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E D I C T
=========
Copyright (C) 1994,1995,1996 James William Breen
Freeware Japanese/English Dictionary file, coordinated by Jim Breen.
CURRENT VERSION
--------------The version date and sequence number is included in the dictionary
itself
under the entry "EDICT". (Actually it is under the JIS-ASCII code
"????".
This keeps it as the first entry when it is sorted.)
The master copy
of
EDICT
is
in
the
pub/nihongo
directory
of
ftp.cc.monash.edu.au. There are other copies around, but they may not
be
as up-to-date. The easy way to check if the version you have is the
latest is
from the size/date.
As of V96-001, the EDICT file no longer contains proper names. These have
benn moved to a separate file called "ENAMDICT".
INTRODUCTION
-----------EDICT is the outcome of a voluntary project to produce a freely
available
Japanese/English Dictionary in machine-readable form.
It was
intended
initially for use with MOKE (Mark's Own Kanji Editor) and related
software
such as JDIC and JREADER, however it has come to be used in a large
number of
packages.
The EDICT file is copyright, and is distributed in accordance with the
EDICT
Licence Statement included at Appendix A.
FORMAT
-----EDICT's format is that of the original "EDICT" format used by MOKE. It
uses
EUC coding for kana and kanji, however this can be converted to JIS or
SJIS
by any of the several conversion programs around. It is a text file with
one
entry per line. The format of entries is:
KANJI [KANA] /english_1/english_2/.../
or
KANA /english_1/.../
(NB: Only the KANJI and KANA are in EUC; all the other characters,
including
spaces, must be ASCII.)
The English translations are deliberately brief, as the application
the
dictionary is expected to be primarily on-line look-ups, etc.
of
The EDICT file is not intended to have its entries in any particular
order.
In fact it almost always is in order as a bye-product of the update
method I
use, however there is no guarantee of this. (The order is almost always
JIS
+ alphabetical, starting with the headword.)
CONTENTS
-------EDICT consists of:
(a) the basic EDICT distributed with MOKE 2.0. This was compiled by
MOKE's
author, Mark Edwards, with assistance from Spencer Green. Mark has
very
kindly released this material to the EDICT project. A number of
corrections
were
made
to
the
MOKE original,
e.g.
spelling mistakes,
minor
mistranslations, etc. It also had a lot of duplications, which have
been
removed. It contained about 1900 unique entries. Mark Edwards has
also
kindly given permission for the vocabulary files developed for KG
(Kanji
Guess) to be added to EDICT.
(b) additions by Jim Breen. I laboriously keyed in a ~2000 entry
dictionary
used in my first year nihongo course at Swinburne Institute of
Technology
years ago (I was given permission by the authors to do this). I then
worked
through other vocabulary lists trying to make sure major entries were
not
omitted. The English-to-kana entries in the SKK files were added also.
This
task is continuing, although it has slowed down, and I suspect I will run
out
of energy eventually. Apart from that, I have made a large number
of
additions during normal reading of Japanese text and fj.* news using
JREADER
and XJDIC.
(c) additions by others.
Many people have contributed
entries
and
corrections to EDICT. I am forever on the lookout for sources of
material,
provided it is genuinely available for use in the Project. I am
grateful to Theresa Martin who an early supplier a lot of useful
material,
plus very perceptive corrections. Hidekazu Tozaki has also been a great
help
with tidying up a lot of awry entries, and helping me identify obscure
kanji
compounds. Kurt Stueber has been an assiduous keyer of many useful
entries.
A large group of contributions came from Sony, where Rik Smoody had
put
together
a
large
online
dictionary.
Another batch came from
the
Japanese-German JDDICT file in similar format that Helmut Goldenstein
keyed
(with permission) from the Langenscheidt edited by Hadamitzky. Harold
Rowe
was great help with much of the translation. During 1994, Dr Yo Tomita,
then
at the University of Leeds, conducted a massive proof-reading of the
entire
file, for which I am most grateful. Jeffrey Friedl at Omron in Kyoto has
also
been a most helpful contributor and error-detector. During 1995, I have
been
keeping an eye on the "honyaku" mailing list, wherein Japanese-English
translators discuss thorny issues. From this I have derived many new
entries,
and many updates to existing entries. To the many honyakujin, my thanks.
A reasonably full list of contributors is at the back of this file,
although I am sure to have missd a few.
At this stage EDICT is of a comparable size to a good commercial
dictionary,
which typically has 20,000+ non-name entries with examples, etc. It
is
certainly bigger than some of the smaller printed dictionaries, and when
used
in conjunction with a search-and-display program like JDIC or
XJDIC it
provides a highly effective on-line dictionary service.
COPYRIGHT
--------Dictionary copyright is a difficult point, because clearly the
first
lexicographer who published "inu means dog" could not claim a
copyright
violation over all subsequent Japanese dictionaries. While it is
usual to
consult other dictionaries for "accurate lexicographic information",
as
Nelson put it, wholesale copying is, of course, not permissable. What
makes
each dictionary unique (and copyrightable) is the particular selection
of
words, the phrasing of the meanings, the presentation of the contents (a
very
important point in the case of EDICT), and the means of publication.
Of
course, the fact that for the most part the kanji and kana of each entry
are
coming from public sources, and the structure and layout of the
entries
themselves are quite unlike those in any published dictionary, adds a
degree
of protection to EDICT.
The advice I have received from people who know about these things is
that
EDICT is just as much a new dictionary as any others on the market.
Readers
may see an entry which looks familiar, and say "Aha! That comes from the
XYZ
Jiten!". They may be right, and they may be wrong. After all there
aren't
too many translations of neko. Let me make one thing quite clear,
despite
considerable temptation (Electronic Books can be easily decoded), NONE of
this dictionary came from commercial machine-readable dictionaries. I
have a
case of RSI in my right elbow to prove it.
Please do not contribute entries to EDICT
from
copyrightable sources.
It is hard to
be
jeopardizing EDICT's status.
which
have
come
check
these,
directly
and
you
LEXICOGRAPHICAL DETAILS
----------------------EDICT is actually a Japanese->English dictionary,
within
although the words
may
it can be selected in either language using appropriate software.
uses
it to provide both E->J and J->E functionality.)
(JDIC
The early stages of EDICT had size limitations due to its usage (MOKE
scans
it sequentially and JDXGEN, which is JDIC's index generator, held it in
RAM.)
This meant that examples of usage could not be included, and
inclusion of
phrases was very limited.
JDIC/JDXGEN can now handle a much
larger
dictionary, but the compact format has continued.
No inflections of verbs or adjectives have been included, except in
idiomatic
expressions. Similarly particles are handled as separate entries.
Adverbs
formed from adjectives (-ku or ni) are generally not included. Verbs
are, of
course, are in the plain or "dictionary" form.
In working on EDICT, bearing in mind I want to use it in MOKE and with
JDIC,
I have had to come up with a solution to the problem of adjectival
nouns
[keiyoudoushi] (e.g. kirei and kantan), nouns which can be used
adjectivally
with the particle "no" and verbs formed by adding suru (e.g.
benkyousuru).
If I put entries in edict with the "na" and "suru" included, MOKE will
not
find a match when they are omitted or, the case of suru, inflected.
What I
have decided to do is to put the basic noun into the dictionary and
add
"(vs)" where it can be used to form a verb with suru, "(a-no)" for
common
"no" usage, and "(an)" if it is an adjectival noun. Entries appear as:
KANJI [benkyou] /study (vs)/
KANJI [kantan] /simple (an)/
Where necessary, verbs are marked with "(vi)" or "(vt)" according to
whether
they are intransitive or transitive. (Work on this aspect is
continuing.) I
have also used (id) to mark idiomatic expressions, (col) for
colloquialisms,
(pol) for teineigo, etc.
The (current) full list of such entry markers is:
an
adjectival nouns or quasi-adjectives (keiyodoshi)
a-no
vs
vt
vi
id
col
vulg
pn
pl
giv
fem
male
fam
pol
hum
hon
pref
suf
uk
uK
oK
nouns which may take the genitive case particle "no"
noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru
transitive verb
intransitive verb
idiomatic expression
colloquialism
vulgar expression or word
person name (family or given)
place name
given name
female given name
male given name
familiar language
polite (teineigo) language
humble (kenjougo) language
honorific or respectful (sonkeigo) language
prefix
suffix
word usually written using kana alone
word usually written using kanji alone
word containing out-dated kanji
iK
word containing irregular kanji usage
ik
word containing irregular kana usage
io
irregular okurigana usage
gikun
gikun (meaning) reading
arch
archaism
X
rude or X-rated term (not displayed in educational
software)
I
Type I (godan) verb (currently only added to verbs
where the type is not implicit)
IV
Type IV (irregular) verb, such as "gozaru".
MA
martial arts term
m-sl
manga slang
I have endeavoured to cater for many possible variants of English
translation
and spelling. Where appropriate different translations are included
for
national variants (e.g. autumn/fall). I use Oxford (British)
standard
spelling (-our, -ize) for the entries I make, but I leave other entries
in
the national spelling of the submitter.
For gairaigo which have not been derived from English words, I have
attempted
to indicate the source language and the word in that language. Languages
have
been coded in the two-letter codes from the ISO 639:1988 "Code for the
representation of names of languages" standard, e.g. "(fr: avec)". See
Appendix C for more on this. (Thanks to Holger Gruber for suggesting this
language coding.)
Users intending
following
simple rules:
to
make
submissions
to EDICT should follow the
o all verbs in plain form. The English must begin with "to ....".
(vi)
or (vt) to the first translation if the nature of the verb is not
implicit
in the translation(s);
Add
o add (an) or (a-no) or (vs) as appropriate to nouns. Do not put the
"na" or
"no" particles on the Japanese, or the "suru" auxiliary verb. For
entries
which have (vs), do not enter them as verb infinitives (e.g. "to
cook"),
instead enter them as gerunds/participles/whatever (e.g. cooking (vs)).
o indicate prefixes and suffixes by "(pref)" and "(suf)" in the first
English
entry, not by using "-" in the kanji or kana.
o do not add definite or indefinite articles (e.g. "a", "an", "the",
etc) to
English nouns unless they are necessary to distinguish the word
from
another usage type or homonym.
o do not guess the kanji. One of the most persistent problems in editing
EDICT is finding and eliminating incorrect kanji.
o do not use the "/", "[" or "]" characters except in their separating
roles.
o if you are using a reference in romaji form, make sure you have the
correct
kana for "too/tou" and "zu", where the Hepburn romaji is often
ambiguous.
o do not use kana or kanji in the "English" fields. Where it is
necessary to
use a Japanese word, e.g. kanto, use Hepburn romaji.
o make sure your kana is correct. A persistent problem is the submission
of
words like "honyaku" as ho+nya+ku instead of the correct ho+n+ya+ku.
o do not include words formed by common Japanese suffixes, such as "teki",
unless they cannot be deduced from the root.
USAGE
-----
EDICT can be used, with acknowledgement, for any purpose whatever, EXCEPT
for
incorporation in commercial products. It cannot be sold, except at a
nominal
charge for the distribution medium. Consult the EDICT Licence
Statement at
Appendix A.
It is, of course, the main dictionary used by PD and GPL Copyright
software
such as JDIC, JREADER, XJDIC, MacJDic, etc. It can be used as the
dictionary within MOKE (it may need to be renamed JTOE.DCT if used with
version 2.1 of MOKE), and it is also used by the NJSTAR and JWP Word
Processor packages.
With regard to commercial products, if the developer of such a product
wishes
to make use of EDICT, an acceptable approach is to provide for users
to
obtain a copy of the EDICT file themselves and access it via the
product,
either with or without a provided utility program. It must not be "locked
up"
through a formatting or indexing system. These simple precautions
avoid
violation of the provisions of EDICT's Licence Statement.
CONTRIBUTIONS
------------I will be delighted if people send me corrections, suggestions, and
ESPECIALLY
additions. Before ripping in with a lot of suggestions, make sure you
have the
latest version, as others may have already made the same comments.
The preferred format for submissions is a JIS, EUC or Shift-JIS file
(uuencoded
for safety) containing replacement/new entries.
Amendments to EDICT are carried out using a "perl" program kindly
provided by
Jeffrey Friedl. This program carries out additions, deletions and
replacements,
as well as checking the formats of the entries. I would greatly assist if
all
contributions to EDICT follow the format set in that program. The format
consists of entries prepended by a letter to indicate the action to be
carried
out: A for addition, D for deletion, and E/C for a replacement pair.
Alternatively, the prepended codes can be "NEW: ", "DEL: " and
"old: /new: " respectively.
Examples:
AKANJI1 [kana1] /new entry #1/
AKANJI2 [kana2] /new entry #2/
Akana3 /new entry #3/
EKANJI4 [kana4] /old entry to be replaced/
CKANJI4 [kana4] /replacement entry/
DKANJI5 [kana5] /entry to be deleted/
or
NEW: KANJI1 [kana1] /new entry #1/
NEW: KANJI2 [kana2] /new entry #2/
old: KANJI3 [kana3] /old entry to be replaced/
new: KANJI3 [kana3] /replacement entry/
DEL: KANJI4 [kana4] /entry to be deleted/
Please provide an annotated reason for any deletions or amendments you
send.
The order of entries in the submission file is immaterial, however the
E/C
lines must be in order.
I prefer not to get a "diff" or "patch" file as the master EDICT is
under
continuous revision, and may have had quite a few changes since you
got your
copy.
TOO BIG?
-------With the inclusion of many jinmei and chimei entries, EDICT is now a
very
large file, and has a very high proportion of its entries as place or
person names. The compiler's own software (JDIC, XJDIC, etc.) can deal
with
this in a variety of ways, however other users may wish to operate
on a
reduced version which excludes such entries.
Available with EDICT is a utility program ESPLIT (ESPLIT.C and
ESPLIT.EXE)
which will split the full file into two separate files, one of which
only
contains the proper-names. Entries such as "shimizu", which are both a
name
and a regular entry, are split into a reduced entry on each file. Dan
Crevier
has written an improved program for Macs, edictFilter1.0.hqx, which lets
you
split up EDICT using any combination of the entry markers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
---------------The following people, in roughly chronological order, have played a part
in
the development of EDICT.
Mark Edwards, Spencer Green, Alina Skoutarides, Takako Machida,
Theresa
Martin, Satoshi Tadokoro, Stephen Chung, Hidekazu Tozaki, Clifford
Olling,
David Cooper, Ken Lunde, Joel Schulman, Hiroto Kagotani, Truett Smith,
Mike
Rosenlof, Harold Rowe, Al Harkom, Per Hammarlund, Atsushi Fukumoto,
John
Crossley, Bob Kerns, Frank O'Carroll, Rik Smoody, Scott Trent,
Curtis
Eubanks, Jamie Packer, Hitoshi Doi, Thalawyn Silverwood, Makato
Shimojima,
Bart Mathias, Koichi Mori, Steven Sprouse, Jeff Friedl, Yazuru Hiraga,
Kurt
Stueber, Rafael Santos, Bruce Casner, Masato Toho, Carolyn Norton,
Simon
Clippingdale, Shiino Masayoshi,
Susumu Miki,
Yushi Kaneda,
Masahiko
Tachibana, Naoki Shibata, Yuzuru Hiraga, Yasuaki Nakano, Atsu
Yagasaki,
Hitoshi Oi, Chizuko Kanazawa, Lars Huttar, Jonathan Hanna, Yoshimasa
Tsuji,
Masatsugu Mamimura, Keiichi Nakata, Masako Nomura, Hiroshi Kamabe,
Shi-Wen
Peng, Norihiro Okada, Jun-ichi Nakamura, Yoshiyuki Mizuno, Minoru
Terada,
Itaru Ichikawa, Toru Matsuda, Katsumi Inoue, John Finlayson, David Luke,
Iain
Sinclair, Warwick Hockley, Jamii Corley, Howard Landman, Tom Bryce,
Jim
Thomas, Paul Burchard, Kenji Saito, Ken Eto, Niibe Yutaka, Hideyuki
Ozaki,
Kouichi Suzuki, Sakaguchi Takeyuki, Haruo Furuhashi,
Takashi
Hattori,
Yoshiyuki Kondo, Kusakabe Youichi, Nobuo Sakiyama, Kouhei Matsuda, Toru
Sato,
Takayuki Ito, Masayuki Tokoshima, Kiyo Inaba, Dan Cohn, Yo Tomita, Ed
Hall,
Takashi Imamura, Bernard Greenberg, Michael Raine, Akiko Nagase, Ben
Bullock,
Scott Draves, Matthew Haines, Andy Howells, Takayuki Ito, Anders Brabaek,
Michael Chachich, Masaki Muranaka, Paul Randolph, Vesa Karhu, Bruce
Bailey,
Gal Shalif, Riichiro Saito, Keith Rogers, Steve Petersen, Bill Smith,
Barry
Byrne, Satoshi Kuramoto, Jason Molenda, Travis Stewart, Yuichiro Kushiro
Keiko Okushi, Wayne Lammers, Koichi Fujino, Joerg Fischer, Satoru
Miyazaki,
Gaspard Gendreau, David Olson, Peter Evans, Steven Zaveloff, Larry
Tyrrell,
Heinz Clemencon, Justin Mayer, David Jones, Holger Gruber, David Wilson,
John De Hoog, Stephen Davis, Dan Crevier, Ron Granich, Bruce Raup, Scott
Childress, Richard Warmington, Jean-Jacques Labarthe.
Jim Breen
([email protected])
Department of Robotics & Digital Technology
Monash University
Clayton 3168
AUSTRALIA
APPENDIX A: EDICT LICENCE STATEMENT
===================================
Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996 James William Breen
This licence statement and copyright notice
applies
to
the
EDICT
Japanese/English
Dictionary
file,
the
associated documentation
file
EDICT.DOC, and any data files which are derived from them.
COPYING AND DISTRIBUTION
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of these
files
provided this copyright notice and permission notice is distributed with
all
copies. Any distribution of the files must take place without a
financial
return, except a charge to cover the cost of the distribution medium.
Permission is granted to make and distribute extracts or subsets of the
EDICT
file under the same conditions applying to verbatim copies.
Permission is granted to translate the English elements of the EDICT
file
into other languages, and to make and distribute copies of those
translations
under the same conditions applying to verbatim copies.
USAGE
These files may be freely used by individuals, and may
by
software belonging to, or operated by, such individuals.
be
accessed
The files, extracts from the files, and translations of the files must
not be
sold as part of any commercial software package,
nor must they
be
incorporated in any published dictionary or other printed document
without
the specific permission of the copyright holder.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright over
James
William BREEN.
the
documents
covered
by
this statement is held by
APPENDIX B: WNN PROJECT COPYRIGHT NOTICE
---------------------------------------As some of the material in edict has been derived from entries in the
dictionaries of the "Wnn" project, it is appropriate to draw attention
to the copyright statement of that project.
/*
* Copyright Kyoto University Research Institute for Mathematical
Sciences
*
1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
* Copyright OMRON Corporation. 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
* Copyright ASTEC, Inc. 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
*
* Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software
* and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
* provided that all of the following conditions are satisfied:
*
* 1) The above copyright notices appear in all copies
* 2) Both those copyright notices and this permission notice appear
*
in supporting documentation
* 3) The name of "Wnn" isn't changed unless substantial modifications
*
are made, or
* 3') Following words followed by the above copyright notices appear
*
in all supporting documentation of software based on "Wnn":
*
*
"This software is based on the original version of Wnn developed by
*
Kyoto University Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences
(KURIMS),
*
OMRON Corporation and ASTEC Inc."
*
* 4) The names KURIMS, OMRON and ASTEC not be used in advertising or
*
publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without
*
specific, written prior permission
*
* KURIMS, OMRON and ASTEC make no representations about the suitability
* of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without
* express or implied warranty.
*
* Wnn consortium is one of distributors of the official Wnn source code
* release. Wnn consortium also makes no representations about the
* suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is"
* without express or implied warranty.
*
* KURIMS, OMRON, ASTEC AND WNN CONSORTIUM DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH
* REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
* MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL KURIMS, OMRON, ASTEC OR
* WNN CONSORTIUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
* PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
* TORTUOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
* PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
*
*/
APPENDIX C. LANGUAGE CODES FROM ISO 639
--------------------------------------The following language codes have been used with non-English derived
gairaigo. They have been derived from the ISO 639:1988 "Code for the
representation of names of languages" standard.
zh
de
en
fr
el
iw
ja
ko
nl
pl
ru
sv
bo
es
it
lt
pt
hi
ur
mn
kl
Chinese (Zhongwen)
German (Deutsch)
English
French
Greek (Ellinika)
Hebrew (Iwrith)
Japanese
Korean
Dutch (Nederlands)
Polish
Russian
Svedish
Tibetian (Bodskad)
Spanish
Italian
Latin
Portugese
Hindi
Urdu
Mongolian
Eskimo
And I have added the following, which are not in the Standard:
ai Ainu
ep Esperanto