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Chapter 18
Presidential Power and Foreign Policy
Lecture 14
Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006
Korean Political Information
• “Lame Duck” in Korean• 재선 불출마·낙선으로 퇴임을 눈 앞에 둔 선거직 관리[
대통령, 의원 등]
• Korea Gallup's website, http://www.gallup.co.kr/. Also,
the East Asian Institute (http://eai.or.kr) regularly
conducts interesting public surveys.
Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006
Presidential Discretionary Powers
• Executive orders to the bureaucracy. May be challenged in
Congress but do not require prior approval. Used more frequently
in recent years.
Example: “Gag rule” prohibits providing information on abortion
by international family planning agencies
• Signing statements: message given when the president signs a
Congressional bill into law. Expresses his own interpretation of the
bill.
Example: President Bush signed McCain bill against use of
torture but stated that he may permit torture if national security is
at stake.
• International executive agreements: unlike treaties, do not
require approval of 2/3 of Senate,
Examples: Yalta, Potsdam, SALT I
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U.S. Foreign Policy
1798–1941 The Isolationist Era
1942–1989 The Era of Globalism
1990–2001
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Post-Cold War
War against terrorism
18-1a The Isolationist Era
Isolationism
A foreign policy built on the
principle of avoiding formal
military and political alliances
with other countries.
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The Monroe Doctrine
A basic principle of U.S. foreign
policy that dates back to a warning
President James Monroe issued in
1823: the United States would
resist any European efforts to
intervene in the affairs of the
Western Hemisphere.
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18-1b The Global Era
Globalism
The idea that the United States
should be prepared to use
military force around the globe to
defend its political and economic
interests.
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Truman Doctrine
A policy, announced by President
Truman in 1947, that the United
States would oppose communist
attempts to overthrow or conquer
non-communist countries.
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Cold War Military Alliances
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Containment
A bedrock principle of U.S. foreign
policy from the 1940s to the 1980s.
Efforts to to prevent communist
countries, especially the Soviet
Union, from expanding the territory
they controlled.
Examples: Greece, Korea,
Germany, Viet Nam, Cuba
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Detente
A policy the Nixon administration
followed to develop more cordial
relations with the Soviet Union.
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President
White House Staff
Foreign Policy
Bureaucracies
Congress
American Public
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Foreign Policy Power
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National Security Council (NSC)
• Created in 1947
• Members include the President, the Vice
President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary
of Defense, the director of the CIA, and Chair of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff
• The staff is led by the National Security Advisor
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18-3b The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy
State
Department
Defense
Department
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CIA
NSC
18-3b The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy
• Extent of influence of a • Policy makers often
group depends on:
ignore public opinion
- External factors
• Public often lacks
- Group
knowledge
characteristics
• Public is often
- Opposition groups
apathetic
• Foreign policy does not
have much electoral
influence
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Bureaucratic Failure: The Bay of Pigs,
Cuba, 1961
• Military chiefs promised a quick low-cost victory to
drive Communists out of Cuba
• Inexperienced President Kennedy did not challenge
their assessments
• Intelligence failure: a popular uprising of Cubans
against Castro was expected, but most Cubans
supported Castro
• Military disaster led to Kennedy public apology
• Castro is still in power
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Bureaucratic Success? The Cuban
Missile Crisis, 1963
• Kennedy assembled a broad range of expert advisors
• Challenge and dissent was encouraged to avoid
“groupthink” – social pressure to agree
• Multiple sources of intelligence were used
• Outreach to disparate groups within the Soviet Union
to avoid war
• Cautious approach: blockade not invasion, to keep
options open
• Bargain with USSR: Castro would stay in power but
nuclear missiles would be withdrawn from both Cuba
and Turkey
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18-3c Congress
• The Constitution assigns Congress
considerable influence in foreign policy,
including the power to declare war
• During the 1950s and 1960s Congress typically
deferred to the Executive Branch
• During 1970s and 1980s Congressional
activism in foreign policy grew
• Congressional deference to President
increased after 9/11 attacks
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War Powers Act of 1973
• Attempt by Congress to restrain Presidential activism in
foreign policy
• Reaction to problems of the war in Viet Nam: the
Tonkin Gulf resolution, Nixon’s secret bombing of Laos
and Cambodia
• Requires Congress to approve any American use of
troops abroad within 60-90 days
• Requires detailed reporting to Congress of foreign
policy actions by the President
• Passed over Nixon’s veto; opposed by every president
since Jimmy Carter (1977-) regardless of political party
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Limits on Foreign Policy Role of Congress
• Unable to act swiftly in an emergency
• Lack of access to current intelligence (the president’s
daily intelligence briefing is highly classified)
• Partisan conflicts over foreign policy goals
• Both parties tend to support the president after
military action is initiated
• Politically, it is difficult to withhold funds from the
military in order to stop presidential foreign actions
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Future Challenges to U.S.
Foreign Policy
• Disagreements about the goals and strategies
of American foreign policy
• A changing foreign policy agenda
• Unilateral versus multilateral action: Role of
the United Nations, European Union, G-8, etc.
• Bush’s doctrine of preemptive war
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The preemptive war debate
• It would violate the traditional American “no first strike”
principle
• It requires accurate intelligence as to enemy
capabilities and intentions
Intelligence failures: Clinton bombing of the factory
in Sudan. No WMDs found in Iraq
• It would require unilateral action by the US
• It could prevent a terrorist or nuclear attack
• It would greatly expand presidential power
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Potential Problems in U.S.
Foreign Policy
The United States will face problems in:
• Nuclear proliferation
• Military interventions
• Economic policy
• Globalization
• Human rights
• High cost of defense
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• Multilateral versus
unilateral action
• Homeland security
Globalization
Globalization is the process by which
growing economic relations and
technological change make countries
increasingly interdependent.
New problems brought on by globalization:
• The drug trade
• Biodiversity
• Acid rain
• Global warming
• Labor
• Use of resources
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18-4c Unilateralism v.
Multilateralism
Unilateralism
The tendency of the
United States to act
alone in foreign
affairs without
consulting other
countries.
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Multilateralism
An approach in
which two or more
countries cooperate
for the purpose of
solving some
common problem.
Benefits of Multilateralism
• Cost of military actions or sanctions are shared
• Sharing of intelligence
• US is less likely to become the focus of opposition
• Aggressive actions by any one country are likely to be
constrained or delayed
• Examples: Korea 1950-1953, Iraq 1990-91
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Costs of Multilateralism
• Policies and outcomes may not serve the US national
interest
• Delay in negotiating policy actions
• US troops could be subject to foreign or UN
commanders
• US military secrets could be exposed
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