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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Bellringer
Compare the mountains in the photographs. Write a
description of each mountain, and suggest how it might
have formed.
Do you know where these various types of mountains
are found in the world? Have you ever visited any of
them? Would it ever be dangerous to study them?
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Objectives
• Describe the types of stress that deform rocks
and the major types of folds and faults.
•
• Identify the most common types of mountains and
explain the difference between uplift and
subsidence.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Agenda
• Day 1
• Today we will:
• Do a do now.
• Complete a start up activity.
• Learn about mountains.
• Day 2
• Today we will:
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Objectives
• compression
• tension
• folding
• syncline
• anticline
• fault
• uplift
• subsidence
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Deformation
• Whether a material bends or breaks depends on
the how much stress is applied to the material.
• Stress is the amount of force per unit area on a
given material.
• Different things happen to rock when different
types of stress are applied.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Deformation, continued
• The process by which the shape of a rock changes
because of stress is called deformation.
• Rock layers bend when stress is placed on them.
• When enough stress is placed on rocks, they can
reach their elastic limit and break.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Deformation, continued
• The type of stress that occurs when an object is
squeezed, such as when two tectonic plates collide,
is called compression.
• When compression occurs at a convergent
boundary, large mountain ranges can form.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Deformation, continued
• Tension is stress that occurs when forces act to
stretch an object.
• Tension occurs at divergent plate boundaries, such
as mid-ocean ridges, when two tectonic plates pull
away from each other.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Folding
• The bending of rock layers because of stress in the
Earth’s crust is called folding.
• Types of Folds Depending on how rock layers
deform, different types of folds are made.
• The major types of folds are anticlines, synclines,
and monoclines.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Folding, continued
• Anticlines are upward-arching folds.
• Synclines are downward, troughlike folds.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Folding, continued
• In a monocline, rock layers are folded so that both
ends of the fold are horizontal.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Faulting
• Some rock layers break when stress is applied. The
surface along which rocks break and slide past each
other is called a fault.
• The blocks of crust on each side of the fault are
called fault blocks.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Faulting, continued
• When a fault is not vertical, its two sides are either
a hanging wall or a footwall.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Faulting, continued
• The type of fault depends on how the hanging wall
and footwall move in relationship to each other.
•When a normal
fault moves, it
causes the hanging
wall to move down
relative to the
footwall.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Faulting, continued
• When a reverse fault moves, it causes the hanging
wall to move up relative to the footwall.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Faulting, continued
• A third major type of fault is a strike-slip fault. These
faults form when opposing forces cause rock to
break and move horizontally.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building
• When tectonic plates collide, land features that start
as folds and faults can eventually become large
mountain ranges.
• When tectonic plates undergo compressions or
tension, they can form mountains in several ways.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Mountain Building, continued
• Folded Mountains form when rock layers are
squeezed together and pushed upward.
• Fault-Block Mountains form when large blocks of
the Earth’s crust drop down relative to other blocks.
• Volcanic Mountains form when magma rises to
the Earth’s surface and erupts.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Uplift and Subsidence
• Vertical movements in the crust are divided into two
types—uplift and subsidence.
• Uplift is the rising of regions of the Earth’s crust to
higher elevations.
• Subsidence is the sinking of regions of the Earth’s
crust to lower elevations.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Uplift and Subsidence, continued
• Uplifting of Depressed Rocks Uplift can occur
when large areas of land rise without deforming.
• One way areas rise without deforming is process
known as rebound. When the crust rebounds, it
slowly springs back to its previous elevation.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Uplift and Subsidence, continued
• Subsidence of Cooler Rocks Rocks that are hot
take up more space than cooler rocks.
• The lithosphere is relatively hot at mid-ocean ridges,
but cools as it moves farther from the ridge.
• As it cools, the oceanic lithosphere takes up less
volume and the ocean floor subsides.
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Uplift and Subsidence, continued
• Tectonic Letdown Subsidence can also occur
when the lithosphere becomes stretched in rift zones.
• A rift zone is a set of deep cracks that forms
between two tectonic plates that are pulling away
from each other.
• As tectonic plates pull apart, stress between the
plates causes a series of faults to form along the rift
zone.
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Exit Ticket
• What are mountains? Explain at least 2
ways in which they form.
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Chapter F4
Plate Tectonics
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on
the next slide.
transform boundaries
converge
tectonic plates
diverge
divergent boundaries
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Chapter F4
Plate Tectonics
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Chapter F4
Plate Tectonics
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Chapter F4
End of Chapter F4 Show
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Chapter F4
Standardized Test Preparation
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then, answer the
questions that follow each passage.
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Chapter F4
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1 The Deep Sea Drilling Project was a
program to retrieve and research rocks below the
ocean to test the hypothesis of sea-floor spreading.
For 15 years, scientists studying sea-floor
spreading conducted research aboard the ship
Glomar Challenger. Holes were drilled in the sea
floor from the ship.
Continued on the next slide
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Passage 1, continued Long, cylindrical lengths of rock,
called cores, were obtained from the drill holes. By
examining fossils in the cores, scientists discovered
that rock closest to mid-ocean ridges was the youngest.
The farther from the ridge the holes were drilled, the
older the rock in the cores was. This evidence
supported the idea that sea-floor spreading creates
new lithosphere at mid-ocean ridges.
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1. In the passage, what does conducted mean?
A directed
B led
C carried on
D guided
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1. In the passage, what does conducted mean?
A directed
B led
C carried on
D guided
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Chapter F4
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2. Why were cores drilled in the sea floor from the
Glomar Challenger?
F to determine the depth of the crust
G to find minerals in the sea-floor rock
H to examine fossils in the sea-floor rock
I to find oil and gas in the sea-floor rock
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Chapter F4
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2. Why were cores drilled in the sea floor from the
Glomar Challenger?
F to determine the depth of the crust
G to find minerals in the sea-floor rock
H to examine fossils in the sea-floor rock
I to find oil and gas in the sea-floor rock
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3. Which of the following statements is a fact
according to the passage?
A Rock closest to mid-ocean ridges is older than rock
at a distance from mid-ocean ridges.
B One purpose of scientific research on the Glomar
Challenger was to gather evidence for sea-floor
spreading.
C Fossils examined by scientists came directly from
the sea floor.
D Evidence gathered by scientists did not support
sea-floor spreading.
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Chapter F4
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3. Which of the following statements is a fact
according to the passage?
A Rock closest to mid-ocean ridges is older than rock
at a distance from mid-ocean ridges.
B One purpose of scientific research on the Glomar
Challenger was to gather evidence for sea-floor
spreading.
C Fossils examined by scientists came directly from
the sea floor.
D Evidence gathered by scientists did not support seafloor spreading.
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Chapter F4
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Passage 2 The Himalayas are a range of mountains
that is 2,400 km long and that arcs across Pakistan,
India, Tibet, Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan. The Himalayas
are the highest mountains on Earth. Nine mountains,
including Mount Everest, the highest mountain on
Earth, are more than 8,000 m tall.
Continued on the next slide
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Passage 2, continued The formation of the Himalaya
Mountains began about 80 million years ago. A tectonic
plate carrying the Indian subcontinent collided with the
Eurasian plate. The Indian plate was driven beneath
the Eurasian plate. This collision caused the uplift of
the Eurasian plate and the formation of the Himalayas.
This process is continuing today.
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1. In the passage, what does the word arcs mean?
A forms a circle
B forms a plane
C forms a curve
D forms a straight line
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Chapter F4
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1. In the passage, what does the word arcs mean?
A forms a circle
B forms a plane
C forms a curve
D forms a straight line
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2. According to the passage, which geologic process
formed the Himalaya Mountains?
F divergence
G subsidence
H strike-slip faulting
I convergence
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2. According to the passage, which geologic process
formed the Himalaya Mountains?
F divergence
G subsidence
H strike-slip faulting
I convergence
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3. Which of the following statements is a fact
according to the passage?
A The nine tallest mountains on Earth are located
in the Himalaya Mountains.
B The Himalaya Mountains are located within six
countries.
C The Himalaya Mountains are the longest
mountain range on Earth.
D The Himalaya Mountains formed more than 80
million years ago.
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Chapter F4
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3. Which of the following statements is a fact
according to the passage?
A The nine tallest mountains on Earth are located in
the Himalaya Mountains.
B The Himalaya Mountains are located within six
countries.
C The Himalaya Mountains are the longest mountain
range on Earth.
D The Himalaya Mountains formed more than 80
million years ago.
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Chapter F4
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Interpreting Graphics
This illustration shows the
relative velocities (in centimeters
per year) and directions in which
tectonic plates are separating
and colliding. Arrows that point
away from one another indicate
plate separation. Arrows that
point toward one another indicate
plate collision.
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1. Between which two tectonic
plates does spreading appear to
be the fastest?
A the Australian and the Pacific
B the Antarctic and the Pacific
C the Nazca and the Pacific
D the Cocos and the Pacific
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Chapter F4
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1. Between which two tectonic
plates does spreading appear
to be the fastest?
A the Australian and the
Pacific
B the Antarctic and the Pacific
C the Nazca and the Pacific
D the Cocos and the Pacific
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Chapter F4
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2. Where do you think mountain
building is taking place?
F between the African and South
American plates
G between the Nazca and South
American plates
H between the North American
and Eurasian plates
I between the African and North
American plates
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Chapter F4
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2. Where do you think mountain
building is taking place?
F between the African and South
American plates
G between the Nazca and South
American plates
H between the North American
and Eurasian plates
I between the African and North
American plates
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Chapter F4
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Math
Read each question, and choose the best answer.
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Chapter F4
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1. The mesosphere is 2,550 km thick, and the
asthenosphere is 250 km thick. If you assume that the
lithosphere is 150 km thick and that the crust is 50 km
thick, how thick is the mantle?
A 2,950 km
B 2,900 km
C 2,800 km
D 2,550 km
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Chapter F4
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1. The mesosphere is 2,550 km thick, and the
asthenosphere is 250 km thick. If you assume that the
lithosphere is 150 km thick and that the crust is 50 km
thick, how thick is the mantle?
A 2,950 km
B 2,900 km
C 2,800 km
D 2,550 km
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2. If a seismic wave travels through the mantle at an
average velocity of 8 km/s, how many seconds will the
wave take to travel through the mantle?
F 318.75 s
G 350.0 s
H 362.5 s
I 368.75 s
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Chapter F4
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2. If a seismic wave travels through the mantle at an
average velocity of 8 km/s, how many seconds will the
wave take to travel through the mantle?
F 318.75 s
G 350.0 s
H 362.5 s
I 368.75 s
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3. If the crust in a certain area is subsiding at the rate of
2 cm per year and has an elevation of 1,000 m, what
elevation will the crust have in 10,000 years?
A 500 m
B 800 m
C 1,200 m
D 2,000 m
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Chapter F4
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3. If the crust in a certain area is subsiding at the rate of
2 cm per year and has an elevation of 1,000 m, what
elevation will the crust have in 10,000 years?
A 500 m
B 800 m
C 1,200 m
D 2,000 m
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Chapter F4
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4. A very small oceanic plate is located between a midocean ridge and a subduction zone. At the ridge, the
plate is growing at a rate of 5 km every 1 million years. At
the subduction zone, the plate is being destroyed at a
rate of 10 km every 1 million years. If the oceanic plate is
100 km across, how long will it take the plate to
disappear?
F 100 million years
G 50 million years
H 20 million years
I 5 million years
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Chapter F4
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4. A very small oceanic plate is located between a midocean ridge and a subduction zone. At the ridge, the
plate is growing at a rate of 5 km every 1 million years. At
the subduction zone, the plate is being destroyed at a
rate of 10 km every 1 million years. If the oceanic plate is
100 km across, how long will it take the plate to
disappear?
F 100 million years
G 50 million years
H 20 million years
I 5 million years
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Chapter F4
Section 1 Inside the Earth
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
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Chapter F4
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
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Chapter F4
Standardized Test Preparation
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Chapter F4
Section 1 Inside the Earth
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Chapter F4
Section 1 Inside the Earth
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Chapter F4
Section 2 Restless Continents
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Chapter F4
Section 3 The Theory
of Plate Tectonics
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