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APWH CHAPTER 13 LECTURE OUTLINE
Tropical Africa and Asia
I.
Tropical Lands and Peoples
A. The Tropical Environment
1. Tropical zone
Falls between
Tropic of Cancer in the north
Tropic of Capricorn in the south
Afro-Asian tropics have a cycle of rainy and dry seasons
Seasons dictated by alternating winds known as monsoons
2. Areas of abundant rainfall
Coastal West Africa
West-central Africa
Southern India had abundant rainfall
Arid zones
Extends across northern Africa (the Sahara)
Northwest India
Southwestern Africa
Altitudes impact on climate
Mountainous regions and high plateaus
Cooler weather
Shorter growing seasons
B. Human Ecosystems
1. Human societies adopted different means of surviving
Adapted to various ecological zones of the tropics
Some areas did not develop agriculture or herding
Wild food and fisheries produced abundant resources
Areas include
Central Africa
Upper altitudes of the Himalayas
Some seacoasts
2. Arid areas of the tropics
Relied on herding
Supplemented their diets with grain and vegetables
Obtained some items via trade with settled agriculturalists
Vast majority of tropical people were farmers
Cultivated various crops
Depend on the conditions of soil, climate, and water
3. South and Southeast Asia
Ample water supplies
Intensive agriculture transformed the environment
Supported dense populations
Slash and burn agriculture
Many parts of sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia
Farmers abandoned their fields every few years
Cleared new areas by cutting and burning the natural vegetation
C. Water Systems and Irrigation
1. Tropics have uneven distribution of rainfall during the year
Construction of dams, canals and reservoirs
Allow year-round access to water for intensive agriculture
2. India, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka
D.
II.
Governments mobilized vast resources
Construct and maintain large irrigation and water-control projects
These projects increased production
Highly vulnerable to natural disasters and political disruptions
Local small irrigation systems were easier to maintain or rebuild
Mineral Resources
1. Tropical peoples used iron
Agricultural implements
Weapons
Needles
Copper was particularly important in Africa
Used to make wire and decorative objects
Also known for its production of gold
2. Impact of metalworking and food production systems
Increase mobilization of labor
Allows ordinary people to produce surpluses
Supported
Powerful states
Profitable commercial systems
New Islamic Empires
A. Mali in the Western Sudan
1. Islam spread to sub-Saharan Africa
Gradual process of peaceful conversion
Conversion was facilitated by commercial contacts
2. Sundiata (the Muslim leader of the Malinke people)
In 1240
Established the kingdom of Mali
Economy rested on agriculture
Supplemented by
Control of regional and trans-Saharan trading routes
Control of the gold mines in the Niger headwaters
3. Mali ruler Mansa Kankan Musa (r. 1312–1337)
Demonstrated wealth during a pilgrimage to Mecca
Returned to Mali
Established new mosques and Quran-based schools
4. Mali decline and collapse
Mid- to late fifteenth century
Rebellions from within and attacks from without
Intellectual life and trade moved to other African states
Among the beneficiaries were the Hausa states and Kanem-Bornu
B. Delhi Sultanate in India
1. Between 1206 and 1236
Divided states of northwest India were defeated by Muslim Turkish conquerors
Lead by Sultan Iltutmish
Established the Delhi Sultanate as a Muslim state
Muslim elite ruled India
Hindu subjects never forgave the violence during the conquest
2. Iltutmish passed his throne to his daughter Raziya
Raziya was a talented ruler
She was driven from office by men
Unwilling to accept a female monarch
Aggressive Expansion
3.
III.
Under Ala-ud-din (r. 1296–1316)
Muhammad ibn Tughluq (r. 1325–1351)
Religious toleration toward Hindus
Reversed by Tughluq’s successor
Delhi sultans ruled by terror
They were a burden on their subjects
Mid-fourteenth century
Internal rivalries
External threats
Undermined the stability of the sultanate
Sultanate was destroyed when Timur sacked Delhi in 1398
Indian Ocean Trade
A. Monsoon Mariners
1. Indian Ocean trade increased between 1200 and 1500
Stimulated by prosperity in Europe, Asia, and African and Southeast Asia
2. Trade ships
Red and Arabian Seas
Trade was carried on dhows
From India on to Southeast Asia
Junks dominated the trade routes
3. Junks were technologically advanced vessels
Watertight compartments
Up to twelve sails
Carried cargoes of up to 1,000 tons
Junks were developed in China
Junks diffused to Bengal and Southeast Asia
Sailed with crews from local areas
4. Indian Ocean trade
Decentralized and cooperative
Various regions supplying particular goods
Regional ports functioned as major centers for trade
Goods from smaller ports were consolidated and reshipped
B. Africa: The Swahili Coast and Zimbabwe
1. By 1500
Thirty or forty separate city-states along the East African coast
Participated in Indian Ocean trade
People of these coastal cities
Swahili people
All spoke an African language
Enriched with Arabic and Persian vocabulary
2. Swahili cities
Famous as exporters of gold
Mined in or around the inland kingdom
Capital was Great Zimbabwe
3. Great Zimbabwe’s economy
Agriculture
Cattle herding
Trade
Declined due to ecological crisis
Deforestation
Overgrazing
C. Arabia: Aden and the Red Sea
1.
D.
E.
Aden had enough rainfall to produce wheat for export
Location that made it a central transit point
Fostered trade from the Persian Gulf, East Africa, and Egypt
Merchants prospered
Built what appeared to travelers to be a wealthy and impressive city
2. Common interest in trade fostered religious toleration
Allowed most peoples of the Indian Ocean Basin to live in peace
Violence did sometimes break out
Christian Ethiopia fought with the Muslims of the Red Sea coast
India: Gujarat and the Malabar Coast
1. State of Gujarat
Prospered from the Indian Ocean trade
Exported cotton textiles and indigo in return for gold and silver
Also a manufacturing center
Produced textiles, leather goods, carpets, silk, and other commodities
Overseas trade was dominated by Muslims
Hindus also benefited
2. Cities of the Malabar Coast such as Calicut
Exported cotton textiles and spices
Served as clearing-houses for long-distance trade
Unified in a loose confederation
Rulers were tolerant of other religious and ethnic groups
Southeast Asia: The Rise of Malacca
1. Strait of Malacca
Principal passage from the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea
In the fourteenth century
Gang of Chinese pirates preyed upon the strait
Under control of the Java-based kingdom of Majapahit
2. 1407
Forces of the Ming dynasty crushed the Chinese pirates
Muslim ruler of Malacca took advantage of this
Exerted control over the strait
Made Malacca into a major port and a center of trade
IV.
Social and Cultural Change
A. Architecture, Learning, and Religion
1. Commercial contacts and the spread of Islam
Led to a variety of social and cultural changes
Local groups incorporated new
Ideas
Customs
Architectural styles
African and Indian mosques
Good examples of this synthesis
Incorporation of Middle Eastern and local architectural styles
Ethiopia
Native tradition of rock carving
Led to the construction of eleven churches carved from solid rock
2. Education
Africa
Spread of Islam brought literacy to African peoples
First learned Arabic
Then used the Arabic script to write local in languages
India
Literacy was already established
Spread of Islam brought
New Persian-influenced language called Urdu
Papermaking technology
3. Islamic impacts on various regions
Africa, India, and Southeast Asia
Brought study of Islamic law
Administrative techniques
Greek science, mathematics, and medicine
Timbuktu, Delhi, and Malacca became new centers of Islamic learning
4. Diffusion of the Muslim faith
Islam spread peacefully
Forced conversions were rare
Domination of trade contributed to the spread of Islam
Merchants were attracted by business-related moral code and laws of Islam
After conversion foreign merchants in turn converted their families
5. Islam itself was changed by cross-cultural contacts
Developed differently in Africa, India, and Indonesian societies
B. Social and Gender Distinctions
1. Gaps between elites and the common people widened in tropical societies
Wealthy urban elites prospered from the increased Indian Ocean trade
2. Slavery increased in both Africa and India between 1200 and 1500
Estimates suggest 2.5 million African slaves were exported
Typically, across the Sahara and the Red Sea between 1200 and 1500
Some were shipped from the cities of the Swahili coast
3. Most slaves were trained in specific skills
In some cases, hereditary military slaves could become rich and powerful
Other slaves worked at hard menial jobs like copper mining
Women were employed as household servants and entertainers
Large supply of slaves meant that the price was quite low
4. Status of women
Limited information
5.
6.
Scholars speculate restrictions on women were eased in Hindu societies
However, early arranged marriage was typical for Indian women
Expected to obey strict rules of fidelity and chastity
Women’s status was generally determined by the status of their male masters
Women did practice certain skills other than child rearing
Example include
Cooking
Spinning
Pottery making
Cloth production
Difficult to tell what effect the spread of Islam had on women
In some places such as Mali
Muslims did not adopt veiling and secluding women