Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 13th ed. Chapter 7: Skeletal System Chapter 7: Skeletal System I. Introduction (Outcome 7.1.1) 1. Bones include active, living tissues: _____________________ __________________________________________________________________ (Outcome 7.1.2) 2. Bones: support and protect _________________, provide points of __________________________, house _________________, and store _____________________. (Outcome 7.1.3) 1. The four classes of bone according to shape are __________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.1.3) 2. Examples of long bones are __________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.1.3) 3. Short bones are shaped like _________________________________ . (Outcome 7.1.3) 4. Examples of short bones are ________________________________ . (Outcome 7.1.3) 5. Flat bones are ___________________________________ structures. (Outcome 7.1.3) 6. Examples of flat bones are__________________________________ . (Outcome 7.1.3) 7. Irregular bones have a variety of _____________________________ . (Outcome 7.1.3) 8. Examples of irregular bones are _____________________________ . (Outcome 7.1.3) 9. Round bones are also called ________________________________ . (Outcome 7.1.3) 10. Sesamoid bones are __________ and __________ and embedded within __________________________________________________________________. (Outcome 7.1.3) 11. An example of a sesamoid bone is the _______________________ . II. Bone Structure A. Parts of a Long Bone (Outcome 7.2.4) 1. An expanded end of a long bone is called an _____________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) 2. An epiphysis articulates with _________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) 3. Articular cartilage is located __________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) 4. The shaft of a long bone is called a ____________________ . 7-1 (Outcome 7.2.4) 5. The _________________________ is the widening part of the bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis. (Outcome 7.2.4) 6. Periosteum is______________________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) 7. Periosteum functions to _____________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) 8. Processes provide sites for ___________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) 9. The wall of the diaphysis is composed of____________ bone. (Outcome 7.2.4) 10. Compact bone has _________________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) 11. The epiphyses are largely composed of ____________ bone. (Outcome 7.2.4) 12. Spongy bone consists of bony plates called _____________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) 13. A bone usually has ________________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) 14. A semi-rigid tube with a hollow chamber called____________________ ___________________ runs through the diaphysis. (Outcome 7.2.4) 15. Endosteum lines __________________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) 16. Endosteum contains ___________________________ cells. (Outcome 7.2.4) 17. The tissue that fills the spaces of bone is called __________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) 18. The two forms of marrow are ________________________ . B. Microscopic Structure 1. Introduction (Outcome 7.2.4) a. Bone cells are called __________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) b. Lacunae are _________________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) c. Lacunae form ________________________________ around _____________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) d. Osteoctyes transport __________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) e. Cellular processes of osteocytes pass through ______ . (Outcome 7.2.4) f. The extracellular matrix of bone is composed of _____ ___________________________________________________________ . 2. Compact Bones (Outcome 7.2.4) a. An osteon is ________________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) b. The substance of compact bone is formed from ______ ___________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) c. Each central canal contains _____________________ . 7-2 (Outcome 7.2.4) d. Perforating canals connect _____________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) e. Perforating canals contain ______________________ . 3. Spongy Bone (Outcome 7.2.4) a. Spongy bone is also composed of _________________ and ________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) b. Unlike compact bone, the bone cells do not _________ ___________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) c. Instead the cells lie within _____________________ . (Outcome 7.2.4) d. Osteocytes get nutrients from ____________________ ___________________________________________________________ . III. Bone Development and Growth A. Introduction (Outcome 7.3.5) 1. Parts of the skeleton begin to form _____________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 2. Bony structures continue to grow until__________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 3. Bones form by replacing_____________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 4. Intramembranous bones originate within ________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 5. Endochondral bones originate ________________________ . B. Intramembranous Bones (Outcome 7.3.5) 1. Examples of intramembranous bones are ________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 2. Osteogenesis is ____________________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 3. During their development, ____________________________ appear at the sites of their future bones. (Outcome 7.3.5) 4. ____________________ supply the connective tissue layers. (Outcome 7.3.5) 5. Osteoblasts are ____________________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 6. Osteoblasts deposit _________________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 7. Spongy bone can become ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 8. As development continues, osteoblasts may become surrounded by_______________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 9. Extracellular matrix enclosing the processes of osteoblasts gives rise to ____________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 10. Once isolated, osteoblasts become ____________________ . 7-3 (Outcome 7.3.5) 11. Periosteum comes from ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 12. Compact bone is formed by _________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 13. Intramembranous ossification is ______________________ . C. Endochondral Bones (Outcome 7.3.5) 1. Most of the bones of the skeleton are ___________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 2. Endochondral bones develop as _______________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 3. Eventually the cartilage _____________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 4. As the cartilage decomposes, ____________________ forms from _____________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 5. _______________________ invade the disintegrating tissue. (Outcome 7.3.5) 6. Some of the cells differentiate into _____________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 7. Osteoblasts form ___________________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 8. Endochondral ossification is __________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 9. The primary ossification center is _____________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 10. Secondary ossification centers appear _________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 11. The epiphyseal plate is _____________________________ . D. Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate (Outcome 7.3.5) 1. In a long bone, the diaphysis is separated from the epiphysis by ________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 2. The cartilaginous cells form _____________________ layers. (Outcome 7.3.5) 3. The first layer is composed of ________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 4. The first layer anchors ______________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 5. The second layer includes____________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 6. As new cells appear, the cartilaginous plate ______________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 7. The third layer is formed by __________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 8. The cells of the third layer ___________ the epiphyseal plate. (Outcome 7.3.5) 9. The fourth layer is composed of _______________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 10. Osteoclasts break down ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 11. Osteoclasts originate from __________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 12. Osteoclasts secrete ________________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 13. Osteoclasts phagocytize ____________________________ . 7-4 (Outcome 7.3.5) 14. After osteoclasts remove the extracellular matrix, ________________________________________________ invade the region and _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 15. A long bone continues to lengthen while _______________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 16. Lengthening of the bone is no longer possible once _______ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome7.3.5) 17. The medullary cavity forms when _____________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 18. The bone in the ______________________ remains spongy. (Outcome 7.3.5) 19. Hyaline cartilage on the ends persists as _______________ . E. Homeostasis of Bone Tissue (Outcome 7.3.5) 1. Throughout life, osteoclasts ___________________________ and osteoblasts ____________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.5) 2. About ___________ of bone calcium is exchanged each year. F. Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth, and Repair (Outcome 7.3.6) 1. Factors that affect bone development, growth, and repair include _______ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.6) 2. Vitamin D is necessary for ___________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.6) 3. Lack of vitamin D can lead to the diseases ______________ . (Outcome 7.3.6) 4. Vitamin A is necessary for ___________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.6) 5. Vitamin C is required for ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.6) 6. Growth hormone stimulates __________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.6) 7. In children, the absence of growth hormone leads to _______ . (Outcome 7.3.6) 8. An excess of growth hormone before the epiphyseal plates ossify leads to ___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.6) 9. In adults, an excess of growth hormone leads to __________ . (Outcome 7.3.6) 10. Thyroxine can halt _______________ by causing _________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.6) 11. Parathyroid hormone stimulates ______________________ . (Outcome 7.3.6) 12. Sex hormones promote _____________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.6) 13. Sex hormones also stimulate ________________________ . 7-5 (Outcome 7.3.6) 14. Females typically reach their maximum heights earlier than males because __________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.3.6) 15. Physical stress stimulates ___________________________ . IV. Bone Function A. Support and Protection (Outcome 7.4.7) 1. Bones give shape to ________________________________ . (Outcome 7.4.7) 2. The bones of _________________ support the body’s weight. (Outcome 7.4.7) 3. The bones of the skull protect_________________________ . (Outcome 7.4.7) 4. The bones of the ______________ protect the heart and lungs. (Outcome 7.4.7) 5. Bones of the pelvic girdle protect ______________________ . B. Blood Cell Formation (Outcome 7.4.7) 1. Hematopoiesis is ___________________________________ . (Outcome 7.4.7) 2. Blood cell formation begins __________________________ . (Outcome 7.4.7) 3. Later in development, blood cells are made _______________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.4.7) 4. Marrow is ___________________________ within ________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.4.7) 5. Red marrow functions in ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.4.7) 6. Red marrow occupies _______________________________ . (Outcome 7.4.7) 7. With increasing age, _______________ replaces red marrow. (Outcome 7.4.7) 8. Yellow marrow stores _______________________________ . (Outcome 7.4.7) 9. In an adult, red marrow is primarily found ________________ _________________________________________________________________ . C. Inorganic Salt Storage (Outcome 7.4.7) 1. Extracellular matrix of bone tissue includes_______________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.4.7) 2. The salts account for ________________________ by weight. (Outcome 7.4.7) 3. Hydroxyapatites are ________________________________ . (Outcome 7.4.7) 4. The body requires calcium for _________________________ 7-6 _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.4.7) 5. When blood calcium is _________, parathyroid hormone stimulates _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.4.7) 6. Very high blood calcium levels inhibit__________________ . (Outcome 7.4.7) 7. Calcitonin stimulates _______________________________ . (Outcome 7.4.7) 8. Bone tissue contains lesser amounts of __________________ _________________________________________________________________ . V. Skeletal Organization A. Number of Bones (Outcome 7.5.8) 1. The number of bones in a human skeleton is around _______ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 2. Flat bones of the skull are tightly joined by ______________ . B. Divisions of the Skeleton (Outcome 7.5.8) 1. Two major portions of the skeleton are _________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 2. The axial skeleton contains___________________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 3. The skull is composed of ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 4. The hyoid bone supports_____________________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 5. The hyoid bone is located ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 6. The vertebral column consists of ______________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 7. The distal end of the column is formed by the _____________ and the ___________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 8. The coccyx is also called the _________________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 9. The thoracic cage is composed of_______________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 10. The appendicular skeleton consists of __________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 11. The pectoral girdle is formed by______________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 12. The pectoral girdle connects _________________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 13. The pectoral girdle aids in __________________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 14. Each upper limb consists of __________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . 7-7 (Outcome 7.5.8) 15. The humerus, radius, and ulna articulate _______________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 16. The wrist bones are called __________________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 17. The bones of the palm are called _____________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 18. Bones in the fingers are called _______________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 19. The pelvic girdle is formed by _______________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 20. The pelvic girdle connects __________________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 21. The pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx form the__________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 22. Each lower limb consists of _________________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 23. The femur and tibia articulate with each other at _________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 24. The kneecap is called the ___________________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 25. The ankle bones are _______________________________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 26. The bones of the instep of the foot are called ____________ . (Outcome 7.5.8) 27. Bones of the toes are called _________________________ . VI. Skull – XII. Lower Limb A. Introduction (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. A human skull usually consists of _____________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The moveable bone in the skull is the __________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. Some cranial and skull bones together form the___ of the eye. B. Cranium (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The cranium encloses and protects _____________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The surface of the cranium provides attachments for________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. Sinuses are _______________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. Sinuses reduce _____________________________________ and increase _______________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The eight bones of the cranium are _____________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The frontal bone forms _______________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The supraorbital foramen is __________________ and allows __________________________________________ to pass to tissues of the head. 7-8 (Outcome 7.6.9) 8. The sinuses of the frontal bone are called _______________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The two halves of the frontal bone fuse together by ________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 10. One parietal bone is located _________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 11. Together the parietal bones form _____________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 12. The sagittal suture fuses ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 13. The coronal suture fuses ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 14. The occipital bone joins the parietal bones along the ______ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 15. The occipital bone forms the ________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 16. The foramen magnum is ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 17. Occipital condyles are located _______________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 18. Occipital condyles articulate with ____________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 19. A temporal bone on each side of the skull joins the parietal bone along a ____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 20. The temporal bones form ___________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 21. The opening leading inward to parts of the ear is called ____ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 22. Mandibular fossae articulate with_____________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 23. The mastoid process is a site of attachment for __________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 24. The styloid process is a site of attachment for____________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 25. The carotid canal is near the __________________________ and transmits ______________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 26. The jugular foramen is ___________ and accommodates the _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 27. The zygomatic process projects _______________________ and joins the ______________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 28. The sphenoid bone helps form the _____________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 29. The sella turcica is _________________________________ and holds the ______________________________________________________ . 7-9 (Outcome 7.6.9) 30. The sinuses of the sphenoid bone are called_____________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 31. The ethmoid bone is located _________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 32. It consists of two masses joined by ___________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 33. The cribriform plates form __________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 34. _____________________ pass through olfactory foramina. (Outcome 7.6.9) 35. Portions of the ethmoid bone also form _________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 36. A ________________________ projects downward from the _______________________________________ to form most of the nasal septum. (Outcome 7.6.9) 37. Scroll-shaped plates called ________project inward from the lateral portions of the ethmoid bone. (Outcome 7.6.9) 38. The lateral portions of the ethmoid bone contain many small air spaces called ______________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 39. The crista galli is__________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 40. The crista galli is attached to membranes that ____________ _________________________________________________________________ . C. Facial Skeleton (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The facial skeleton consists ofimmovable bones and a movable _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The facial bones provide sites of attachment for ___________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The _____________________________ forms the upper jaw. (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. Portions of the maxillary bones also comprise _____________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The maxillary bones also contain _______ for the upper teeth. (Outcome 7.6.9) 6. Inside the maxillae, lateral to the nasal cavity are _________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The maxillary sinuses extend from ______________________ to _______________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 8. During development, portions of the maxillary bones called __ _____________________ grow together and form ________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The alveolar arch is_________________________________ . 7-10 (Outcome 7.6.9) 10. _________________________ occupy cavities in this arch. (Outcome 7.6.9) 11. The palatine bones are _______________________ shaped. (Outcome 7.6.9) 12. The palatine bones are located _______________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 13. The horizontal portions of the palatine bones form ________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 14. The perpendicular portions of the palatine bones help form the _______ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 15. Zygomatic bones are responsible for __________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 16. Each zygomatic bone has a _________process which extends posteriorly to join __________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 17. Lacrimal bones are located __________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 18. The nasal bones form the bridge of ___________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 19. The nasal bones are attachments for ___________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 20. The vomer is located_______________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 21. Posteriorly the vomer joins __________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 22. The nasal septum is formed from ______________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 23. The inferior nasal conchae are attached to _______________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 24. Like the ethmoidal conchae, the inferior conchae support ___ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 25. The mandible is shaped like _________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 26. The flat projections at the ends of a mandible are ________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 27. The rami are divided into ____________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 28. The mandibular condyles articulate with _______________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 29. The coronoid processes provide ______________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 30. The alveolar border is _______________________________ and it contains _____________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 31. Mandibular foramens are located _____________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 32. ____________________ run through mandibular foramens. 7-11 The mental foramen is ______________________________________________ . D. Infantile Skull (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. At birth, the skull is _____________________ developed with ________ __________________________________________ connecting the cranial bones. (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. Fontanels are ______________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. Fontanels permit ___________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. Eventually fontanels _______________ and cranial bones _________________________________________________________________ . E. Vertebral Column (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The vertebral column extends from ___________________ to ___________________________ and forms ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The vertebral column is composed of___ that are separated by _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The vertebral column supports the _____________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The vertebral column protects ________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The spinal cord passes through ________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 6. An infant has _______ separate bones in the vertebral column. (Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The sacrum is formed by ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 8. The coccyx is formed by ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 9. An adult vertebral column has ___________________ bones. (Outcome 7.6.9) 10. The four curvatures of the vertebral column are __________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 11. The cervical curvature develops when _________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 12. The lumbar curvature develops when __________________ . F. A Typical Vertebra (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The body of a vertebra forms _________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The intervertebral discs are fastened to __________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The discs cushion and soften __________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. Anterior longitudinal ligaments join____________________ . 7-12 (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. Posterior longitudinal ligaments join ___________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 6. Pedicles are _______________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 7. Laminae are ______________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 8. A vertebral arch formed by___________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 9. Spinous processes are _______________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 10. A transverse process projects ________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 11. Superior and inferior articulating processes project ________ and ______________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 12. Intervertebral foramina provide passageways for _________ _________________________________________________________________ . G. Cervical Vertebra (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. There are ___________________________ cervical vertebrae. (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The transverse processes of cervical vertebrae are distinctive because ___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The spinous processes of the second through the sixth cervical vertebrae are _______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The vertebra prominens is ___________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The atlas is _______________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The atlas supports __________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The facets of the atlas articulate with ___________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 8. The axis is ________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The dens is a process that projects ____ and lies in the ring of _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 10. As the head is turned from side to side, _____ pivots around _________________________________________________________________ . H. Thoracic Vertebra (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. There are ___________________________ thoracic vertebrae. (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The facets of thoracic vertebrae articulate with ___________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The bodies of thoracic vertebrae are adapted to ___________ . 7-13 I. Lumbar Vertebra (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. There are _______ lumbar vertebrae and they are located ____ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The bodies of lumbar vertebrae are _______ than the superior vertebrae. (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae project _______ and the spinous processes are _________________________________________ . J. Sacrum (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The sacrum is ______________________________ in shape. (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The median sacral crest is ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. Posterior sacral foramina are _________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The sacrum is wedged between ________________________ and is united to them at its ___________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The sacrum forms the _________________ wall of the pelvis. (Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The sacral promontory is ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 7. Anterior sacral foramina provide passageways for ________ . K. Coccyx (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The coccyx is the lowest part of _______________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. Sitting presses on the coccyx, and it moves ______________ , acting like a _______________________________________________________ . L. . Thoracic Cage (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The thoracic cage includes ____________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The thoracic cage supports ____________________________ and protects _______________________________________________________ . M. Ribs (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The usual number of ribs is __________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The true ribs are ___________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The false ribs are___________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. Floating ribs are ___________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. A typical rib has a long, slender _______________________ . 7-14 (Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The head of a rib is _________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The head of a rib articulates with _______________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 8. A tubercle of a rib articulates with _____________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 9. Costal cartilages are composed of _____________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 10. Costal cartilages are attached to the _________ ends of a rib. N. Sternum (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The sternum is located ______________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The three parts of the sternum are _____________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The _______________________ process projects downward. (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The manubrium articulates with _______________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The manubrium and body articulate with ________________ . O. Pectoral Girdle (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The four parts of the pectoral girdle are _________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The pectoral girdle supports _______ and is an attachment for _________________________________________________________________ . P. Clavicles (Outcome 7.6.9.) 1. A clavicle has an _____________________________ shape. (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. Clavicles run between _______________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The sternal ends of the clavicles articulate with ___________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The acromial ends of the clavicles articulate with _________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The clavicles brace __________________________________ and are attachment sites for___________________________________________ . Q. Scapulae (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The scapulae are shaped like _________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The spine of a scapula divides ________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The acromion process forms__________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The acromion process articulates with __________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The coracoid process curves __________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The glenoid cavity is________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The glenoid cavity articulates with _____________________ . 7-15 (Outcome 7.6.9) 8. The three borders of the scapulae are ____________________ _________________________________________________________________ . R. Upper Limb (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The bones of the upper limb form ______________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The bones of the upper limb are _______________________ . S. Humerus (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The humerus extends from ___________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The head of the humerus fits into ______________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. Two processes just below the head are ___________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The intertubercular groove is _________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The anatomical neck is ______________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The surgical neck is ________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The deltoid tuberosity is _____________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 8. Two condyles at the lower end of the humerus are _________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The capitulum is on the __________ side and articulates with _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 10. The trochlea is on the ___________ side and articulates with _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 11. Epicondyles are located ___________________ and provide attachments for ____________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 12. The coronoid fossa is ____________________ that receives _______________________________________ when the arm bends at the elbow. (Outcome 7.6.9) 13. The olecranon fossa is ___________________ that receives __________________________________________________________________ when the arm bends at the elbow. T. Radius (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The radius is located on the ___________ side of the forearm. (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The radius extends from _____________________ to ______ 7-16 and crosses over _____________________ when _________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The head of the radius articulates with __________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The radial tuberosity is an attachment site for ____________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The styloid process is located _________________________ . U. Ulna (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The trochlear notch of the ulna is ______________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The trochlear notch articulates with ____________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The olecranon process is located ______________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The head of the humerus articulates laterally with __________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The styloid process of the ulna is located ________________ . V. Hand (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The hand is made of ________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The bones of the wrist are called ______________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The individual names of the 8 carpals are ________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome7.6.9) 4. The anterior surface of the wrist is concave to allow for _____ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The metacarpals form the framework of ________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The distal ends of metacarpals form ____________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 7. Proximally, the metacarpals articulate with ______________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 8. Distally, the metacarpals articulate with_________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The metacarpal of the thumb is numbered _______________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 10. The finger bones are _______________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 11. Each finger has __________ phalanges and the thumb has _________________________________________________________ phalanges. W. Pelvic Girdle (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The pelvic girdle consists of ___________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The pelvis is formed by _____________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The pelvic girdle supports ___________________________ . 7-17 (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The pelvic girdle provides attachments for _______________ and protects _______________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The body’s weight is transmitted through the pelvic girdle to __________________________________________________________________ and then onto ______________________________________________________ . X. Hip Bones (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. Each coxa develops from the following three parts _________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The acetabulum is __________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The acetabulum receives ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The ____ is the largest and most superior portion of the coxa. (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The ilium forms the prominence of ____________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The iliac crest is ___________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The iliac fossa is ___________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 8. Posteriorly the ilium joins the sacrum at ________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The anterior superior iliac spine can be felt _______________ and is an important _________________________________________ landmark. (Outcome 7.6.9) 10. On the posterior border of the ilium is a ________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 11. Below the posterior superior iliac spine is a deep indentation called ____________________________________________________________ . __________________________, through which ___________________________ ______________________________________________________________ pass. (Outcome 7.6.9) 12. The lowest portion of the coxa is _____________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 13. The ischium is ______________________________ shaped. (Outcome 7.6.9) 14. The ischial tuberosity points _________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 15. The ischial tuberosity supports the body during __________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 16. The ischial spine is ________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 17. The distance between the ischial spines is _______________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 18. The pubis constitutes ______________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 19. The symphisis pubis is _____________________________ . 7-18 (Outcome 7.6.9) 20. The pubic arch is__________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 21. The obturator foramen is ___________________________ . Y. True and False Pelves (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The pelvic brim would be marked if ____________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The pelvic brim separates _____________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The false pelvis is bounded posteriorly by _______________ , laterally by _______________________________________________________ , and anteriorly by ___________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The false pelvis supports ____________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The true pelvis is bounded posteriorly by ________________ and laterally and anteriorly by ________________________________________ . Z. Differences Between Male and Female Pelves (Outcome 7.6.10) 1. Usually the female iliac bones are __ than those of the male. (Outcome 7.6.10) 2. The female hips are usually _______ than those of the male. (Outcome 7.6.10) 3. The angle of the female pubic arch may be _____________ . (Outcome 7.6.10) 4. The female pelvic cavity is usually ___ than that of the male. (Outcome 7.6.10) 5. The bones of the female pelvis are _____________________ and show less evidence of ____________________________________________ . AA. Lower Limb (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The bones of the lower limb form the framework of ________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The bones of the lower limb are ________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . BB. Femur (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The femur extends from _____________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The head of the femur projects ________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The fovea capitis is __________________________________ and marks the attachment of __________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The neck of the femur is _____________________________ . 7-19 (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. Two large processes below the neck of the femur are _______ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The linea aspera is _________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The lateral and medial condyles articulate with ____________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 8. The patella articulates with the femur on its______________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The medial and lateral epicondyles provide attachments for __ _________________________________________________________________ . CC. Patella (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The patella is a ____________________ bone located in _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The patella controls ________________________________ . DD. Tibia (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The shinbone is ____________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The tibia is located on ____________________________ side. (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with ___ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The tibial tuberosity is located ________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The tibial tuberosity provides an attachment for __________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The anterior crest of the tibia is _______________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The medial malleolus is _____________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 8. On the tibia’s lateral side is a depression that articulates with _ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The inferior surface of the tibia’s distal end articulates with __ _________________________________________________________________ . EE. Fibula (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The fibula is on the _____________________ side of the tibia. (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The head of the fibula articulates with __________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The lateral malleolus articulates with ___________________ . FF. Foot (Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The foot is made of _________________________________ . 7-20 (Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The ankle or tarsus is composed of ____________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The talus articulates with _____________________________ and can move _____________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The seven tarsal bones are ____________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The largest tarsal is the ______________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The calcaneus helps support __________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The metatarsus consists of ___________________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 8. The heads at the distal ends of the metatarsals form _______ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The arch of the foot is formed by ______________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 10. The bones of the toes are called ______________________ . (Outcome 7.6.9) 11. Each toe has phalanges except the great toe because it lacks _________________________________________________________________ . XIII. Life-Span Changes (Outcome 7.13.11) 1. An incremental decrease in height begins at about ______ . (Outcome 7.13.11) 2. _______ of the vertebrae may contribute to loss of height. (Outcome 7.13.11) 3. As calcium levels fall, bones become __________________ and prone to_______________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.13.11) 4. Gradually, __________________ come to outnumber ___ . (Outcome 7.13.11) 5. By age _______________ all adults start to lose bone mass. (Outcome 7.13.11) 6. _____________________ bone shows signs of aging first. (Outcome 7.13.11) 7. Compact bone loss begins around the age of ___________ . (Outcome 7.13.11) 8. In the first decade following menopause, _______________ of trabecular bone is lost and ______________ of compact bone is lost in women. (Outcome 7.13.11) 9. The most common fractures in the elderly are ___________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 7.13.11) 10. To preserve skeletal health ________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . 7-21