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Transcript 
Mineral Formation
Methods of Formation
Crystals may form from magma cooling
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Cools slow = large crystals
Cools quickly = small crystals
Confined space = small crystals
Open space = large crystals
Crystals may form out of solution.
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As liquid evaporates, mineral is left behind
Ex/ “Bad Koolaide”, sea salt on skin
Silicates
Structure of all silicates is a Tetrahedron
1 Silicon & 4 Oxygen arranged in a pyramid
structure
96% of minerals are known as silicates.
Oxygen nearly 50% of the Earth’s crust.
Silicon makes up over 27%
Carbonates & Oxides
Carbonates
Oxides
Metal + carbonate CO3
Metal + oxygen
Fizz in the presence of
HCl acid
Good sources of iron
Ex/ marble, limestone,
& calcite
Ex/ Magnetite &
Hematite
Other Mineral Groups
Sulfides = sulfur + another element (Pyrite)
Sulfates = sulfate (SO4) + another element
Halides = Cl or F (fluorine) bonded with a
calcium, sodium or potassium
Native elements = made of one element only
(Gold, Silver, Sulfur, etc.)
Mineral Use Categories
Remember that minerals make up the entire
crust


Making up rocks
On their own
Many are used for economic reasons
2 economic categories
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Ore minerals
Gems
Ore Minerals
Ore: mineral found with in deposits that
can be profitably mined
This means that the money earned from the ore itself
outweighs the cost of extracting it
Most ores are found as compounds
While many precious metals are native
Ore Examples
Chalcopyrite: mined for Copper
Galena: mined for Lead
Sphalerite: mined for Zinc
Halite: mined for table salt
Gypsum: Sheet rock (dry wall) & plaster
Hematite: source of Iron
Bauxite: source of Aluminum
Gems
Gems are valuable for their beauty rather than
their industrial uses
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Precious
Semi-precious
The rarer the gem, the more valuable
Emeralds & Rubies are actually more valuable than
diamonds
Trace elements can make an ordinary mineral
more prized

Ex/ Amethyst: form of quartz; trace elements make it purple
More on Gems
Precious
Diamonds
Emeralds
Rubies
Sapphires
Opals
Semi-precious
Amethyst
Jasper
Agate
Tiger Eye
Sometimes
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Turquoise
Topaz
Garnet
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