianity with Hitler’s
racial creed.
•
They glorified German
myths.
•
They closed Catholic schools
and limited clergy.
Like Germany, new nations in Eastern Europe also
moved from democracy to authoritarian rule.
•
Countries such as Poland and Hungary
lacked the capital to develop industry.
•
No Eastern European country had much
experience with the democratic process.
•
Ethnic rivalries created severe tensions.
During the Great Depression, right-wing dictators
emerged in every Eastern European country except
Czechoslovakia and Finland.
How did Hitler and the Nazi party establish
and maintain a totalitarian government
in Germany?
After World War I ended, the German government
crumbled under the threat of a socialist revolution.
Moderate leaders created a democratic government
that was unable to manage Germany’s problems.
Hitler and his Nazi party rose to power.
https://youtu.be/a2YEUhHFMHY
4 minutes
The Century: America’s Time: 1936-1941:
Over the Edge
Video:
https://youtu.be/EWg2xghlbnc
Published on Dec 29, 2013
Part five of a 15-part series of documentaries produced by the American Broadcasting Company on the
20th century and the rise of the United States as a superpower.
This episode documents the years that led up to the beginning of World War II. The rise of Hitler, the
burning of books to Kristallnacht, this episode examines the anti-Semitism that eventually
dominated German thinking. It also analyses the new ways in which leaders were able to use the
technology of the twentieth century, such as the media for propaganda purposes and offers a domestic
view to the European conflict, and how and where Americans received their information.