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Psychotherapy • The treatment of emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems through the use of psychological techniques designed to encourage understanding of problems and modify troubling feelings, behaviors, or relationships Biomedical therapies • The use of medications, electroconvulsive therapy, or other medical treatments to treat the symptoms associated with psychological disorders Psychoanalysis • A type of psychotherapy originated by Sigmund Freud in which free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of resistance and transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts Free association • A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the patient spontaneously reports all thought, feelings and mental images as they come to mind, as a way of revealing unconscious thoughts and emotions Resistance • In psychoanalysis, the patient’s unconscious attempts to block the revelation of repressed memories and conflicts Dream interpretation • A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the content of dreams is analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes, meanings, and motivations Interpretation • A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the psychoanalyst offers a carefully timed explanation of the patient’s dreams, free associations, or behaviors to facilitate the recognition of unconscious conflicts or motivations Transference • In psychoanalysis, the process by which emotions and desires originally associated with a significant person in the patient’s life, such as a parents, are unconsciously transferred to the psychoanalyst Short-term dynamic therapies • Type of psychotherapy that is based on psychoanalytic theory but differs in the it is typically time-limited, has specific goals, and involves an active, rather than neutral, role for the therapist. Interpersonal therapy (IPT) • A brief psychodynamic psychotherapy that focuses on current relationships and is based on the assumption that symptoms are caused and maintained by interpersonal problems Client-centered therapy • A type of psychotherapy developed by humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers in which the therapist is nondirective and reflective, and the client directs the focus of each therapy session; also called personcentered therapy Behavior therapy • A type of psychotherapy that focuses on directly changing maladaptive behavior patterns by using basic learning principles and techniques; also called behavior modification Counterconditioning • A behavior therapy technique based on classical conditioning that involves modifying behavior by conditioning a new response that is incompatible with a previously learned response Systematic desensitization • A type of behavior therapy in which phobic responses are reduced by paring relaxation with a series of mental images or real-life situations that the person finds progressively more fear-provoking; based on the principle of counterconditioning Bell and pad treatment • A behavior therapy technique used to treat nighttime bed wetting by conditioning arousal from sleep in response to bodily signals of a full bladder Aversive conditioning • A relatively ineffective type of behavior therapy that involves repeatedly pairing an aversive stimulus with the occurrence of undesirable behaviors or thoughts Token economy • A form of behavior therapy in which the therapeutic environment is structured to reward desired behaviors with tokens or points that may eventually be exchanged for tangible rewards Cognitive therapies • A group of psychotherapies based on the assumption that psychological problems are due to maladaptive patterns of thinking; treatment techniques focus on recognizing and altering these unhealthy thinking patterns Rational-emotive therapy (RET) • A type of cognitive therapy, developed by psychologist Albert Ellis, that focuses on changing the client’s irrational beliefs Cognitive therapy (CT) • A type if cognitive therapy, developed by psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck, that focuses on changing the client’s unrealistic beliefs Cognitive-behavioral therapy • Therapy that integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques and that is based on the assumption that thoughts, moods and behaviors are interrelated Group therapy • A form of psychotherapy that involves one or more therapists working simultaneously with a small group of clients Family therapy • A form of psychotherapy that is based on the assumption that the family is a system and that treats the family as a unit Eclecticism • The pragmatic and integrated use of techniques from different psychotherapies Antipsychotic medications Prescription drugs that are used to reduce psychotic symptoms; frequently used in the treatment of schizophrenia; also called neuroleptics Atypical antipsychotic medications Newer antipsychotic medications that, in contrast to the early antipsychotic drugs, block dopamine receptors in brain regions associated with psychotic symptoms rather than more globally throughout the brain, resulting in fewer side effects Antianxiety medications Prescription drugs that are used to alleviate the symptoms of anxiety Lithium A naturally occurring substance that is used in the treatment of bipolar disorder Antidepressant medications Prescription drugs that are used to reduce the symptoms associated with depression Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Class of antidepressant medications that increase the availability of serotonin in the brain and cause fewer side effects than earlier antidepressants; they include Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) A biomedical therapy used primarily in the treatment of depression that involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure; also called electroshock therapy or shock therapy Aaron T. Beck (b. 1921) American psychiatrist who founded cognitive therapy (CT), a psychotherapy based on the assumption that depression and other psychological problems are caused by biased perceptions, distorted thinking, and inaccurate beliefs Albert Ellis (b.1913) American psychologist who founded the cognitive psychotherapy called rationalemotive therapy (RET), which emphasizes recognizing and changing irrational beliefs Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis who theorized that psychological symptoms are the result of unconscious and unresolved conflicts stemming from early childhood Mary Cover Jones (1896-1987) American psychologist who conducted the first clinical demonstrations of behavior therapy Carl Rogers (1902-1987) American psychologist who helped found humanistic psychology and developed client-centered therapy